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Wesolowski M, Leyk E. Coupled and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis Techniques in the Study of Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1596. [PMID: 37376045 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable interpretation of the changes occurring in the samples during their heating is ensured by using more than one measurement technique. This is related to the necessity of eliminating the uncertainty resulting from the interpretation of data obtained by two or more single techniques based on the study of several samples analyzed at different times. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to briefly characterize thermal analysis techniques coupled to non-thermal techniques, most often spectroscopic or chromatographic. The design of coupled thermogravimetry (TG) with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG with mass spectrometry (MS) and TG with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems and the principles of measurement are discussed. Using medicinal substances as examples, the key importance of coupled techniques in pharmaceutical technology is pointed out. They make it possible not only to know precisely the behavior of medicinal substances during heating and to identify volatile degradation products, but also to determine the mechanism of thermal decomposition. The data obtained make it possible to predict the behavior of medicinal substances during the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations and determine their shelf life and storage conditions. Additionally, characterized are design solutions that support the interpretation of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves based on observation of the samples during heating or based on simultaneous registration of FTIR spectra and X-ray diffractograms (XRD). This is important because DSC is an inherently non-specific technique. For this reason, individual phase transitions cannot be distinguished from each other based on DSC curves, and supporting techniques are required to interpret them correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wesolowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Leyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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Development of Co-Amorphous Loratadine–Citric Acid Orodispersible Drug Formulations. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at the preparation and characterization of co-amorphous loratadine–citric acid orally disintegrating dosage forms (ODx). A co-amorphous loratadine–citric acid was prepared by solvent evaporation method in three different molecular ratios. DSC, FTIR, and dissolution studies have been conducted for the binary system. The co-amorphous system was used to obtain oral lyophilizates and orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression. Diameter, thickness, hardness, disintegration time, uniformity of mass, and dissolution was determined for the dosage forms. DSC curves showed a lack of sharp endothermic peaks for the binary systems. FTIR spectra presented a hypsochromic modification of the characteristic peaks. Dissolution studies indicated a five-fold increase in the dissolved amount compared to pure loratadine in water. Disintegration times of direct compression ODx varied in the range of 34–41 s and for freeze-dried ODx in the range of 8–9 s. Friability was under 1% in all cases. The dissolution of loratadine in buffer solution at pH = 1 was almost complete. In conclusion binary systems of loratadine and citric acid enhance solubility and combined with the orally disintegrating pharmaceutical form also increase patient compliance.
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Lambros M, Tran T(H, Fei Q, Nicolaou M. Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:972. [PMID: 35631557 PMCID: PMC9148065 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Citric acid, a tricarboxylic acid, has found wide application in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry due to its biocompatibility, versatility, and green, environmentally friendly chemistry. This review emphasizes the pharmaceutical uses of citric acid as a strategic ingredient in drug formulation while focusing on the impact of its physicochemical properties. The functionality of citric acid is due to its three carboxylic groups and one hydroxyl group. These allow it to be used in many ways, including its ability to be used as a crosslinker to form biodegradable polymers and as a co-former in co-amorphous and co-crystal applications. This paper also analyzes the effect of citric acid in physiological processes and how this effect can be used to enhance the attributes of pharmaceutical preparations, as well as providing a critical discussion on the issues that may arise out of the presence of citric acid in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lambros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (T.T.); (Q.F.)
| | - Thac (Henry) Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (T.T.); (Q.F.)
| | - Qinqin Fei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (T.T.); (Q.F.)
| | - Mike Nicolaou
- Doric Pharma LLC, 5270 California Ave, Suite 300, Irvine, CA 92617, USA;
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Supercritical processing of PCL and PCL-PEG blends to produce improved PCL-based porous scaffolds. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lin Q, Gao F, Wang Y, Lu W, Chen W. Ethylene glycol-soluble Ti/Mg-citrate complex catalyst for synthesis of high intrinsic viscosity poly(ethylene terephthalate). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Anderspuk H, Viidik L, Olado K, Kogermann K, Juppo A, Heinämäki J, Laidmäe I. Effects of crosslinking on the physical solid-state and dissolution properties of 3D-printed theophylline tablets. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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8
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Innovative Polyelectrolyte Treatment to Flame-Retard Wood. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172884. [PMID: 34502926 PMCID: PMC8433691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire protection has been a major challenge in wood construction for many years, mainly due to the high flame spread risk associated with wood flooring. Wood fire-retardancy is framed by two main axes: coating and bulk impregnation. There is a growing need for economically and environmentally friendly alternatives. The study of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for wood substrates is in its infancy, but PECs’ versatility and eco-friendly character are already recognized for fabric fire-retardancy fabrics. In this study, a new approach to PEC characterization is proposed. First, PECs, which consist of polyethyleneimine and sodium phytate, were chemically and thermally characterized to select the most promising systems. Then, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) was surface-impregnated under reduced pressure with the two PECs identified as the best options. Overall, wood fire-retardancy was improved with a low weight gain of 2 wt.% without increasing water uptake.
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Afrooz H, Mohamed EM, Barakh Ali SF, Dharani S, Nutan MTH, Khan MA, Rahman Z. Salt Engineering of Aripiprazole with Polycarboxylic Acids to Improve Physicochemical Properties. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:31. [PMID: 33405012 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole (APZ) has poor physicochemical properties and bitter taste. The current study aimed to prepare salts of APZ with polycarboxylic acids (citric, malic, and tartaric acids) to improve physicochemical properties and impart sour taste to the drug. The salts were prepared by solubilization-crystallization method, and characterized by electron microscopic, spectroscopic, diffractometry, and thermal methods. The salts were assessed for pH solubility, pH-stability, dissolution, and solid-state stability. Fourier transformed infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry data indicated formation of new solid phases. APZ and the salts exhibited pH-dependent solubility. The pH solubility curve shape was inverted "V," inverted "W," and inverted "U" for APZ, APZ-Citrate, and APZ-Malate and APZ-Tartrate, respectively. Compared to APZ, the solubility of salts at pH 4, 5, and 6 was 3.6-7.1, 23.9-31.5, and 143.4-373.3 folds of APZ. Increase in solubility in water by citrate, malate, and tartrate salts was 5562.8, 21,284.7, and 22,846.7 folds of APZ. The salt formation also leads to an increase in rate and extent of dissolution. The dissolution extent was 3.5 ± 0.5, 71.3 ± 1.2, 80.1 ± 6.2, and 86.1 ± 1.1% for APZ, APZ-Citrate, APZ-Malate, and APZ-Tartrate, respectively. Liquid and solid-state stabilities of the salts were comparable to APZ. In conclusion, salts of APZ with polycarboxylic acids improved solubility, and dissolution, and impart sour taste, which may improve palatability of the drug.
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Nandi U, Trivedi V, Douroumis D, Mendham AP, Coleman NJ. Layered Silicate-Alginate Composite Particles for the pH-Mediated Release of Theophylline. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080182. [PMID: 32781542 PMCID: PMC7465181 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous natural and synthetic clay minerals have proven to be excellent drug carriers for high drug-loaded and sustained release formulations due to their considerable ion exchange, adsorption, and swelling capacities. Moreover, the synthetic smectite clays have added advantages in terms of compositional purity and controlled cation exchange capacity in comparison to natural clays. This study involves the intercalation of theophylline (TP) in a synthetic clay, Laponite® (LP), followed by the inclusion of the resulting intercalates into sodium alginate (SA) beads to achieve pH-controlled drug release. Maximum intercalated drug incorporation of 68 mg/g was obtained by ion exchange at pH 1.2 and confirmed by an increase in basal spacing of the clay from 12.9 to 15.5 Å. TP release from the binary LP-TP intercalates in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was found to be 40% and 70%, respectively. LP-TP particles were also incorporated in an SA matrix via polymer crosslinking using CaCl2(aq) to improve the pH selective release. The ternary polymer-clay-drug composite particles effectively prevented the release of TP at low pH in SGF and resulted in sustained release in SIF, with 40% dissolution within 120 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Nandi
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (D.D.); (A.P.M.); (N.J.C.)
- Correspondence: (U.N.); (V.T.)
| | - Vivek Trivedi
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
- Correspondence: (U.N.); (V.T.)
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (D.D.); (A.P.M.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Andrew P. Mendham
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (D.D.); (A.P.M.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Nichola J. Coleman
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (D.D.); (A.P.M.); (N.J.C.)
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Franco P, De Marco I. Eudragit: A Novel Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery in Supercritical Antisolvent Coprecipitation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010234. [PMID: 31963638 PMCID: PMC7023534 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was used to coprecipitate Eudragit L100-55 (EUD) with diclofenac (DICLO) and theophylline (THEOP), with the aim of obtaining composite microparticles with a prolonged drug release for oral delivery. Working at the optimized conditions in terms of pressure and overall concentration in the liquid solution (10.0 MPa and 50 mg/mL), microparticles of EUD/DICLO 20/1 and 10/1 w/w were produced with a mean size of 2.92 µm and 1.53 µm, respectively. For the system EUD/THEOP, well-defined spherical microspheres with a mean diameter ranging from 3.75 µm and 5.93 µm were produced at 12.0 MPa. The produced composite systems were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray microanalysis, FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Dissolution studies showed the potential of EUD to prolong the drug release, significantly, up to a few days.
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12
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Preparation of Theophylline-Benzoic Acid Cocrystal and On-Line Monitoring of Cocrystallization Process in Solution by Raman Spectroscopy. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pure theophylline-benzoic acid cocrystal was prepared via slurry and cooling crystallization in solution to overcome the disadvantages of existing preparation methods. The target cocrystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy. The slurry and cooling cocrystallization process in solution was monitored via on-line Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained from on-line Raman monitoring can exhibit the transformation process from raw materials (theophylline and benzoic acid) to cocrystal and show the cocrystal formation rate. Comparing each transformation process under different conditions in slurry crystallization, we found that suspension density of raw materials and temperature both have an impact on the theophylline-benzoic acid cocrystal formation rate. It could be concluded that the cocrystal formation rate increased with the increase of suspension density of raw materials. Further under the same suspension density, higher temperature will accelerate theophylline-benzoic acid cocrystal formation. Meanwhile, various data from the cocrystallization process in cooling crystallization, including nucleation time, nucleation temperature and suitable cooling ending point can be gained from results of on-line Raman monitoring.
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Jyothi KL, Gautam R, Swain D, Guru Row TN, Lokanath NK. Cocrystals of Gallic Acid with Urea and Propionamide: Supramolecular Structures, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and DFT Studies. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanchi Lakshminarayanashetty Jyothi
- Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri; University of Mysore; Mysuru 570 006 India
- Department of Physics; Government College for Boys; Chintamani 563125 India
| | - Raj Gautam
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 India
| | - Diptikanta Swain
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 India
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Li S, Yu T, Tian Y, Lagan C, Jones DS, Andrews GP. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Cocrystal Suspensions via Hot Melt Extrusion: Enhancing Cocrystal Yield. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3741-3754. [PMID: 29166563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals have attracted increasing attention over the past decade as an alternative way to modify the physicochemical properties and hence improve the bioavailability of a drug, without sacrificing thermodynamic stability. Our previous work has demonstrated the viability of in situ formation of ibuprofen/isonicotinamide cocrystal suspensions within a matrix carrier via a single-step hot melt extrusion (HME) process. The key aim of the current work is to establish optimized processing conditions to improve cocrystal yield within extruded matrices. The solubility of each individual cocrystal component in the matrix carrier was estimated using two different methods, calculation of Hansen solubility parameters and Flory-Huggins solution theory using a melting point depression measurement method, respectively. The latter was found to be more relevant to extrusion cocrystallization because of the ability to predict miscibility across a range of temperatures. The predictions obtained from the F-H phase diagrams were verified using ternary extrusion processing. Temperatures that promote solubilization of the parent reagents during processing and precipitation of the newly formed cocrystal were found to be the most suitable in generating high cocrystal yields. The incorporation of intensive mixing/kneading elements to the screw configuration was also shown to significantly improve the cocrystal yield when utilizing a matrix platform. This work has shown that intensive mixing, in combination with appropriate temperature selection, can significantly improve the cocrystal yield within a stable and low viscosity carrier during HME processing. Most importantly, this work reports, for the very first time in the literature, the use of the F-H phase diagrams to guide the most appropriate HME processing window to drive higher cocrystal yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre , Queen's University , Belfast BT9 , Northern Ireland
| | - Tao Yu
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre , Queen's University , Belfast BT9 , Northern Ireland
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre , Queen's University , Belfast BT9 , Northern Ireland
| | - Colette Lagan
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre , Queen's University , Belfast BT9 , Northern Ireland
| | - David S Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre , Queen's University , Belfast BT9 , Northern Ireland
| | - Gavin P Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre , Queen's University , Belfast BT9 , Northern Ireland
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Wang J, Chang R, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhang T, Fu Q, Chang C, Zeng A. Coamorphous Loratadine-Citric Acid System with Enhanced Physical Stability and Bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2541-2550. [PMID: 28224393 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coamorphous systems using citric acid as a small molecular excipient were studied for improving physical stability and bioavailability of loratadine, a BCS class II drug with low water solubility and high permeability. Coamorphous loratadine-citric acid systems were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Solid-state analysis proofed that coamorphous loratadine-citric acid system (1:1) was amorphous and homogeneous, had a higher T g over amorphous loratadine, and the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between loratadine and citric acid exist. The solubility and dissolution of coamorphous loratadine-citric acid system (1:1) were found to be significantly greater than those of crystalline and amorphous form. The pharmacokinetic study in rats proved that coamorphous loratadine-citric acid system (1:1) could significantly improve absorption and bioavailability of loratadine. Coamorphous loratadine-citric acid system (1:1) showed excellently physical stability over a period of 3 months at 25°C under 0% RH and 25°C under 60% RH conditions. The improved stability of coamorphous loratadine-citric acid system (1:1) could be related to an elevated T g over amorphous form and the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between loratadine and citric acid. These studies demonstrate that the developed coamorphous loratadine-citric acid system might be a promising oral formulation for improving solubility and bioavailability of loratadine.
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Pindelska E, Sokal A, Kolodziejski W. Pharmaceutical cocrystals, salts and polymorphs: Advanced characterization techniques. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:111-146. [PMID: 28931472 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of a novel drug development is to obtain it with optimal physiochemical, pharmaceutical and biological properties. Pharmaceutical companies and scientists modify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which often are cocrystals, salts or carefully selected polymorphs, to improve the properties of a parent drug. To find the best form of a drug, various advanced characterization methods should be used. In this review, we have described such analytical methods, dedicated to solid drug forms. Thus, diffraction, spectroscopic, thermal and also pharmaceutical characterization methods are discussed. They all are necessary to study a solid API in its intrinsic complexity from bulk down to the molecular level, gain information on its structure, properties, purity and possible transformations, and make the characterization efficient, comprehensive and complete. Furthermore, these methods can be used to monitor and investigate physical processes, involved in the drug development, in situ and in real time. The main aim of this paper is to gather information on the current advancements in the analytical methods and highlight their pharmaceutical relevance.
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Przybyłek M, Ziółkowska D, Mroczyńska K, Cysewski P. Propensity of salicylamide and ethenzamide cocrystallization with aromatic carboxylic acids. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 85:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The ternary phase diagram for the direct assembly of a 2 : 1 co-crystal of benzoic acid–sodium benzoate was illustrated. Benzoic acid acted as a reactant and underwent neutralization to produce sodium benzoate. The excessive amount of benzoic acid as an API can interact with the product, sodium benzoate as another API, to undertake API–API co-crystallization by cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Lin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li City 320, ROC
| | - Tu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li City 320, ROC
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Lin SY. Molecular perspectives on solid-state phase transformation and chemical reactivity of drugs: metoclopramide as an example. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:209-22. [PMID: 25450770 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, I provide an overview of the solid-state characteristics, phase transformations and chemical reactions of metoclopramide hydrochloride monohydrate (MCP HCl H2O). Three unique techniques, including thermoanalytical methods, one-step simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, and hot-stage microscopic (HSM) imaging, have been applied to study the solid-state phase transitions of MCP HCl H2O in continuous dehydration, amorphization and recrystallization processes. I also review the effects of grinding or heating on ion-exchange reactions, milling, compression or colyophilization on Maillard reactions, and γ-ray irradiation or electron beams on radiolysis in the solid state. I also report the exposure of MCP HCl H2O in solution to light, irradiation, oxidants or π-acceptors. This review will serve as a useful keynote for the evolving realm of solid-state chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yang Lin
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lin HL, Zhang GC, Huang YT, Lin SY. An Investigation of Indomethacin–Nicotinamide Cocrystal Formation Induced by Thermal Stress in the Solid or Liquid State. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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