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Hsu CC, Chuang HK, Hsiao YJ, Chiang PH, Chen SW, Luo WT, Yang YP, Tsai PH, Chen SJ, Hsieh AR, Chiou SH. Predicting Risks of Dry Eye Disease Development Using a Genome-Wide Polygenic Risk Score Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:13. [PMID: 38767906 PMCID: PMC11114613 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to conduct a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) and construct a polygenic risk score (PRS) for risk stratification in patients with dry eye disease (DED) using the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) databases. Methods This retrospective case-control study involved 40,112 subjects of Han Chinese ancestry, sourced from the publicly available TWB. Cases were patients with DED (n = 14,185), and controls were individuals without DED (n = 25,927). The patients with DED were further divided into 8072 young (<60 years old) and 6113 old participants (≥60 years old). Using PLINK (version 1.9) software, quality control was carried out, followed by logistic regression analysis with adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, depression, and manic episodes as covariates. We also built PRS prediction models using the standard clumping and thresholding method and evaluated their performance (area under the curve [AUC]) through five-fold cross-validation. Results Eleven independent risk loci were identified for these patients with DED at the genome-wide significance levels, including DNAJB6, MAML3, LINC02267, DCHS1, SIRPB3P, HULC, MUC16, GAS2L3, and ZFPM2. Among these, MUC16 encodes mucin family protein. The PRS model incorporated 932 and 740 genetic loci for young and old populations, respectively. A higher PRS score indicated a greater DED risk, with the top 5% of PRS individuals having a 10-fold higher risk. After integrating these covariates into the PRS model, the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) increased from 0.509 and 0.537 to 0.600 and 0.648 for young and old populations, respectively, demonstrating the genetic-environmental interaction. Conclusions Our study prompts potential candidates for the mechanism of DED and paves the way for more personalized medication in the future. Translational Relevance Our study identified genes related to DED and constructed a PRS model to improve DED prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Kai Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Luo
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ru Hsieh
- Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang G, Xu L, Shi R, Ye Y, Zeng B, Yang X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Wang S, Xue Y, Li C. Organotypic culture model of mouse meibomian gland as a screening platform for risk factors related to meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:73-84. [PMID: 37619669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian glands (MGs) are crucial for maintaining tear film stability and ocular surface health. Here, we aim to establish a novel organotypic culture model of MGs and explore the risk factors of MG dysfunction (MGD). METHODS We developed a novel organotypic culture model for MGs at the air-liquid interface. The viability and cell proliferation of MGs were assessed using CCK-8, immunofluorescence, and qPCR. Lipid accumulation was evaluated by Nile red staining and microscopic examination. Protein expression levels were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot assay. EdU assay was employed to track the proliferation of acinar cells. The validity of the model was confirmed through culturing MGs from mice of different ages and incorporating certain drugs (Dex) into the culture system. RESULTS Utilizing the novel culture model, the MG tissue exhibited sustained viability, cellular division, and continuous production of lipids for a duration of 7 days. Lipid droplets formed were directly visualized using light field microscopy. Through the cultivation of aged mice's MGs, it was discovered that aging resulted in diminished proliferation and lipid synthesis, along with an aberrant increase in Krt10 expression. Further application of this model showed that Dex treatment diminished MG's proliferation and lipid synthesis. Finally, an in vivo study was conducted to provide additional confirmation of the phenomenon of Dex-induced abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a stable organotypic culture model of the MGs was established. The organotypic culture model offers a valuable tool to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and facilitate drug screening for MG-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Ruize Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Yingyue Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Baihui Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Xiuqin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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3
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Duong HT, Phan MAT, Madigan MC, Stapleton F, Wilcsek G, Willcox M, Golebiowski B. Culture of primary human meibomian gland cells from surgically excised eyelid tissue. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109636. [PMID: 37657529 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common ocular diseases, with therapeutic treatment being primarily palliative due to our incomplete understanding of meibomian gland (MG) pathophysiology. To progress in vitro studies of human MG, this study describes a comprehensive protocol, with detailed troubleshooting, for the successful isolation, cultivation and cryopreservation of primary MG cells using biopsy-size segments of human eyelid tissue that would otherwise be discarded during surgery. MG acini were isolated and used to establish and propagate lipid-producing primary human MG cells. The primary cell viability during culture procedure was maintained through the application of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase inhibitor (Y-27632, 10 μM) and collagen I from rat tails. Transcriptomic analysis of differentiated primary human MG cells confirmed cell origin and revealed high-level expression of many lipogenesis-related genes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 1 (ELOVL1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). Primary tarsal plate fibroblasts were also successfully isolated, cultured and cryopreserved. Established primary human MG cells and tarsal plate fibroblasts presented in this study have potential for applications in 3D models and bioengineered tissue that facilitate research in understanding of MG biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T Duong
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey Wilcsek
- Ocular Plastic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Zahn I, Garreis F, Schicht M, Rötzer V, Waschke J, Liu Y, Altersberger VL, Paulsen F, Dietrich J. A New Organotypic 3D Slice Culture of Mouse Meibomian Glands Reveals Impact of Melanocortins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314947. [PMID: 36499274 PMCID: PMC9737810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The meibomian glands (MGs) within the eyelids produce a lipid-rich secretion that forms the superficial layer of the tear film. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) results in excessive evaporation of the tear film, which is the leading cause of dry eye disease (DED). To develop a research model similar to the physiological situation of MGs, we established a new 3D organotypic slice culture (OSC) of mouse MGs (mMGs) and investigated the effects of melanocortins on exocrine secretion. Tissue viability, lipid production and morphological changes were analyzed during a 21-day cultivation period. Subsequently, the effects on lipid production and gene expression were examined after stimulation with a melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and/or an MCR antagonist, JNJ-10229570. The cultivation of mMGs OSCs was possible without impairment for at least seven days. Stimulation with the MCR agonists induced lipid production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas this effect was tapered with the simultaneous incubation of the MCR antagonist. The new 3D OSC model is a promising approach to study the (patho-) physiological properties of MG/MGD while reducing animal studies. Therefore, it may accelerate the search for new treatments for MGD/DED and lead to new insights, such as that melanocortins likely stimulate meibum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Zahn
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (F.P.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-26734 (I.Z.); +49-9131-85-22865 (F.P.)
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Rötzer
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuqiuhe Liu
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerian L. Altersberger
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (F.P.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-26734 (I.Z.); +49-9131-85-22865 (F.P.)
| | - Jana Dietrich
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Asiedu K. Candidate Molecular Compounds as Potential Indicators for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:873538. [PMID: 35685417 PMCID: PMC9170961 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.873538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of dry eye disease throughout the world. Studies have shown that several molecules in meibum, including but not limited to interleukins, amino acids, cadherins, eicosanoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, are altered in meibomian gland dysfunction compared with healthy normal controls. Some of these molecules such as antileukoproteinase, phospholipase A2, and lactoperoxidase also show differences in concentrations in tears between meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease, further boosting hopes as candidate biomarkers. MGD is a complex condition, making it difficult to distinguish patients using single biomarkers. Therefore, multiple biomarkers forming a multiplex panel may be required. This review aims to describe molecules comprising lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates with the potential of serving various capacities as monitoring, predictive, diagnostic, and risk biomarkers for meibomian gland dysfunction.
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Ling J, Chan BCL, Tsang MSM, Gao X, Leung PC, Lam CWK, Hu JM, Wong CK. Current Advances in Mechanisms and Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Toward Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Therapy and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:815075. [PMID: 35111787 PMCID: PMC8801439 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.815075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is currently one of the most common ocular surface disease. It can lead to ocular discomfort and even cause visual impairment, which greatly affects the work and quality of life of patients. With the increasing incidence of dry eye disease (DED) in recent years, the disease is receiving more and more attention, and has become one of the hot research fields in ophthalmology research. Recently, with the in-depth research on the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of DED, it has been shown that defects in immune regulation is one of the main pathological mechanisms of DED. Since the non-specific and specific immune response of the ocular surface are jointly regulated, a variety of immune cells and inflammatory factors are involved in the development of DED. The conventional treatment of DED is the application of artificial tears for lubricating the ocular surface. However, for moderate-to-severe DED, treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs is necessary. In this review, the immunomodulatory mechanisms of DED and the latest research progress of its related treatments including Chinese medicine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ling
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Chung-Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xun Gao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Chun Kwok Wong
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7
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The Communication between Ocular Surface and Nasal Epithelia in 3D Cell Culture Technology for Translational Research: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312994. [PMID: 34884799 PMCID: PMC8657734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between the ocular and nasal epithelia. This narrative review focuses on conjunctival, corneal, ultrastructural corneal stroma, and nasal epithelia as well as an introduction into their interconnections. We describe in detail the morphology and physiology of the ocular surface, the nasolacrimal ducts, and the nasal cavity. This knowledge provides a basis for functional studies and the development of relevant cell culture models that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases related to these complex structures. Moreover, we also provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the development of 3D culture models, which allow for addressing research questions in models resembling the in vivo situation. In particular, we give an overview of the current developments of corneal 3D and organoid models, as well as 3D cell culture models of epithelia with goblet cells (conjunctiva and nasal cavity). The benefits and shortcomings of these cell culture models are discussed. As examples for pathogens related to ocular and nasal epithelia, we discuss infections caused by adenovirus and measles virus. In addition to pathogens, also external triggers such as allergens can cause rhinoconjunctivitis. These diseases exemplify the interconnections between the ocular surface and nasal epithelia in a molecular and clinical context. With a final translational section on optical coherence tomography (OCT), we provide an overview about the applicability of this technique in basic research and clinical ophthalmology. The techniques presented herein will be instrumental in further elucidating the functional interrelations and crosstalk between ocular and nasal epithelia.
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8
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Phan MAT, Madigan MC, Stapleton F, Willcox M, Golebiowski B. Human meibomian gland epithelial cell culture models: Current progress, challenges, and future directions. Ocul Surf 2021; 23:96-113. [PMID: 34843998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The widely used immortalised human meibomian gland epithelia cell (iHMGEC) line has made possible extensive studies of the biology and pathophysiology of meibomian glands (MG). Tissue culture protocols for iHMGEC have been revised and modified to optimise the growth conditions for cell differentiation and lipid accumulation. iHMGEC proliferate in serum-free medium but require serum or other appropriate exogenous factors to differentiate. Several supplements can enhance differentiation and neutral lipid accumulation in iHMGEC grown in serum-containing medium. In serum-free medium, rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, is reported to induce iHMGEC differentiation, neutral lipid accumulation and expression of key biomarkers of differentiation. iHMGEC cultured in serum-containing medium under hypoxia or with azithromycin increases DNAse 2 activity, a biomarker of terminal differentiation in sebocytes. The production of lipids with composition similar to meibum has not been observed in vitro and this remains a major challenge for iHMGEC culture. Innovative methodologies such as 3D ex vivo culture of MG and generation of MG organoids from stem cells are important for further developing a model that more closely mimics the in vivo biology of human MG and to facilitate the next generation of studies of MG disease and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
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9
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Abstract
Purpose: The meibomian glands are located in the tarsal plate of the upper and lower eyelid and are responsible for the production of a lipid-rich secretion, the meibum, which forms the outer component of the tear film. Meibomian gland dysfunction results in excessive evaporation of the tear film and is the leading cause of dry eye disease (DED). Despite the high prevalence of DED, the etiology of meibomian gland dysfunction is only basically understood. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of meibomian gland maturation and physiological function are currently the focus of research.Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the main scientific databases, including all relevant published articles up to September 2020.Results: This article provides an overview of the current state of knowledge about meibomian gland stem cells, cell surface marker expression and PPARγ signaling, as well as the pathological causes of meibomian gland dysfunction.Conclusion: Androgen deficiency, hyperkeratinization, PPARγ signaling and inflammatory reactions including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) seem to be key factors within the pathological processes of the meibomian gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dietrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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García-Posadas L, Diebold Y. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Culture Models to Study the Pathophysiology of the Anterior Eye. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1215. [PMID: 33333869 PMCID: PMC7765302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment of complex three-dimensional (3D) models of tissues has allowed researchers to perform high-quality studies and to not only advance knowledge of the physiology of these tissues but also mimic pathological conditions to test novel therapeutic strategies. The main advantage of 3D models is that they recapitulate the spatial architecture of tissues and thereby provide more physiologically relevant information. The eye is an extremely complex organ that comprises a large variety of highly heterogeneous tissues that are divided into two asymmetrical portions: the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, sclera, aqueous humor, and the lens. Different diseases in these tissues can have devastating effects. To study these pathologies and develop new treatments, the use of cell culture models is instrumental, and the better the model, the more relevant the results. Thus, the development of sophisticated 3D models of ocular tissues is a significant challenge with enormous potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the development of 3D in vitro models of the anterior segment of the eye, with a special focus on those that use human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Xu KK, Huang YK, Liu X, Zhang MC, Xie HT. Organotypic Culture of Mouse Meibomian Gland: A Novel Model to Study Meibomian Gland Dysfunction In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:30. [PMID: 32330227 PMCID: PMC7401473 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Meibomian glands are essential in maintaining the integrity and health of the ocular surface. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), mainly induced by ductal occlusion, is considered as the major cause of dry eye disease. In this study, a novel in vitro model was established for investigating the role of inflammation in the process of MGD. Methods Mouse tarsal plates were removed from eyelids after dissection and explants were cultured during various time ranging from 24 to 120 hours. Meibomian gland epithelial cells were further enzymatically digested and dissociated from tarsal plates before culturing. Both explants and cells were incubated in different media with or without serum or azithromycin (AZM). Furthermore, explants were treated with IL-1β or vehicle for 48 hours. Analyses for tissue viability, histology, biomarker expression, and lipid accumulation were performed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot. Results Higher viability was preserved when explants were cultured on Matrigel with immediate addition of culture medium. The viability, morphology, biomarker expression, and function of meibomian glands were preserved in explants cultured for up to 72 hours. Lipid accumulation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression increased in both explants and cells cultured in media containing serum or AZM. Treatment with IL-1β induced overexpression of Keratin (Krt) 1 in meibomian gland ducts. Conclusions Intervention with pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β induces hyperkeratinization in meibomian gland ducts in vitro. This novel organotypic culture model can be used for investigating the mechanism of MGD.
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Dry Eye and Quantitative and Qualitative Changes of Meibomian Glands in Patients With Pemphigus. Cornea 2020; 39:1108-1111. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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