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Saha S, Fan F, Alderfer L, Graham F, Hall E, Hanjaya-Putra D. Synthetic hyaluronic acid coating preserves the phenotypes of lymphatic endothelial cells. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7346-7357. [PMID: 37789798 PMCID: PMC10628678 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) play a critical role in the formation and maintenance of the lymphatic vasculature, which is essential for the immune system, fluid balance, and tissue repair. However, LECs are often difficult to study in vivo and in vitro models that accurately mimic their behaviors and phenotypes are limited. In particular, LECs have been shown to lose their lymphatic markers over time while being cultured in vitro, which reflect their plasticity and heterogeneity in vivo. Since LECs uniquely express lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), we hypothesized that surface coating with hyaluronic acid (HA) can preserve LEC phenotypes and functionalities. Dopamine conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA-DP) was synthesized with 42% degree of substitution to enable surface modification and conjugation onto standard tissue culture plates. Compared to fibronectin coating and tissue culture plate controls, surface coating with HA-DP was able to preserve lymphatic markers, such as prospero homeobox protein 1 (Prox1), podoplanin (PDPN), and LYVE-1 over several passages in vitro. LECs cultured on HA-DP expressed lower levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and YAP/TAZ, which may be responsible for the maintenance of the lymphatic characteristics. Collectively, the HA-DP coating may provide a novel method for culturing human LECs in vitro toward more representative studies in basic lymphatic biology and lymphatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Saha
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Fei Fan
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Francine Graham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Eva Hall
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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2
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Cichoń MA, Elbe-Bürger A. Epidermal/Dermal Separation Techniques and Analysis of Cell Populations in Human Skin Sheets. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:11-17.e8. [PMID: 36528357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human skin consists of three compartments, each endowed with a particular structure and the presence of several immune and nonimmune cells that together comprise a protective shield and orchestrate multiple processes in the skin. Appropriate processing of human skin samples acquired from healthy volunteers or patients is essential for successful analysis in basic, translational, and clinical research to obtain accurate and reliable results, despite differences between individuals. From the wide range of available assays and methods, it is necessary to select the suitable method for separation of skin compartments, which will provide preservation or high viability of skin cells or whole structures that will be analyzed or further processed. In this paper, we review and discuss skin separation methods and compare their features such as processing time, cell viability, location of the basement membrane after detachment of the epidermis from the dermis, and their application. Furthermore, we visualize different cell populations and structures in epidermal and dermal sheets using confocal microscopy. It is aimed to provide an overview of the optimal processing of human skin samples and their possible application.
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Reitermaier R, Ayub T, Staller J, Kienzl P, Fortelny N, Vieyra-Garcia PA, Worda C, Fiala C, Staud C, Eppel W, Scharrer A, Krausgruber T, Elbe-Bürger A. The molecular and phenotypic makeup of fetal human skin T lymphocytes. Development 2022; 149:dev199781. [PMID: 34604909 PMCID: PMC8601710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult human skin contains a vast number of T cells that are essential for skin homeostasis and pathogen defense. T cells are first observed in the skin at the early stages of gestation; however, our understanding of their contribution to early immunity has been limited by their low abundance and lack of comprehensive methodologies for their assessment. Here, we describe a new workflow for isolating and expanding significant amounts of T cells from fetal human skin. Using multiparametric flow cytometry and in situ immunofluorescence, we found a large population with a naive phenotype and small populations with a memory and regulatory phenotype. Their molecular state was characterized using single-cell transcriptomics and TCR repertoire profiling. Importantly, culture of total fetal skin biopsies facilitated T cell expansion without a substantial impact on their phenotype, a major prerequisite for subsequent functional assays. Collectively, our experimental approaches and data advance the understanding of fetal skin immunity and potential use in future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Reitermaier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tanya Ayub
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Julia Staller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | | | - Christof Worda
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Christian Fiala
- Gynmed Clinic, Vienna 1150, Austria
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Clement Staud
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anke Scharrer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Botting RA, Haniffa M. The developing immune network in human prenatal skin. Immunology 2020; 160:149-156. [PMID: 32173857 PMCID: PMC7218404 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a well‐functioning immune network in skin is crucial for its barrier function. This begins in utero alongside the structural differentiation and maturation of skin, and continues to expand and diversify across the human lifespan. The microenvironment of the developing human skin supports immune cell differentiation and has an overall anti‐inflammatory profile. Immunologically inert and skewed immune populations found in developing human skin promote wound healing, and as such may play a crucial role in the structural changes occurring during skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Anne Botting
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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5
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Kempe S, Fois G, Brunner C, Hoffmann TK, Hahn J, Greve J. Bradykinin signaling regulates solute permeability and cellular junction organization in lymphatic endothelial cells. Microcirculation 2019; 27:e12592. [PMID: 31550055 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of bradykinin on solute permeability and cellular junctional proteins in human dermis microvascular endothelial cells. METHODS Cells were characterized by immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Macromolecular transport of dextran and albumin was monitored. Junctional protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by immunoblot analyses. Intracellular calcium and cAMP levels were evaluated. Target gene expression at mRNA and protein levels was determined. RESULTS Human dermis microvascular endothelial cells comprised 97% lymphatic endothelial cells. Bradykinin increased the permeability to dextran in a concentration-dependent manner, while reduced the permeability to albumin. Bradykinin treatment down-regulated VE-cadherin expression and affected its phosphorylation status at Tyr731. It also down-regulated claudin-5 expression at the transcriptional level through bradykinin-2-receptor signaling. An increase in the intracellular calcium levels and a reduction in the cAMP concentration were associated effects. Finally, bradykinin induced the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C protein which was found increased in BK-induced human dermis microvascular endothelial cells culture supernates. CONCLUSIONS Human dermis microvascular endothelial cells represent a model of lymphatic endothelial cells, in which bradykinin-2-receptor is expressed. Bradykinin-induced bradykinin-2-receptor signaling through intracellular calcium mobilization and reduction in cAMP levels, triggered changes in solute permeability and cellular junction expression. It further up-regulated vascular endothelial growth factors-C protein expression, which is a key modulator of lymphatic vessels function and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Kempe
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janina Hahn
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Greve
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Human fetal dendritic cells promote prenatal T-cell immune suppression through arginase-2. Nature 2017; 546:662-666. [PMID: 28614294 DOI: 10.1038/nature22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During gestation the developing human fetus is exposed to a diverse range of potentially immune-stimulatory molecules including semi-allogeneic antigens from maternal cells, substances from ingested amniotic fluid, food antigens, and microbes. Yet the capacity of the fetal immune system, including antigen-presenting cells, to detect and respond to such stimuli remains unclear. In particular, dendritic cells, which are crucial for effective immunity and tolerance, remain poorly characterized in the developing fetus. Here we show that subsets of antigen-presenting cells can be identified in fetal tissues and are related to adult populations of antigen-presenting cells. Similar to adult dendritic cells, fetal dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and respond to toll-like receptor ligation; however, they differ markedly in their response to allogeneic antigens, strongly promoting regulatory T-cell induction and inhibiting T-cell tumour-necrosis factor-α production through arginase-2 activity. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated role of dendritic cells within the developing fetus and indicate that they mediate homeostatic immune-suppressive responses during gestation.
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Belle M, Godefroy D, Couly G, Malone SA, Collier F, Giacobini P, Chédotal A. Tridimensional Visualization and Analysis of Early Human Development. Cell 2017; 169:161-173.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Walraven M, Talhout W, Beelen RHJ, van Egmond M, Ulrich MMW. Healthy human second-trimester fetal skin is deficient in leukocytes and associated homing chemokines. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:533-41. [PMID: 26873861 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lack of immune cells in mid-gestational fetal skin is often mentioned as a key factor underlying scarless healing. However, the scarless healing ability is conserved until long after the immune system in the fetus is fully developed. Therefore, we studied human second-trimester fetal skin and compared the numbers of immune cells and chemokine levels from fetal skin with adult skin. By using immunohistochemistry, we show that healthy fetal skin contains significant lower numbers of CD68(+) -macrophages, Tryptase(+) -mast cells, Langerin(+) -Langerhans cells, CD1a(+) -dendritic cells, and CD3(+) -T cells compared to adult skin. Staining with an early lineage leukocyte marker, i.e., CD45, verified that the number of CD45(+) -immune cells was indeed significantly lower in fetal skin but that sufficient numbers of immune cells were present in the fetal lymph node. No differences in the vascular network were observed between fetal and adult skin. Moreover, significant lower levels of lymphocyte chemokines CCL17, CCL21, and CCL27 were observed in fetal skin. However, levels of inflammatory interleukins such as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were undetectable and levels of CCL2 were similar in healthy fetal and adult skin. In conclusion, this study shows that second-trimester fetal skin contains low levels of immune cells and leukocyte chemokines compared to adult skin. This immune cell deficiency includes CD45(+) leukocytes, despite the abundant presence of these cells in the lymph node. The immune deficiency in healthy second-trimester fetal skin may result in reduced inflammation during wound healing, and could underlie the scarless healing capacities of the fetal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Walraven
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Talhout
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Association of Dutch Burn Centers, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H J Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Blei F. Update December 2015. Lymphat Res Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2015.29044.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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