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Khan SA, Rahman ZU, Javed A, Ahmad Z, Cai Z, Jiang O, Xu G. Natural biopolymers in the fabrication and coating of ureteral stent: An overview. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 165:214009. [PMID: 39216319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ureteral stents are indwelling medical devices that are most commonly used in treating different urinary tract complications like ureteral obstruction, kidney stones, and strictures, and allow normal urine flow from the kidney to the bladder. Tremendous work has been done in ureteral stent technology to meet the clinical demands, however, till-date a gold standard material for ureteral stents has not yet been developed. Many materials such as metal, and synthetic polymers have been published, however, the role of natural biopolymers has not yet been summarized and discussed. There is no detailed review published to explain the role of natural biopolymers in ureteral stent technology. This is the first review that explains and summarizes the role of natural polymer in ureter stent technology. In this review alginate and chitosan polymers are discussed in detail in the fabrications and coating of ureteral stents. It was summarized that alginate polymer alone or in combination with other polymers have been successfully used by many researchers for the manufacturing of ureteral stents with satisfactory results in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. However, alginate is rarely used to coat the surface of ureteral stent. On the other hand, only two reports are available on chitosan polymers for the manufacturing of ureteral stents, however, chitosan is largely used to coat the existing ureteral stents owing to their good antibacterial characteristics. Coating procedures can inhibit encrustation and biofilm formation. Nevertheless, the lack of antibacterial efficiency and inadequate coating limit their applications, however, natural biopolymers like chitosan showed significant promises in coating. Overall, the renewable nature, abundant, biocompatible, and biodegradable potential of natural polymer can be established with significant aspects as the ideal ureteral stent. To fully utilize the potential of the natural biopolymers in the ureteral stent design or coatings, an in-depth study is required to understand and identify their performance both in vitro and in vivo in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali Khan
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aimen Javed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zhiduan Cai
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Ouyang Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Guibin Xu
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China.
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