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Macke AJ, Divita TE, Pachikov AN, Mahalingam S, Bellamkonda R, Rasineni K, Casey CA, Petrosyan A. Alcohol-induced Golgiphagy is triggered by the downregulation of Golgi GTPase RAB3D. Autophagy 2024; 20:1537-1558. [PMID: 38591519 PMCID: PMC11210917 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2329476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is associated with disorganized Golgi apparatus and accelerated phagophore formation. While Golgi membranes may contribute to phagophores, association between Golgi alterations and macroautophagy/autophagy remains unclear. GOLGA4/p230 (golgin A4), a dimeric Golgi matrix protein, participates in phagophore formation, but the underlying mechanism is elusive. Our prior research identified ethanol (EtOH)-induced Golgi scattering, disrupting intra-Golgi trafficking and depleting RAB3D GTPase from the trans-Golgi. Employing various techniques, we analyzed diverse cellular and animal models representing chronic and chronic/binge alcohol consumption. In trans-Golgi of non-treated hepatocytes, we found a triple complex formed between RAB3D, GOLGA4, and MYH10/NMIIB (myosin, heavy polypeptide 10, non-muscle). However, EtOH-induced RAB3D downregulation led to MYH10 segregation from the Golgi, accompanied by Golgi fragmentation and tethering of the MYH10 isoform, MYH9/NMIIA, to dispersed Golgi membranes. EtOH-activated autophagic flux is evident through increased WIPI2 recruitment to the Golgi, phagophore formation, enhanced LC3B lipidation, and reduced SQSTM1/p62. Although GOLGA4 dimerization and intra-Golgi localization are unaffected, loss of RAB3D leads to an extension of the cytoplasmic N terminal domain of GOLGA4, forming GOLGA4-positive phagophores. Autophagy inhibition by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) prevents alcohol-mediated Golgi disorganization, restores distribution of ASGR (asialoglycoprotein receptor), and mitigates COL (collagen) deposition and steatosis. In contrast to short-term exposure to HCQ, extended co-treatment with both EtOH and HCQ results in the depletion of LC3B protein via proteasomal degradation. Thus, (a) RAB3D deficiency and GOLGA4 conformational changes are pivotal in MYH9-driven, EtOH-mediated Golgiphagy, and (b) HCQ treatment holds promise as a therapeutic approach for alcohol-induced liver injury.Abbreviation: ACTB: actin, beta; ALD: alcohol-associated liver disease; ASGR: asialoglycoprotein receptor; AV: autophagic vacuoles; EM: electron microscopy; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; EtOH: ethanol; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; IP: immunoprecipitation; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; MYH10/NMIIB: myosin, heavy polypeptide 10, non-muscle; MYH9/NMIIA: myosin, heavy polypeptide 9, non-muscle; PLA: proximity ligation assay; ORO: Oil Red O staining; PM: plasma membrane; TGN: trans-Golgi network; SIM: structured illumination super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Macke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Taylor E. Divita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Artem N. Pachikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sundararajan Mahalingam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramesh Bellamkonda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Carol A. Casey
- Omaha Western Iowa Health Care System, VA Service, Department of Research Service, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Ugonabo O, Udoh UAS, Rajan PK, Reeves H, Arcand C, Nakafuku Y, Joshi T, Finley R, Pierre SV, Sanabria JR. The Current Status of the Liver Liquid Biopsy in MASH Related HCC: Overview and Future Directions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1369. [PMID: 37759769 PMCID: PMC10526956 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is one of the major risk factors for chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of MASH in Western countries continues to rise, driving HCC as the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC has become a major global health challenge, partly from the obesity epidemic promoting metabolic cellular disturbances but also from the paucity of biomarkers for its early detection. Over 50% of HCC cases are clinically present at a late stage, where curative measures are no longer beneficial. Currently, there is a paucity of both specific and sensitive biological markers for the early-stage detection of HCC. The search for biological markers in the diagnosis of early HCC in high-risk populations is intense. We described the potential role of surrogates for a liver biopsy in the screening and monitoring of patients at risk for nesting HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye Ugonabo
- Department of Medicine, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (O.U.); (T.J.)
| | - Utibe-Abasi Sunday Udoh
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Rajan
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Heather Reeves
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Christina Arcand
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Yuto Nakafuku
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Tejas Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (O.U.); (T.J.)
| | - Rob Finley
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Juan Ramon Sanabria
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (U.-A.S.U.); (P.K.R.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (H.R.); (C.A.); (R.F.)
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolomic Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Lian YE, Bai YN, Lai JL, Huang AM. Aberrant regulation of autophagy disturbs fibrotic liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030338. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate that autophagy is essential for maintaining hepatocyte proliferative capacity during liver regeneration. However, the role of autophagy in fibrotic liver regeneration is incompletely elucidated. We investigated the deregulation of autophagic activities in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy using a CCl4-induced fibrosis mouse model. The baseline autophagic activity was significantly increased in the fibrotic liver. After 50% partial hepatectomy (PHx), liver regeneration was remarkably decreased, accompanied by increased hepatocyte size and binuclearity ratio. Moreover, the expression of autophagy-related proteins was functionally deregulated and resulted in a reduction in the number of autophagosome and autophagosome–lysosome fusions. We further showed upregulation of autophagy activities through verapamil administration, improved hepatocyte proliferation capacity, and restricted cellular hypertrophy and binuclearity ratio. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the impairment of liver regeneration is associated with aberrant autophagy in fibrotic liver and that enhancing autophagy with verapamil may partially restore the impaired liver regeneration following PHx.
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Anwar C, Tsai ML, Chen BN, Hsu LY, Lai CS. Molecular mechanisms of Agardhiella subulata attenuates hepatic fibrosis by modulating hepatic stellate cell activation via the reduction of autophagy. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Ruiz-Blázquez P, Pistorio V, Fernández-Fernández M, Moles A. The multifaceted role of cathepsins in liver disease. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1192-1202. [PMID: 34242696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are the most abundant enzyme gene family in vertebrates and they execute essential functions in all living organisms. Their main role is to hydrolase the peptide bond within proteins, a process also called proteolysis. Contrary to the conventional paradigm, proteases are not only random catalytic devices, but can perform highly selective and targeted cleavage of specific substrates, finely modulating multiple essential cellular processes. Lysosomal protease cathepsins comprise 3 families of proteases that preferentially act within acidic cellular compartments, but they can also be found in other cellular locations. They can operate alone or as part of signalling cascades and regulatory circuits, playing important roles in apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodelling, hepatic stellate cell activation, autophagy and metastasis, contributing to the initiation, development and progression of liver disease. In this review, we comprehensively summarise current knowledge on the role of lysosomal cathepsins in liver disease, with a particular emphasis on liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Blázquez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - María Fernández-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain.
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Jin L, Huang H, Ni J, Shen J, Liu Z, Li L, Fu S, Yan J, Hu B. Shh-Yap signaling controls hepatic ductular reactions in CCl 4 -induced liver injury. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:194-203. [PMID: 32996673 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) exposure can induce hepatic ductular reactions. To date, however, the related mechanism remains largely unknown. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Yes-associated protein (Yap) signaling are correlated with liver injury and regeneration. Herein, we investigated the role of Shh and Yap signaling in the fate of ductular reaction cells in CCl4 -treated livers and the possible mechanisms. Wild-type and Shh-EGFP-Cre male mice were exposed to CCl4 (2 mL/kg), and then treated with or without the Shh signaling inhibitor Gant61. The level of liver injury, proliferation of ductular reaction cells, and expression levels of mRNA and protein related to the Shh and Yap signaling components were assessed. Results showed that CCl4 treatment induced liver injury and promoted activation and proliferation of ductular reaction cells. In addition, CCl4 induced the expression of Shh ligands in hepatocytes, accompanied by activation of Shh and Yap1 signaling in the liver. Furthermore, administration of Gant61 ameliorated liver regeneration, inhibited hepatic ductular reactions, and decreased Shh and Yap1 signaling activity. Thus, Shh-Yap1 signaling appears to play an integral role in the proliferation of ductular reaction cells in CCl4 -induced liver injury. This study should improve our understanding of the mechanism of CCl4 -induced liver injury and ductular reactions and provide support for future investigations on liver disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Jin
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayuan Shen
- Department of pathology, affiliated hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuping Liu
- Department of pathology, affiliated hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijing Li
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengmin Fu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyan Yan
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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8
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Bortolami M, Comparato A, Benna C, Errico A, Maretto I, Pucciarelli S, Cillo U, Farinati F. Gene and protein expression of mTOR and LC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal liver metastasis and "normal" liver tissues. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244356. [PMID: 33362215 PMCID: PMC7757890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of autophagy in the progression of liver diseases is still debated. To understand the clinical relevance of autophagy in primary e secondary hepatic tumors, we analyzed the expression of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), a key regulator of autophagy; Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR); ULK1 (Unc-51 like kinase 1) determinant in the autophagy initiation; LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3), a specific marker of autophagosomes; and p62, a selective autophagy receptor. Samples from subjects with chronic hepatitis (n.58), cirrhosis (n.12), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n.56), metastases (n.48) from colorectal cancer and hyperplasia or gallbladder stones (n.7), the latter considered as controls, were examined. Gene expression analysis was carried out in n.213 tissues by absolute q-PCR, while protein expression by Western Blot in n.191 lysates, including tumoral, surrounding tumoral and normal tissues. Nonparametric statistical tests were used for comparing expression levels in the above-mentioned groups. Subgroup analysis was performed considering viral infection and chemotherapy treatment. The mTOR transcriptional level was significantly lower in metastases compared to HCC (P = 0.0001). p-mTOR(Ser2448) and LC3II/LC3I protein levels were significantly higher in metastases compared to HCC (P = 0.008 and P<0.0001, respectively). ULK(Ser757) levels were significantly higher in HCC compared to metastases (P = 0.0002) while the HCV- and HBV- related HCC showed the highest p62 levels. Chemotherapy induced a down-regulation of the p-mTOR(Ser2448) in metastases and in non-tumor surrounding tissues in treated patients compared to untreated (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: the different expression of proteins considered, owning their interaction and diverse tissue microenvironment, indicate an impairment of the autophagy flux in primary liver tumors that is critical for the promotion of tumorigenesis process and a coexistence of autophagy inhibition and activation mechanisms in secondary liver tumors. Differences in mTOR and LC3 transcripts emerged in tumor-free tissues, therefore particular attention should be considered in selecting the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bortolami
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Comparato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Clara Benna
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Errico
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Isacco Maretto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pucciarelli
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Wang N, Kong R, Han W, Lu J. Wnt/β-catenin signalling controls bile duct regeneration by regulating differentiation of ductular reaction cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14050-14058. [PMID: 33124779 PMCID: PMC7754022 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the incidence of bile duct‐related diseases continues to increase, and there is no effective drug treatment except liver transplantation. However, due to the limited liver source and expensive donations, clinical application is often limited. Although current studies have shown that ductular reaction cells (DRCs) reside in the vicinity of peribiliary glands can differentiate into cholangiocytes and would be an effective alternative to liver transplantation, the role and mechanism of DRCs in cholangiole physiology and bile duct injury remain unclear. A 3,5‐diethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydrocollidine (DDC)‐enriched diet was used to stimulate DRCs proliferation. Our research suggests DRCs are a type of intermediate stem cells with proliferative potential that exist in the bile duct injury. Meanwhile, DRCs have bidirectional differentiation potential, which can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Furthermore, we found DRCs highly express Lgr5, and Lgr5 is a molecular marker for neonatal DRCs (P < .05). Finally, we confirmed Wnt/β‐catenin signalling achieves bile duct regeneration by regulating the expression of Lgr5 genes in DRCs (P < .05). We described the regenerative potential of DRCs and reveal opportunities and source for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Liu R, Wu J, Li X. Self-eating: friend or foe? The emerging role of autophagy in fibrotic diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7993-8017. [PMID: 32724454 PMCID: PMC7381749 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs in most human organs including the liver, lung, heart and kidney, and is crucial for the progression of most chronic diseases. As an indispensable catabolic process for intracellular quality control and homeostasis, autophagy occurs in most mammalian cells and is implicated in many biological processes including fibrogenesis. Although advances have been made in understanding autophagy process, the potential role of autophagy in fibrotic diseases remains controversial and has recently attracted a great deal of attention. In the current review, we summarize the commonalities of autophagy affecting different types of fibrosis in different organs, including the liver, lung, heart, and kidney as well as in cystic fibrosis, systematically outline the contradictory results and highlight the distinct role of autophagy during the various stages of fibrosis. In summary, the exact role autophagy plays in fibrogenesis depends on specific cell types and different stimuli, and identifying and evaluating the pathogenic contribution of autophagy in fibrogenesis will promote the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of these fibrotic diseases.
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Complex Cell Type-Specific Roles of Autophagy in Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030225. [PMID: 32197543 PMCID: PMC7157207 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway, or autophagy, plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis. A correlation between dysregulated autophagy and liver fibrosis (including end-stage disease, cirrhosis) is well-established. However, both the up and downregulation of autophagy have been implicated in fibrogenesis. For example, the inhibition of autophagy in hepatocytes and macrophages can enhance liver fibrosis, whereas autophagic activity in hepatic stellate cells and reactive ductular cells is permissive towards fibrogenesis. In this review, the contributions of specific cell types to liver fibrosis as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects of autophagy are summarized. In view of the functional effects of multiple cell types on the complex process of hepatic fibrogenesis, integrated approaches that consider the role of autophagy in each liver cell type should be a focus of future research.
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12
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A critical role of autophagy in regulating the mesenchymal transition of ductular cells in liver cirrhosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10673. [PMID: 31337842 PMCID: PMC6650611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that autophagy mediates the link between ductular reaction (DR) and liver cirrhosis. Whether the subsequent fibrogenic response is regulated by increased autophagy in DR remains unclear. Here, using both human liver specimens and a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), we explored the involvement of autophagy in regulating mesenchymal transition of ductular cells. Ductular cells from AAF/CCL4 livers exhibited increased autophagy compared to those of normal livers. These cells showed morphological and functional characteristics of mesenchymal cells. Blocking autophagy using bafilomycin A1 or siRNA targeting ATG7 reduced the expression of mesenchymal markers in these ductular cells from AAF/CCL4 livers, indicating a role for autophagy in regulating the mesenchymal phenotype of ductular cells. Furthermore, we show that the mesenchymal transition in DR requires the activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in an autophagy-dependent manner. Importantly, in cirrhotic human livers, ductular cells that are positive for LC3B also showed increased expression of TGF-β and fibroblast-specific protein-1. Our data suggest activation of autophagy in ductular cells, and also demonstrate that it is required for the mesenchymal transition during the DR, processes that are critically involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis.
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Li N, Zhu Y. Targeting liver cancer stem cells for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284818821560. [PMID: 30719075 PMCID: PMC6348509 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818821560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and prognosis remains poor. It has been increasingly recognized that liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are responsible for the carcinogenesis, recurrence, metastasis and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Targeting LCSCs is promising to be a new direction for the treatment of HCC. Herein, we summarize the potentially therapeutic targets in LCSCs at the level of genes, molecules and cells, such as knockout of oncogenes or oncoproteins, restoring the silent tumor suppressor genes, inhibition of the transcription factors and regulation of noncoding RNAs (including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs) in LCSCs at the genetic level; inhibition of markers and blockade of the key signaling pathways of LCSCs at the molecular level; and inhibiting autophagy and application of oncolytic adenoviruses in LCSCs at the cellular level. Moreover, we analyze the potential targets in LCSCs to eliminate chemoresistance of HCC. Thereinto, the suppression of autophagy and Nanog by chloroquine and shRNA respectively may be the most promising targeting approaches. These targets may provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCC by targeting LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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14
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Ke PY. Diverse Functions of Autophagy in Liver Physiology and Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E300. [PMID: 30642133 PMCID: PMC6358975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process by which eukaryotic cells eliminate cytosolic materials through vacuole-mediated sequestration and subsequent delivery to lysosomes for degradation, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis and the integrity of organelles. Autophagy has emerged as playing a critical role in the regulation of liver physiology and the balancing of liver metabolism. Conversely, numerous recent studies have indicated that autophagy may disease-dependently participate in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as liver hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of autophagy in hepatic metabolism and the contribution of autophagy to the pathophysiology of liver-related diseases. Moreover, the impacts of autophagy modulation on the amelioration of the development and progression of liver diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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Liu G, Liu J, Pian L, Gui S, Lu B. α‑lipoic acid protects against carbon tetrachloride‑induced liver cirrhosis through the suppression of the TGF‑β/Smad3 pathway and autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:841-850. [PMID: 30535447 PMCID: PMC6323260 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant with protective effects against various hepatic injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms by which ALA protects the liver from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver cirrhosis. The widely used liver cirrhosis rat model was established via an intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg 50% CCl4, three times/week for 8 weeks. Simultaneously, 50 or 100 mg/kg ALA was orally administrated to the rats every day for 8 weeks. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was detected in the serum. The pathological liver injuries were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The principal factors involved in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 (Smad3) and protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and in autophagy were examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the administration of ALA alleviated CCl4-induced liver injury, as demonstrated by decreased ALT and AST activity, improved pathological injuries and reduced collagen deposition. The CCl4-induced increase in TGF-β and phosphorylated-Smad3 expression levels was additionally inhibited by treatment with ALA. Furthermore, the administration of ALA reversed the CCl4-induced upregulation of light chain 3II and Beclin-1, and downregulation of p62. The CCl4-induced suppression of the AKT/mTOR pathway was additionally restored following treatment with ALA. In combination, the results of the present study demonstrated that ALA was able to protect CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis, an effect that may be associated with inactivation of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and suppression of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Liu
- Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450004, P.R. China
| | - Jiangkai Liu
- Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450004, P.R. China
| | - Linping Pian
- Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450004, P.R. China
| | - Songlin Gui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhengzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Baoping Lu
- Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450004, P.R. China
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16
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Zhang Z, Yao Z, Chen Y, Qian L, Jiang S, Zhou J, Shao J, Chen A, Zhang F, Zheng S. Lipophagy and liver disease: New perspectives to better understanding and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:339-348. [PMID: 29091883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) are remarkably dynamic and complex organelles that enact regulated storage and release of lipids to fulfil their fundamental roles in energy metabolism, membrane synthesis and provision of lipid-derived signaling molecules. The recent finding that LDs can be selectively degraded by the lysosomal pathway of autophagy through a process termed lipophagy has opened up a new understanding of how lipid metabolism regulates cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Many new functions for autophagic lipid metabolism have now been defined in various diseases including liver disease. Lipophagy was originally described in hepatocytes, where it is critical for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis in obesity and metabolic syndrome. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the selective uptake of LDs by autophagosomes, and inhibition of autophagy has been shown to reduce the β-oxidation of free fatty acids due to the increased accumulation of lipids and LDs. The identification of lipophagy as a new process dedicated to cellular lipid removal has mapped autophagy as an emerging player in cellular lipid metabolism. Pharmacological or genetic modulation of lipophagy might point to possible therapeutic strategies for combating a broad range of liver diseases. This review summarizes recent work focusing on lipophagy and liver disease as well as highlighting challenges and future directions of research. On the other hand, it also offers a glimpse into different strategies that have been used in experimental models to counteract excessive pathological lipophagy in the prevention and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuoyi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Abstract
Proteases target many substrates, triggering changes in distinct biological processes correlated with cell migration, EMT/EndMT and fibrosis. Extracellular protease activity, demonstrated by secreted and membrane-bound protease forms, leads to ECM degradation, activation of other proteases (i.e., proteolysis of nonactive zymogens), decomposition of cell-cell junctions, release of sequestered growth factors (TGF-β and VEGF), activation of signal proteins and receptors, degradation of inflammatory inhibitors or inflammation-related proteins, and changes in cell mechanosensing and motility. Intracellular proteases, mainly caspases and cathepsins, modulate lysosome activity and signal transduction pathways. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge on the multidimensional impact of proteases on the development of fibrosis.
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Poon AH, Choy DF, Chouiali F, Ramakrishnan RK, Mahboub B, Audusseau S, Mogas A, Harris JM, Arron JR, Laprise C, Hamid Q. Increased Autophagy-Related 5 Gene Expression Is Associated with Collagen Expression in the Airways of Refractory Asthmatics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 28424691 PMCID: PMC5372794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis, particularly excessive collagen deposition, presents a challenge for treating asthmatic individuals. At present, no drugs can remove or reduce excessive collagen in asthmatic airways. Hence, the identification of pathways involved in collagen deposition would help to generate therapeutic targets to interfere with the airway remodeling process. Autophagy, a cellular degradation process, has been shown to be dysregulated in various fibrotic diseases, and genetic association studies in independent human populations have identified autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) to be associated with asthma pathogenesis. Hence, the dysregulation of autophagy may contribute to fibrosis in asthmatic airways. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if (1) collagen deposition in asthmatic airways is associated with ATG5 expression and (2) ATG5 protein expression is associated with asthma per se and severity. METHODS Gene expression of transforming growth factor beta 1, various asthma-related collagen types [collagen, type I, alpha 1; collagen, type II, alpha 1; collagen, type III, alpha 1; collagen, type V, alpha 1 (COL5A1) and collagen, type V, alpha 2], and ATG5 were measured using mRNA isolated from bronchial biopsies of refractory asthmatic subjects and assessed for pairwise associations. Protein expression of ATG5 in the airways was measured and associations were assessed for asthma per se, severity, and lung function. MAIN RESULTS In refractory asthmatic individuals, gene expression of ATG5 was positively associated with COL5A1 in the airways. No association was detected between ATG5 protein expression and asthma per se, severity, and lung function. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Positive correlation between the gene expression patterns of ATG5 and COL5A1 suggests that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to subepithelial fibrosis in the airways of refractory asthmatic individuals. This finding highlights the therapeutic potential of ATG5 in ameliorating airway remodeling in the difficult-to-treat refractory asthmatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Poon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David F Choy
- Biomarker Discovery - OMNI, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fazila Chouiali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Bassam Mahboub
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Severine Audusseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Mogas
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Harris
- OMNI Early Clinical Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Sugiyama M, Yoshizumi T, Yoshida Y, Bekki Y, Matsumoto Y, Yoshiya S, Toshima T, Ikegami T, Itoh S, Harimoto N, Okano S, Soejima Y, Shirabe K, Maehara Y. p62 Promotes Amino Acid Sensitivity of mTOR Pathway and Hepatic Differentiation in Adult Liver Stem/Progenitor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2112-2124. [PMID: 27748507 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process regulating turnover of impaired proteins and organelles, and p62 (sequestosome-1, SQSTM1) functions as the autophagic receptor in this process. p62 also functions as a hub for intracellular signaling such as that in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Liver stem/progenitor cells have the potential to differentiate to form hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. In this study, we examined effects of autophagy, p62, and associated signaling on hepatic differentiation. Adult stem/progenitor cells were isolated from the liver of mice with chemically induced liver injury. Effects of autophagy, p62, and related signaling pathways on hepatic differentiation were investigated by silencing the genes for autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) and/or SQSTM1/p62 using small interfering RNAs. Hepatic differentiation was assessed based on increased albumin and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, as hepatocyte markers, and decreased cytokeratin 19 and SOX9, as stem/progenitor cell markers. These markers were measured using quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. ATG5 silencing decreased active LC3 and increased p62, indicating inhibition of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy promoted hepatic differentiation in the stem/progenitor cells. Conversely, SQSTM1/p62 silencing impaired hepatic differentiation. A suggested mechanism for p62-dependent hepatic differentiation in our study was activation of the mTOR pathway by amino acids. Amino acid activation of mTOR signaling was enhanced by ATG5 silencing and suppressed by SQSTM1/p62 silencing. Our findings indicated that promoting amino acid sensitivity of the mTOR pathway is dependent on p62 accumulated by inhibition of autophagy and that this process plays an important role in the hepatic differentiation of stem/progenitor cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2112-2124, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugiyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Bekki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshiya
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Harimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Okano
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Soejima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nwosu ZC, Alborzinia H, Wölfl S, Dooley S, Liu Y. Evolving Insights on Metabolism, Autophagy, and Epigenetics in Liver Myofibroblasts. Front Physiol 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 27313533 PMCID: PMC4887492 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver myofibroblasts (MFB) are crucial mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in liver fibrosis. They arise mainly from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) upon a process termed “activation.” To a lesser extent, and depending on the cause of liver damage, portal fibroblasts, mesothelial cells, and fibrocytes may also contribute to the MFB population. Targeting MFB to reduce liver fibrosis is currently an area of intense research. Unfortunately, a clog in the wheel of antifibrotic therapies is the fact that although MFB are known to mediate scar formation, and participate in liver inflammatory response, many of their molecular portraits are currently unknown. In this review, we discuss recent understanding of MFB in health and diseases, focusing specifically on three evolving research fields: metabolism, autophagy, and epigenetics. We have emphasized on therapeutic prospects where applicable and mentioned techniques for use in MFB studies. Subsequently, we highlighted uncharted territories in MFB research to help direct future efforts aimed at bridging gaps in current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeribe C Nwosu
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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Ding YJ, Lu S, Wu J, Cheng ML. Effect of blueberry on microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 protein and Beclin1 expression in liver tissue of rats with hepatic fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1321-1330. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i9.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of blueberry on microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) protein and Beclin1 expression in liver tissue of rats with hepatic fibrosis.
METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a hepatic fibrosis model group, high-, medium-, and low-dose blueberry treatment groups, and a Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet treatment group. Except the normal control group, hepatic fibrosis was induced in other groups by intraperitoneal injection of porcine serum. Simultaneously, rats in blueberry treatment groups and Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet treatment group were, respectively, given oral blueberry juice at a dose of 0.25 mL/100 g, 0.5 mL/100 g, and 1.0 mL/100 g, and Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet (0.054 g/100 g) daily. All rats were killed at the end of the 12th week. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Pathological changes in the hepatic tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining. The expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin1 was examined by Western blot and qRT-PCR. The expression of collagen Ⅰ (Col Ⅰ) were examined by Western blot.
RESULTS: Serum levels of ALT and AST had no significant differences in all the groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the expression of LC3-Ⅱ, Beclin1 and Col Ⅰ were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the hepatic fibrosis model group, and the pathological stages of hepatic fibrosis were significantly aggravated. Compared with the hepatic fibrosis model group, the expressions of LC3-Ⅱ, Beclin1 and Col Ⅰ were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and the pathological stages of hepatic fibrosis were significantly reduced in the high- and medium-dose blueberry treatment groups (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin1 increases in rats with hepatic fibrosis. The inhibitory effects of blueberry on hepatic fibrosis may be achieved by lowering the expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin1 and then inhibiting autophagy.
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