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Sun M, Acosta AC, Emerick V, Adams S, Avila MY, Margo CE, Espana EM. Dysfunctional latent transforming growth factor β activation after corneal injury in a classical Ehlers-Danlos model. Matrix Biol 2024; 128:21-30. [PMID: 38340967 PMCID: PMC10996040 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Patients with classical Ehlers Danlos syndrome (cEDS) suffer impaired wound healing and from scars formed after injuries that are atrophic and difficult to close surgically. Haploinsufficiency in COL5A1 creates systemic morphological and functional alterations in the entire body. We investigated mechanisms that impair wound healing from corneal lacerations (full thickness injuries) in a mouse model of cEDS (Col5a1+/-). We found that collagen V reexpression in this model is upregulated during corneal tissue repair and that wound healing is delayed, impaired, and results in large atrophic corneal scars. We noted that in a matrix with a 50 % content of collagen V, activation of latent Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β is dysregulated. Corneal myofibroblasts with a haploinsufficiency of collagen V failed to mechanically activate latent TGF β. Second harmonic imaging microscopy showed a disorganized, undulated, and denser collagen matrix in our Col5a1+/- model that suggested alterations in the extracellular matrix structure and function. We hypothesize that a regenerated collagen matrix with only 50 % content of collagen V is not resistant enough mechanically to allow adequate activation of latent TGF β by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Acosta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victoria Emerick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sheila Adams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marcel Y Avila
- Departament of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Curtis E Margo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edgar M Espana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Disease, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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2
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Nizamoglu M, Koloko Ngassie ML, Meuleman RA, Banchero M, Borghuis T, Timens W, Nawijn MC, Melgert BN, Heijink IH, Brandsma CA, Burgess JK. Collagen type XIV is proportionally lower in the lung tissue of patients with IPF. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19393. [PMID: 37938243 PMCID: PMC10632429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in lung tissue is a characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Increased collagen deposition is also accompanied by altered collagen organization. Collagen type XIV, a fibril-associated collagen, supports collagen fibril organization. Its status in IPF has not been described at the protein level yet. In this study, we utilized publicly available datasets for single-cell RNA-sequencing for characterizing collagen type XIV expression at the gene level. For protein level comparison, we applied immunohistochemical staining for collagen type XIV on lung tissue sections from IPF patients and compared it to lung tissue sections from never smoking and ex-smoking donors. Analyzing the relative amounts of collagen type XIV at the whole tissue level, as well as in parenchyma, airway wall and bronchial epithelium, we found consistently lower proportions of collagen type XIV in all lung tissue compartments across IPF samples. Our study suggests proportionally lower collagen type XIV in IPF lung tissues may have implications for the assembly of the ECM fibers potentially contributing to progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Nizamoglu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maunick Lefin Koloko Ngassie
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rhode A Meuleman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Banchero
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Borghuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H Heijink
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 [HPC EA11], 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wu YF, Chang NW, Chu LA, Liu HY, Zhou YX, Pai YL, Yu YS, Kuan CH, Wu YC, Lin SJ, Tan HY. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity and Complex Cell-Cell Communication Networks in the Mouse Cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:5. [PMID: 37792336 PMCID: PMC10565710 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To generate a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) map and construct cell-cell communication networks of mouse corneas. Methods C57BL/6 mouse corneas were dissociated to single cells and subjected to scRNA-seq. Cell populations were clustered and annotated for bioinformatic analysis using the R package "Seurat." Differential expression patterns were validated and spatially mapped with whole-mount immunofluorescence staining. Global intercellular signaling networks were constructed using CellChat. Results Unbiased clustering of scRNA-seq transcriptomes of 14,732 cells from 40 corneas revealed 17 cell clusters of six major cell types: nine epithelial cell, three keratocyte, two corneal endothelial cell, and one each of immune cell, vascular endothelial cell, and fibroblast clusters. The nine epithelial cell subtypes included quiescent limbal stem cells, transit-amplifying cells, and differentiated cells from corneas and two minor conjunctival epithelial clusters. CellChat analysis provided an atlas of the complex intercellular signaling communications among all cell types. Conclusions We constructed a complete single-cell transcriptomic map and the complex signaling cross-talk among all cell types of the cornea, which can be used as a foundation atlas for further research on the cornea. This study also deepens the understanding of the cellular heterogeneity and heterotypic cell-cell interaction within corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Feng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-An Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Lin Pai
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiang Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Acosta AC, Joud H, Sun M, Avila MY, Margo CE, Espana EM. Keratocyte-Derived Myofibroblasts: Functional Differences With Their Fibroblast Precursors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:9. [PMID: 37796488 PMCID: PMC10561788 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we aim to elucidate functional differences between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts derived from a keratocyte lineage to better understand corneal scarring. Methods Corneal fibroblasts, derived from a novel triple transgenic conditional KeraRT/tetO-Cre/mTmG mouse strain that allows isolation and tracking of keratocyte lineage, were expanded, and transformed by exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to myofibroblasts. The composition and organization of a fibroblast-built matrix, deposited by fibroblasts in vitro, was analyzed and compared to the composition of an in vitro matrix built by myofibroblasts. Second harmonic generation microscopy (SHG) was used to study collagen organization in deposited matrix. Different extracellular matrix proteins, expressed by fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, were analyzed and quantified. Functional assays compared latent (TGF-β) activation, in vitro wound healing, chemotaxis, and proliferation between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Results We found significant differences in cell morphology between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Fibroblasts expressed and deposited significantly higher quantities of fibril forming corneal collagens I and V. In contrast, myofibroblasts expressed and deposited higher quantities of fibronectin and other non-collagenous matrix components. A significant difference in the activation of latent TGF-β activation exists between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts when measured with a functional luciferase assay. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts differ in their morphology, extracellular matrix synthesis, and deposition, activation of latent TGF-β, and chemotaxis. Conclusions The differences in the expression and deposition of extracellular matrix components by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are likely related to critical roles they play during different stages of corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Acosta
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Hadi Joud
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Mei Sun
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Marcel Y. Avila
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Curtis E. Margo
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Edgar M. Espana
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
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5
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Donovan C, Cogswell D, Sun M, Adams S, Avila MY, Margo CE, Koch M, Espana EM. Collagen XII regulates stromal wound closure. Exp Eye Res 2023; 230:109456. [PMID: 36967080 PMCID: PMC10133200 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of collagen XII in regulating injury repair and reestablishment of corneal function is unknown. This manuscript aims to investigate the role(s) of collagen XII in the repair of incisional and debridement injuries in an adult mouse model. Two different types of injury in wild type and Col12a1-/- corneas were created to investigate the effects of collagen XII -in wound repair and scar formation-by using clinical photographs, immunohistology, second harmonic generation imaging and electron microscopy. Results showed that collagen XII is a regulator of wound closure after incisional injuries. Absence of collagen XII retarded wound closure and the wound healing process. These findings show that collagen XII regulates fibrillogenesis, CD68 cell lineage infiltration, and myofibroblast survival following injury. In vitro studies suggest that collagen XII regulates deposition of an early and provisional matrix by interacting with two proteins regulating early matrix deposition: fibronectin and LTBP1(latent transforming growth factor β binding protein 1). In conclusion, collagen XII regulates tissue repair in corneal incisional wounds. Understanding the function of collagen XII during wound healing has significant translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devon Cogswell
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, USA
| | - Mei Sun
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, USA
| | - Sheila Adams
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, USA
| | - Marcel Y Avila
- Departament of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Curtis E Margo
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edgar M Espana
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USA.
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Donovan C, Sun M, Cogswell D, Margo CE, Avila MY, Espana EM. Genipin increases extracellular matrix synthesis preventing corneal perforation. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:115-123. [PMID: 36871831 PMCID: PMC10440284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal melting and perforation are feared sight-threatening complications of infections, autoimmune disease, and severe burns. Assess the use of genipin in treating stromal melt. METHODS A model for corneal wound healing was created through epithelial debridement and mechanical burring to injure the corneal stromal matrix in adult mice. Murine corneas were then treated with varying concentrations of genipin, a natural occurring crosslinking agent, to investigate the effects that matrix crosslinking using genipin has in wound healing and scar formation. Genipin was used in patients with active corneal melting. RESULTS Corneas treated with higher concentrations of genipin were found to develop denser stromal scarring in a mouse model. In human corneas, genipin promoted stromal synthesis and prevention of continuous melt. Genipin mechanisms of action create a favorable environment for upregulation of matrix synthesis and corneal scarring. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that genipin increases matrix synthesis and inhibits the activation of latent transforming growth factor-β. These findings are translated to patients with severe corneal melting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, USA
| | | | - Curtis E Margo
- Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marcel Y Avila
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Edgar M Espana
- Department of Ophthalmology, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USA.
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7
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Corneal stromal repair and regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sun M, Cogswell D, Adams S, Ayoubi Y, Kumar A, Reljic T, Avila MY, Margo CE, Espana EM. Downregulation of collagen XI during late postnatal corneal development is followed by upregulation after injury. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273967. [PMID: 34854919 PMCID: PMC8767274 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen XI plays a role in nucleating collagen fibrils and in controlling fibril diameter. The aim of this research was to elucidate the role that collagen XI plays in corneal fibrillogenesis during development and following injury. The temporal and spatial expression of collagen XI was evaluated in C57BL/6 wild-type mice. For wound-healing studies in adult mice, stromal injuries were created using techniques that avoid caustic chemicals. The temporal expression and spatial localization of collagen XI was studied following injury in a Col11a1 inducible knockout mouse model. We found that collagen XI expression occurs during early maturation and is upregulated after stromal injury in areas of regeneration and remodeling. Abnormal fibrillogenesis with new fibrils of heterogeneous size and shape occurs after injury in a decreased collagen XI matrix. In conclusion, collagen XI is expressed in the stroma during development and following injury in adults, and is a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis in regenerating corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Devon Cogswell
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sheila Adams
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yasmin Ayoubi
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- Research Methodology and Biostatistics Core, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tea Reljic
- Research Methodology and Biostatistics Core, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marcel Y. Avila
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - Curtis E. Margo
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Edgar M. Espana
- From the Cornea, External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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