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Levites Y, Funk C, Wang X, Chakrabarty P, McFarland KN, Bramblett B, O'Neal V, Liu X, Ladd T, Robinson M, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Dickson D, Cruz P, Ryu D, Li HD, Price ND, Ertekin-Taner NI, Golde TE. Modulating innate immune activation states impacts the efficacy of specific Aβ immunotherapy. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:32. [PMID: 33957936 PMCID: PMC8103631 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive immunotherapies targeting Aβ continue to be evaluated as Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics, but there remains debate over the mechanisms by which these immunotherapies work. Besides the amount of preexisting Aβ deposition and the type of deposit (compact or diffuse), there is little data concerning what factors, independent of those intrinsic to the antibody, might influence efficacy. Here we (i) explored how constitutive priming of the underlying innate activation states by Il10 and Il6 might influence passive Aβ immunotherapy and (ii) evaluated transcriptomic data generated in the AMP-AD initiative to inform how these two cytokines and their receptors' mRNA levels are altered in human AD and an APP mouse model. METHODS rAAV2/1 encoding EGFP, Il6 or Il10 were delivered by somatic brain transgenesis to neonatal (P0) TgCRND8 APP mice. Then, at 2 months of age, the mice were treated bi-weekly with a high-affinity anti-Aβ1-16 mAb5 monoclonal antibody or control mouse IgG until 6 months of age. rAAV mediated transgene expression, amyloid accumulation, Aβ levels and gliosis were assessed. Extensive transcriptomic data was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of IL10 and IL6 and their receptors in the postmortem human AD temporal cortex and in the brains of TgCRND8 mice, the later at multiple ages. RESULTS Priming TgCRND8 mice with Il10 increases Aβ loads and blocks efficacy of subsequent mAb5 passive immunotherapy, whereas priming with Il6 priming reduces Aβ loads by itself and subsequent Aβ immunotherapy shows only a slightly additive effect. Transcriptomic data shows that (i) there are significant increases in the mRNA levels of Il6 and Il10 receptors in the TgCRND8 mouse model and temporal cortex of humans with AD and (ii) there is a great deal of variance in individual mouse brain and the human temporal cortex of these interleukins and their receptors. CONCLUSIONS The underlying immune activation state can markedly affect the efficacy of passive Aβ immunotherapy. These results have important implications for ongoing human AD immunotherapy trials, as they indicate that underlying immune activation states within the brain, which may be highly variable, may influence the ability for passive immunotherapy to alter Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Cory Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Baxter Bramblett
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Veronica O'Neal
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Xufei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Max Robinson
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Danny Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hong-Dong Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | | | - NIlüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
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Flores-Cuadra JA, Madrid A, Fernández PL, Pérez-Lao AR, Oviedo DC, Britton GB, Carreira MB. Critical Review of the Alzheimer's Disease Non-Transgenic Models: Can They Contribute to Disease Treatment? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S227-S250. [PMID: 33216029 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing neurodegenerative disease without effective treatments or therapies. Despite the use of different approaches and an extensive variety of genetic amyloid based models, therapeutic strategies remain elusive. AD is characterized by three main pathological hallmarks that include amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammatory processes; however, many other pathological mechanisms have been described in the literature. Nonetheless, the study of the disease and the screening of potential therapies is heavily weighted toward the study of amyloid-β transgenic models. Non-transgenic models may aid in the study of complex pathological states and provide a suitable complementary alternative to evaluating therapeutic biomedical and intervention strategies. In this review, we evaluate the literature on non-transgenic alternatives, focusing on the use of these models for testing therapeutic strategies, and assess their contribution to understanding AD. This review aims to underscore the need for a shift in preclinical research on intervention strategies for AD from amyloid-based to alternative, complementary non-amyloid approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Flores-Cuadra
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alanna Madrid
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Patricia L Fernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ambar R Pérez-Lao
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Diana C Oviedo
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá.,Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua (USMA), Panamá
| | - Gabrielle B Britton
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Maria B Carreira
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
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Sakae N, Heckman MG, Vargas ER, Carrasquillo MM, Murray ME, Kasanuki K, Ertekin-Taner N, Younkin SG, Dickson DW. Evaluation of Associations of Alzheimer's Disease Risk Variants that Are Highly Expressed in Microglia with Neuropathological Outcome Measures. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:659-666. [PMID: 31256143 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility loci are expressed abundantly in microglia. We examined associations between AD risk variants in genes that are highly expressed in microglia and neuropathological outcomes, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and microglial activation, in 93 AD patients. We observed significant associations of CAA pathology with APOEɛ4 and PTK2B rs28834970. Nominally significant associations with measures of microglial activation in white matter were observed for variants in PTK2B, PICALM, and CR1. Our findings suggest that several AD risk variants may also function as disease modifiers through amyloid-β metabolism and white matter microglial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Sakae
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Emily R Vargas
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Koji Kasanuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nilufer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Li LH, Peng WN, Deng Y, Li JJ, Tian XR. Action of trichostatin A on Alzheimer's disease-like pathological changes in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:293-301. [PMID: 31552902 PMCID: PMC6905323 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, is used to treat Alzheimer's disease and can improve learning and memory but its underlying mechanism of action is unknown. To determine whether the therapeutic effect of trichostatin A on Alzheimer's disease is associated with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein-1 (Keap1) signaling pathway, amyloid β-peptide 25-35 (Aβ25-35) was used to induce Alzheimer's disease-like pathological changes in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cells were then treated with trichostatin A. The effects of trichostatin A on the expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot assays and immunofluorescence. Total antioxidant capacity and autophagy activity were evaluated by total antioxidant capacity assay kit and light chain 3-I/II levels, respectively. We found that trichostatin A increased cell viability and Nrf2 expression, and decreased Keap1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, trichostatin A increased the expression of Nrf2-related target genes, such as superoxide dismutase, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and glutathione S-transferase, thereby increasing the total antioxidant capacity of SH-SY5Y cells and inhibiting amyloid β-peptide-induced autophagy. Knockdown of Keap1 in SH-SY5Y cells further increased trichostatin A-induced Nrf2 expression. These results indicate that the therapeutic effect of trichostatin A on Alzheimer's disease is associated with the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. The mechanism for this action may be that trichostatin A increases cell viability and the antioxidant capacity of SH-SY5Y cells by alleviating Keap1-mediated inhibition Nrf2 signaling, thereby alleviating amyloid β-peptide-induced cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Li
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Na Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Tian
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
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Rivera-Escalera F, Pinney JJ, Owlett L, Ahmed H, Thakar J, Olschowka JA, Elliott MR, O’Banion MK. IL-1β-driven amyloid plaque clearance is associated with an expansion of transcriptionally reprogrammed microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:261. [PMID: 31822279 PMCID: PMC6902486 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet numerous studies have demonstrated a beneficial role for neuroinflammation in amyloid plaque clearance. We have previously shown that sustained expression of IL-1β in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice decreases amyloid plaque burden independent of recruited CCR2+ myeloid cells, suggesting resident microglia as the main phagocytic effectors of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance. To date, however, the mechanisms of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance remain poorly understood. METHODS To determine whether microglia are involved in IL-1β-induced plaque clearance, APP/PS1 mice induced to express mature human IL-1β in the hippocampus via adenoviral transduction were treated with the Aβ fluorescent probe methoxy-X04 (MX04) and microglial internalization of fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. To assess microglial proliferation, APP/PS1 mice transduced with IL-1β or control were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU and hippocampal tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry. RNAseq analysis was conducted on microglia FACS sorted from the hippocampus of control or IL-1β-treated APP/PS1 mice. These microglia were also sorted based on MX04 labeling (MX04+ and MX04- microglia). RESULTS Resident microglia (CD45loCD11b+) constituted > 70% of the MX04+ cells in both Phe- and IL-1β-treated conditions, and < 15% of MX04+ cells were recruited myeloid cells (CD45hiCD11b+). However, IL-1β treatment did not augment the percentage of MX04+ microglia nor the quantity of fAβ internalized by individual microglia. Instead, IL-1β increased the total number of MX04+ microglia in the hippocampus due to IL-1β-induced proliferation. In addition, transcriptomic analyses revealed that IL-1β treatment was associated with large-scale changes in the expression of genes related to immune responses, proliferation, and cytokine signaling. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that IL-1β overexpression early in amyloid pathogenesis induces a change in the microglial gene expression profile and an expansion of microglial cells that facilitates Aβ plaque clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Rivera-Escalera
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Jonathan J. Pinney
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Laura Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Hoda Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - John A. Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
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Alasmari F, Alshammari MA, Alasmari AF, Alanazi WA, Alhazzani K. Neuroinflammatory Cytokines Induce Amyloid Beta Neurotoxicity through Modulating Amyloid Precursor Protein Levels/Metabolism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3087475. [PMID: 30498753 PMCID: PMC6222241 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3087475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been observed in association with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, a positive correlation has been documented between neuroinflammatory cytokine release and the progression of the AD, which suggests these cytokines are involved in AD pathophysiology. A histological hallmark of the AD is the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Beta-amyloid is generated by the sequential cleavage of beta (β) and gamma (γ) sites in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase enzymes and its accumulation can result from either a decreased Aβ clearance or increased metabolism of APP. Previous studies reported that neuroinflammatory cytokines reduce the efflux transport of Aβ, leading to elevated Aβ concentrations in the brain. However, less is known about the effects of neuroinflammatory mediators on APP expression and metabolism. In this article, we review the modulatory role of neuroinflammatory cytokines on APP expression and metabolism, including their effects on β- and γ-secretase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A. Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics - 2: Beyond amyloid - Re-defining AD and its causality to discover effective therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:376-401. [PMID: 30273552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compounds targeted for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have consistently failed in clinical trials despite evidence for target engagement and pharmacodynamic activity. This questions the relevance of compounds acting at current AD drug targets - the majority of which reflect the seminal amyloid and, to a far lesser extent, tau hypotheses - and limitations in understanding AD causality as distinct from general dementia. The preeminence of amyloid and tau led to many alternative approaches to AD therapeutics being ignored or underfunded to the extent that their causal versus contributory role in AD remains unknown. These include: neuronal network dysfunction; cerebrovascular disease; chronic, local or systemic inflammation involving the innate immune system; infectious agents including herpes virus and prion proteins; neurotoxic protein accumulation associated with sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm and glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system and blood-brain-barrier dysfunction; metabolic related diseases including diabetes, obesity hypertension and hypocholesterolemia; mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental factors. As AD has become increasingly recognized as a multifactorial syndrome, a single treatment paradigm is unlikely to work in all patients. However, the biomarkers required to diagnose patients and parse them into mechanism/disease-based sub-groups remain rudimentary and unvalidated as do non-amyloid, non-tau translational animal models. The social and economic impact of AD is also discussed in the context of new FDA regulatory draft guidance and a proposed biomarker-based Framework (re)-defining AD and its stages as part of the larger landscape of treating dementia via the 2013 G8 initiative to identify a disease-modifying therapy for dementia/AD by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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