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Favaretto E, Bedani F, Brancati GE, De Berardis D, Giovannini S, Scarcella L, Martiadis V, Martini A, Pampaloni I, Perugi G, Pessina E, Raffone F, Ressico F, Cattaneo CI. Synthesising 30 years of clinical experience and scientific insight on affective temperaments in psychiatric disorders: State of the art. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:406-415. [PMID: 38972642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The concept of affective temperament has been extensively discussed throughout the history of psychopathology and represents a cornerstone in the study of mood disorders. This review aims to trace the evolution of the concept of affective temperaments (ATs) from Kraepelin's seminal work to the present day. In the 1980s, Akiskal redefined Kraepelin's concept of affective temperaments (ATs) by integrating the five recognized ATs into the broader framework of the soft bipolar spectrum. This conceptualization viewed ATs as non-pathological predispositions underlying psychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders. Epidemiological and clinical studies have validated the existence of the five ATs. Furthermore, evidence suggests that ATs may serve as precursors to various psychiatric disorders and influence clinical dimensions such as disease course, psychopathology, and treatment adherence. Additionally, ATs appear to play a significant role in moderating phenomena such as suicide risk and stress coping. Incorporating an evaluation of temperamental bases of disorders into the multidimensional psychiatric diagnostic process could enhance treatment optimization and prognosis estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Favaretto
- Department of Addiction, South Tyrol Health Care, Bressanone, Italy.
| | - F Bedani
- Mercy University Hospital, Cork, IRELAND
| | | | - D De Berardis
- Department of Psychiatry, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 4, Teramo, ITALY.
| | - S Giovannini
- Department of Addiction, South Tyrol Health Care, Bressanone, Italy
| | - L Scarcella
- Department of Psychiatry, South Tyrol Health Care, Bressanone, Italy.
| | - V Martiadis
- Department of Mental Health, Asl Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - A Martini
- Department of Mental Health, ASL CN2 Alba - Bra, Italy
| | - I Pampaloni
- National OCD and BDD Unit, South West London and St Georges NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - G Perugi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - E Pessina
- Department of Mental Health, ASL CN2 Alba - Bra, Italy
| | - F Raffone
- Department of Mental Health, Asl Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | - F Ressico
- Outpatient Unit Department of Mental Health Novara, Borgomanero, Italy
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Kurihara K, Koda M, Zamami Y, Shinzato H, Takaesu Y, Kondo T. Profiles and the impact of affective temperaments on alcohol use disorder: a cross-sectional study. Alcohol Alcohol 2024; 59:agae036. [PMID: 38811351 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the profiles and impact of affective temperaments, together with social and clinical backgrounds, including affective symptoms, in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS This study included 314 low-risk drinkers and 257 patients with AUD. To assess affective temperament, we used the short version of the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego. To evaluate depressive and mixed symptoms, the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology self-report Japanese version and 12-item questionnaire for the quantitative assessment of the depressive mixed state were used. We compared the profiles of affective temperaments as well as social and clinical backgrounds, including affective symptoms, between the two groups and further performed logistic regression analyses to explore the factors contributing to AUD. RESULTS Our analysis showed higher cyclothymic, hyperthymic, and irritable temperament scores and lower depressive temperament scores in patients with AUD than that in nonclinical drinkers. Regarding other social and clinical backgrounds, patients with AUD were less educated and employed and more experienced depressive and mixed symptoms. Logistic regression analysis identified hyperthymic temperament as a positive contributor and depressive temperament as a negative contributor to AUD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated potential bipolarity in patients with AUD, as manifested by a more hyperthymic temperament in contrast to less depressive temperament. Despite their self-perceived adaptive temperament profiles, patients showed poorer social outcomes and more affective symptoms. This gap may be partly explained by a lack of insight unique to AUD psychology, which potentially disturbs problem recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kurihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Munenaga Koda
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yu Zamami
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hotaka Shinzato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Takaesu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kondo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Zengin İspir G, Danışman M, Tulacı RG, Özdel K. Emotion Dysregulation and Affective Temperaments in Opioid Use Disorder: the preliminary results of a prospective study. J Addict Dis 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35713278 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2087449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder is a growing health problem all over the world. The coexistence of substance misuse, affective temperaments, and emotion dysregulation has not been studied sufficiently. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the role of affective temperaments and emotion dysregulation on substance use disorder. The Emotion Dysregulation and Affective Temperaments in Opioid Use Disorder study was designed observational. This paper presents only the baseline assessments of the patient and control groups. One-year remission rates of the patients' group will be reported elsewhere after 1-year follow-up. METHODS Sixty-seven patients with opioid use disorder and 68 healthy controls enrolled. All participants were administered to The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego Autoquestionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS Patients with opioid use disorder had higher scores from all temperamental scales and showed higher difficulties on emotion regulation than the control group. Even controlling the confounding effects of anxiety and depression levels, dysthymic and anxious temperament scores were found correlated with the emotion dysregulation score in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS The emotional traits (i.e., affective temperaments) and emotion regulation abilities play a crucial role in substance use disorder. While managing substance use disorder, being aware of affective temperament characteristics and/or interventions to improve emotion regulation skills may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Zengin İspir
- University of Health Science-Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Rıza Gökçer Tulacı
- University of Health Science-Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadir Özdel
- University of Health Science-Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Perrini F, Matrone M, de Bartolomeis A, Montano A, Amici E, Callovini G, Cuomo I, de Persis S, Lombardozzi G, Battagliese G, Porrari R, Kotzalidis GD, De Filippis S. Developmental trajectories in psychiatric disorders: does substance/alcohol use moderate the effects of affective temperaments as moderators of age at onset? A study in post-acute, hospitalized patients with psychotic or DSM-5 bipolar or major depressive disorders. J Addict Dis 2021; 39:373-387. [PMID: 33587024 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1886568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-at-onset (AAO) affects psychiatric disorder outcome; substance (SUDs) or alcohol use disorders (AUDs) may influence their onset. Affective temperaments may affect early AAO and drug-use proneness. Objectives: To investigate whether SUD/AUD moderated temperamental effects in determining AAO of mental disorders. Methods: We included 300 post-acute inpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic (SSOPDs), major depressive (MDD) or bipolar (BD) disorders (168 men; mean age, 40.63 years ± 11.82 men, 43.21 years ± 12.69 women) with (N = 110) or without (N = 190) SUD/AUD. Patients completed cross-sectionally TEMPS-A. We carried moderation analysis with each regression-significant TEMPS temperament as independent variable, SUD/AUD presence/absence as dichotomous moderator, and AAO as dependent variable. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: AAO was lower in patients with SUD/AUD diagnosis than in patients without (23.74 ± 10.09 vs. 27.73 ± 10.35, respectively, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.034). SUD/AUD patients scored higher on the hyperthymic (10.22 ± 4.08, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.069) and irritable (8.26 ± 4.69, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.026) temperaments than nonSUD/AUD patients. Moderation analysis showed only direct effects of irritable (β = -0.55, p < 0.005) and hyperthymic (β = -0.95, p < 0.001) temperaments on AAO and no significant SUD/AUD and interaction effects. Limitations. Cross-sectional design. Conclusions: When irritable and hyperthymic traits prevail over other temperaments, AAO is earlier in SSOPDs, MDD, and BD. SUD/AUD presence/absence does not moderate the relationship between temperament and AAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Perrini
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy.,Istituto A.T. Beck-Diagnostic Centre, Research and Training in Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Matrone
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Montano
- Istituto A.T. Beck-Diagnostic Centre, Research and Training in Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Amici
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy
| | - Gemma Callovini
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, ASL Rieti, Rieti, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cuomo
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy.,Istituto Penitenziario Regina Coeli, ASL RM1, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Gemma Battagliese
- Centro di Riferimento Alcologico della Regione Lazio, RM1, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Porrari
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy.,Centro di Riferimento Alcologico della Regione Lazio, RM1, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Von Siebenthal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Genzano di Roma, Italy.,NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Mauer S, de Siqueira ASS, Borges MK, Biella MM, Voshaar RCO, Aprahamian I. Relationship between affective temperament and major depressive disorder in older adults: A case-control study. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:949-953. [PMID: 33065837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice it is often challenging to determine whether mood disturbances should be considered a state or trait characteristics. This study is important to understand the influence of temperaments in the diagnosis of depression. The objective of the present study was to compare the frequency of three types of affective temperament (dysthymia, hyperthymia and cyclothymia) among older adults with major depression compared to non-psychiatric control patients. METHODS A case-control study comparing 50 patients with major depression aged 65 years or above with a comparison group of 100 non-psychiatric controls. Affective temperaments were assessed using the TEMPS-A questionnaire. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Young mania Rating Scale were used for the assessment of symptoms of depression and mania, respectively. RESULTS In the sample 80% had an affective temperament, most commonly hyperthymia (67.3%). In depressive patients 48% had criteria for hyperthymic temperament against 77% of the controls (OR= 0.3, 95%CI 0.1-0.7). 38.8% of these patients presented cyclothymic temperament, whereas among controls, 12% fulfilled criteria (OR= 2.9, 95%CI 1.1-7.2). LIMITATIONS The sample was relatively small, and their educational level was very low. CONCLUSION A cyclothymic temperament may predict major depression unlike hyperthymia. Whether the effectiveness of mood stabilizers in unipolar disorder is moderated by a cyclothymic temperament and should be explored in future randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Mauer
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Marcus Kiiti Borges
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Maria Biella
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard C Oude Voshaar
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Geriatrics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
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Masiak J, Chmielowiec J, Chmielowiec K, Grzywacz A. DRD4, DRD2, DAT1, and ANKK1 Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113593. [PMID: 33171585 PMCID: PMC7695193 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately 25–50% of people diagnosed with substance use disorder experience psychiatric disorders, and this percentage is even higher if subclinical psychopathological symptomatology is taken into consideration. ”Dual diagnosis” implies the comorbidity of two disorders (mental disorder and addiction), but in a clinical setting, numerous dual diagnoses involve multiple addictions (polysubstance use means the concurrent use of more than one psychoactive substance). Clinical observations and epidemiological studies showed that the use of stimulants in combination with other substances results in additional risks. Apart from the clinical significance of the specificity of stimulants used in combination with other substances, only non-exhaustive research on the specificity of this comorbidity has been performed to date. The aim of the study was to analyze polymorphisms of the genes (DRD4 VNTR in exon III Ex3, DRD2 rs1076560, rs1800498, rs1079597, rs6276, as well as in the PROM promoter region (rs1799732, ANKK1 Tag1A rs1800497, DAT) in a group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder, including addiction to stimulants, and the co-occurrence of specific mental disorders in a group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder. Methods: The study group consisted of 601 male volunteers with psychoactive substance dependence (n = 300) and non-dependent controls (n = 301). The genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood using standard procedures. Genotyping was conducted with the real-time PCR method. All computations were performed using STATISTICA 13. Results: Psychotic disorders were significantly more common in the group of males with polysubstance addiction, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the group of males with polysubstance addiction without addiction to stimulants. In our own research, different statistical significances were found in the frequency of the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism: s/s was more common in the study group. Psychotic disorders were more common in people addicted to stimulants compared to people addicted to other substances. Conclusions: In our study, psychotic disorders occurred more frequently in the study group of patients with polysubstance addiction, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the control group of patients with polysubstance addiction, but with no addiction to stimulants. Different statistical significances were found in the frequency of the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism: s/s was more common in the study group, while the l/l genotype was less frequent in the study group. In DRD2 PROM rs 1799732, the del allele occurred more often than the ins allele in the study group. In the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism, the s allele was more common in the study group, and the l allele was less frequent. In the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism for the s/s genotype, psychotic disorders and generalized anxiety were more common, while for the s/l and l/l genotype, they were less frequent. The DRD4 Ex3 polymorphism s alleles were more common for depressive episode, dysthymia, and psychotic disorders as well as generalized anxiety disorder. We see a clear genetic aspect here. However, we want to be careful and draw no definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Masiak
- Neurophysiological Independent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (J.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (J.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91441-47-46
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Elleuch S, Sellami R, Hentati S, Masmoudi R, Hentati S, Feki I, Masmoudi J. [Temperament and alcoholic behavior in medical students]. Encephale 2020; 47:107-113. [PMID: 32921497 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Tunisian medical student population is very heterogeneous. This heterogeneity is based among other things on temperamental differences between different students and their behavior and strategies to cope with the requirements and constraints of medical studies. We conducted this study aiming: to determine the prevalence of alcohol use in a student population at Sfax Medical School and to evaluate the factors associated with this use; to study the relationship between affective temperament and alcohol consumption among medical students. METHODS We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study in the form of a survey between July 2018 and January 2019 among students (aged between 19 and 30) recruited from the University of Medicine of Sfax during their internship in the psychiatric department "A" at CHU HédiChaker of Sfax. We used a pre-established survey sheet based on data from the substance use and affective temperament literature in medical students that was completed by the participants after obtaining their consent and having explained the anonymity and confidentiality of the questionnaire. This sheet included a section on student sociodemographic characteristics, a second part describing the history and characteristics of alcohol consumption and the evaluation of alcohol consumption through the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and a third part for temperament evaluation by TIME-A, and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis Pisa Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire. RESULTS We recruited 136 students with an average age of 21.63 years (SD 2 years) and a sex ratio (H/F) of 0.66. Alcohol consumption was observed among 19.8 % of students surveyed, 19.1 % of whom were occasional consumers. The mean age of onset of alcohol consumption was 18.48 years (SD 1.76 years). All consumer students had started using alcohol with their friends. The desired effect was euphoric in 74 % of cases, sleeping for 14.8 % of them. Among consumers, the average score at AUDIT was 6.44 (SD 5.3). Among them 70.4 % had a risk-free consumption (score of 8 or less); 14.8% were at risk (score 9-12) and 11.1 % were likely alcohol dependent (score>12). The evaluation of affective temperament according to TIME-A showed that the cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperament scores were the highest among the students (respectively 5.5 and 4). The analytical study showed that alcohol dependence was significantly more common among male students (p=0.048). Alcohol use was significantly more common among students who smoke (p<0.001) and those who consume cannabis (p<0.001). The bivariate correlation showed that more students had a high score of depressive temperaments (r=0.18, p=0.032), irritable (r=0.2, P=0.018) and hyperthymic (r=0.27, p=0.001). The higher their scores on the AUDIT scale, the more alcohol-dependent they were. CONCLUSION The implementation of preventive measures is an obvious emergency. In the same way, taking into account the difference in affective temperaments in this very particular population could have a grandiose importance and an interesting impact both in the screening and in the care of these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elleuch
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie.
| | - R Sellami
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - S Hentati
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - R Masmoudi
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - S Hentati
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - I Feki
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - J Masmoudi
- Service de psychiatrie « A », CHU d'Hédi-Chaker, Sfax, Tunisie
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Affective Temperament Traits and Age-Predicted Recreational Cannabis Use in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134836. [PMID: 32635595 PMCID: PMC7369870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of cannabis among college students is increasing. Cannabis abuse has been proposed to be associated with personality dimensions. However, there are currently no known studies on the relationship of temperament traits and recreational cannabis use among college students. This is a cross-sectional study that investigated 328 students at a Podiatric Medical College. We evaluated the association between temperament and recreational cannabis use by the students. Temperament was investigated using the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto- Questionnaire (TEMPS-A (short version)). Additionally, we assessed demographics variables and perceived stress in the context of cannabis use, and analyzed the findings using logistic regression. The prevalence of recreational cannabis use was 8.45%. Recreational cannabis use among these students was highly associated with irritable and cyclothymic temperament traits. There was no association between recreational cannabis use and perceived stress, and demographic variables or other substance use. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis indicated that higher scores in cyclothymic or irritable temperament traits are significant predictors for recreational cannabis use. Our study has identified key temperament traits, with a strong association with recreational use of cannabis of the studied student population. Our findings are useful in designing screening and educational strategies directed towards increasing the wellbeing of medical students.
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9
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The Conceptual Framework of Dual Disorders and Its Flaws. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072098. [PMID: 32635296 PMCID: PMC7408800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When psychiatric illness and substance use disorder coexist, the clinical approach to the patient is, unsurprisingly, awkward. This fact is due to a cultural context and, more directly, to the patient’s psychiatric condition and addiction behaviors—a situation that does not favor a scientific approach. In dual disorder facilities, several types of professionals work together: counselors, social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists. Treatment approaches vary from one service to another and even within the same service. It is crucial to provide dual disorder patients with multiple treatments, comprising hospitalization, rehabilitative and residential programs, case management, and counselling. Still, when treating dual disorder (DD) heroin use disorder (HUD) patients, it is advisable to follow a hierarchical algorithm. First, we must deal with addiction: by detoxification, whenever possible. This means starting most patients on anti-craving pharmacological maintenance, though aversion therapy may be appropriate for a few of them. Opiate antagonists may be used with heroin-addicted patients as long as those patients are only mildly ill. In contrast, agonist opioid medications, i.e., buprenorphine and methadone suit moderately and severely ill patients, respectively. Achieving control of mood instability or psychotic episodes is the next step, to be followed by a prevention strategy to counteract residual cravings and dominate mood disorders or psychotic episodes through long-term pharmacological maintenance that is focused on a double target.
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10
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Hong M, Ha TH, Lee S, Oh S, Myung W. Clinical Correlates of Alcohol Use Disorder in Depressed Patients with Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:926-932. [PMID: 31698557 PMCID: PMC6933138 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most frequent comorbid conditions in mood disorders. We aimed to examine the relationships between clinical phenotypes of acutely depressed subjects and co-occurring AUD. METHODS Clinical assessment including diagnosis of mood disorder and co-occurring AUD, the severity of depressive or manic symptoms, and affective temperaments were conducted in 137 subjects suffering from a major depressive episode. According to the presence of AUD, clinical variables were compared between the two groups. Using binary logistic regression models, the effects of mood symptoms and affective temperaments on the risk of AUD were determined. RESULTS Severity of manic symptoms, suicidal ideation, and childhood trauma were higher in the AUD group than in the non-AUD group. Scores for irritable and hyperthymic temperament were higher and the score for anxious temperament was lower in the AUD group. In regression models adjusting confounders, anxious temperament was an independent protector against AUD. On the other hand, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and the irritable manic symptom dimension increased the risk of AUD. CONCLUSION Anxious temperament decreased the AUD risk, whereas irritable manic symptoms increased the risk during depression. AUD in mood disorders may be an expression of manic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyon Ha
- Mood Disorders Clinic & Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Lee
- Mood Disorders Clinic & Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghee Oh
- Mood Disorders Clinic & Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- Mood Disorders Clinic & Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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11
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Association between Cyclothymic Affective Temperament and Age of Onset of Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2019; 2019:9248247. [PMID: 31827917 PMCID: PMC6885767 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9248247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective temperaments represent a biologically stable core of emotional reactivity and have previously been associated with hypertension and arterial stiffening. The age, when hypertension is initiated, is influenced by different factors, but the role of personality traits in this regard is not clarified yet. Our aim was to study the association between affective temperaments and the age at onset of hypertension. In this cross-sectional study, 353 patients were included. After the evaluation of history, patients completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire. We used linear regression analysis to identify predictors of the age of onset of hypertension in the whole cohort and in male and female subpopulations. The independent predictors of the age at onset of hypertension were male sex (B = −4.57 (95% CI = −1.40 to −7.74)), smoking (B = −4.31 (−7.41 to −1.22)), and positive family history (B = −6.84 (−10.22 to −3.45)). In women, cyclothymic temperament score was an independent predictor of the initiation of hypertension (B = −0.83 (−1.54 to −0.12)), while this association was absent in men. Besides traditional factors, cyclothymic affective temperament might contribute to the earlier initiation of hypertension in women.
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Yehya Y, Haddad C, Obeid S, Tahan F, Nabout R, Hallit S, Kazour F. Affective temperaments in Lebanese people with substance use disorder. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:478-485. [PMID: 30561045 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine these temperaments among patients with substance use disorder (SUD) in the Lebanese population. DESIGN Case-control. METHODS Fifty-seven controls and 57 patients with SUD were enrolled between April and September 2017. RESULTS A significantly higher mean of depressive, irritable, and anxious temperaments was found in addicted patients as compared with the nonaddicts. However, the results of the multivariate analysis showed that anxious, hyperthymic, irritable temperaments would significantly increase the odds of addiction in participants (ORa = 25.20, 1.057, 1.168, 1.241, and 1.275). Cyclothymic temperament would significantly decrease the odds of addiction in participants (ORa = 0.817). Furthermore, suicidality was associated with depressive, anxious, and irritable temperaments. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments were the main temperaments found in patients with SUD in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Yehya
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Holy Spirit University, Kaslik, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pedagogy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Tahan
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.,Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Rita Nabout
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Francois Kazour
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.,Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Holy Spirit University, Kaslik, Lebanon.,INSERM U930, équipe 4 "Troubles affectifs," Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Charfi N, Mseddi N, Sallemi R, Zahaf A, Maâlej-Bouali M, Omri S, Feki R, Zouari L, Ben Thabet J, Maâlej M. Tempéraments affectifs des toxicomanes : étude cas-témoins. Encephale 2019; 45:226-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Maremmani AGI, Pacini M, Maremmani I. What we have learned from the Methadone Maintenance Treatment of Dual Disorder Heroin Use Disorder patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E447. [PMID: 30717435 PMCID: PMC6388207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental Disorders and Heroin Use Disorder (HUD) often co-occur and constitute correlated risk factors that the authors believe are best considered from a unitary perspective. In this article we review and discuss data collected by the V.P. Dole Research Group in Dual Disorder (V.P. Dole DD-RG) patients according to the following six discussion points: (1) Treatment of personality disorders during Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT); (2) Treatment of Mood Disorders during MMT; (3) Treatment of Anxiety Disorders during MMT; (4) Treatment of Psychotic Disorders during MMT; (5) Treatment of violence during MMT; (6) Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) during MMT. In treating Mood Disorder in HUD patients, we must bear in mind the interactions (potentiation and side effects) between psychopharmacology, used substances and agonist opioid medications; the use of psychiatric medications as an anti-craving drug, and the possible use of agonist and antagonist opioid medications in treating the other mental disorders. In treating chronic psychosis in HUD patients, we must consider the potentiation and side effects of antipsychotic drugs consequent on HUD treatment, worsening addiction hypophoria and inducing a more severe reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) in hypophoric patients. Violence and AUD during MMT can benefit from adequate dosages of methadone and co-medication with Sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). The experience of our V.P. Dole DD-RG suggests the following: (a) DD is the new paradigm in neuroscience in deepening our understanding of mental health; (b) To successfully treat DD patients a double competence is needed; (c) In managing DD patients priority must be given to Substance Use Disorder (SUD) treatment (stabilizing patients); (d) Antidepressant use is ancillary to SUD treatment; antipsychotic use must be restricted to acute phases; mood stabilizers must be preferred; any use of Benzodiazepines (BDZs) must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo G I Maremmani
- Department of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Region NHS Local Health Unit, Versilia Zone, 55049 Viareggio, Italy.
- Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, 55045 Lucca, Italy.
- G. De Lisio, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Pacini
- G. De Lisio, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Icro Maremmani
- Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, 55045 Lucca, Italy.
- G. De Lisio, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- V.P. Dole Dual Disorder Unit, 2nd Psychiatric Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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15
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What Have We Learned From the Agonist Opioid Treatment of Dual Disorder Heroin Addicts? ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Paulino S, Pombo S, Ismail F, Figueira ML, Lesch O. The role of affective temperament as a predictor of relapse in alcohol dependence. Personal Ment Health 2017; 11:278-289. [PMID: 28660681 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits have been proposed as relapse risk factors in alcohol use disorders. So far, no study has assessed the association between affective temperamental traits and the prospective relapse risk. METHODS This was a 3-month prospective naturalistic study, designed to assess the impact of affective temperaments in relapse. A sample of 61 alcohol-dependent patients was collected from an ambulatory clinical setting. Socio-demographic information, drinking and substance use habits, drinking status, craving and affective temperament traits were assessed. RESULTS Age, age of onset of alcohol abuse and dependence and drug consumption correlate with drinking status. Male alcohol-dependent patients who relapsed presented higher scores on cyclothymic temperament than patients with an alcohol dependence diagnosis who remain sober. Hierarchical logistic regression indicates that cyclothymic temperament predicted relapse in a 3-month follow-up. However, the coefficient was marginally significant after controlling for all potential confounding predictors. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights about the role of affective temperaments in alcohol use disorders, specifically in predicting short-term relapse in detoxified male alcohol-dependent patients. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Paulino
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Santa Maria University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Samuel Pombo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Santa Maria University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Santa Maria University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Figueira
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Santa Maria University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Otto Lesch
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Azorin JM, Perret LC, Fakra E, Tassy S, Simon N, Adida M, Belzeaux R. Alcohol use and bipolar disorders: Risk factors associated with their co-occurrence and sequence of onsets. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:205-212. [PMID: 28802190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the sequence of onsets in patients affected by comorbid alcohol use and bipolar disorder. This study examines the risk factors associated with their co-occurrence and order of onset. METHOD The demographic, clinical, and temperament characteristics as well as the course of illness were analyzed within our sample of 1090 DSM-IV bipolar I manic patients. Our sample was categorized according to the presence of comorbid alcohol use disorder and the sequence of onsets of bipolar and alcohol use disorders i.e., alcohol first (AUD-BD) and bipolar first (BD-AUD). RESULTS Regression analyses revealed that alcohol use disorder (52.5%) was associated with the male gender, additional substance use disorders, as well as an irritable and a hyperthymic temperament. The AUD-BD group (6.6%) was older than the BD-AUD group (45.8%) and showed higher rates of comorbid sedative use, organic, and anxiety disorders with higher levels of irritable temperament, and a bipolar subtype characterized by depressive polarity at onset. The BD-AUD group had high levels of hyperthymic temperament with higher rates of comorbid stimulant use disorder and a manic polarity at onset. CONCLUSIONS In the AUD-BD group, alcohol might have been used to reduce stress and tension caused by the presence of an irritable temperament as well as anxious and organic disorders, leading to first depressive episode. In the BD-AUD group, stimulant use might have triggered the first manic episode, and alcohol abuse result from mania severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Azorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France.
| | - Léa C Perret
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Eric Fakra
- Department of Psychiatry, North Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Sébastien Tassy
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France.
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Adida
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France.
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Rovai L, Maremmani AGI, Bacciardi S, Gazzarrini D, Pallucchini A, Spera V, Perugi G, Maremmani I. Opposed effects of hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperament in substance use disorder (heroin- or alcohol-dependent patients). J Affect Disord 2017; 218:339-345. [PMID: 28494392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade, the comprehension of affective temperaments has helped us to outline the boundaries of mood disorders, and to expand our knowledge of nosographic areas other than those of affectivity, even if affectivity is closely related to them. In the field of substance use disorders, the temperamental profile of heroin addicts and alcoholics has been discussed elsewhere, but no comparison has yet been made between these two patient populations. Such a comparison would help to shed light on the pathogenetic mechanisms that link temperament with substance abuse. METHODS 63 Heroin Use Disorder (HUD) and 94 Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) patients were compared with 130 healthy controls, with the aim of outlining affective temperament quantity and typology according to the formulation of Akiskal and Mallya. RESULTS Cyclothymic temperamental quantity differentiated - both at the univariate and multivariate levels - between patients who had various different types of Substance Use Disorder, largely irrespective of the principal substance of abuse (heroin or alcohol); irritable temperament quantity differentiated HUD patients from AUD patients. Hyperthymic temperament typology seemed to be more frequent in healthy controls at both univariate and multivariate levels. LIMITATION Cross-sectional study. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest that cyclothymic temperament quantity could best correspond to the temperamental profile of Substance Use Disorder patients independently of principal substance of abuse (alcohol or heroin), and that irritable temperament quantity may differentiate HUD from AUD patients. Hyperthymic temperament typology seemed to be highly protective for HUD and, though a bit less, for AUD patients, and was a typical feature of healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rovai
- Association for the Application of Scientific Knowledge to Social Aims, (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy; Psychiatric Department, Tuscany North-West Local Health Unit, Apuan Zone, Massa, Italy
| | - Angelo G I Maremmani
- Association for the Application of Scientific Knowledge to Social Aims, (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy; Psychiatric Department, Tuscany North-West Local Health Unit, Versilia Zone, Viareggio, Italy; G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bacciardi
- Association for the Application of Scientific Knowledge to Social Aims, (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy; Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Gazzarrini
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pallucchini
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenza Spera
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Perugi
- Psychiatric Unit2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy; G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Pisa, Italy
| | - Icro Maremmani
- Association for the Application of Scientific Knowledge to Social Aims, (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy; Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy; G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Pisa, Italy.
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Deguchi Y, Iwasaki S, Ishimoto H, Ogawa K, Fukuda Y, Nitta T, Mitake T, Nogi Y, Inoue K. Relationships between temperaments, occupational stress, and insomnia among Japanese workers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175346. [PMID: 28407025 PMCID: PMC5391062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insomnia among workers reduces the quality of life, contributes toward the economic burden of healthcare costs and losses in work performance. The relationship between occupational stress and insomnia has been reported in previous studies, but there has been little attention to temperament in occupational safety and health research. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between temperament, occupational stress, and insomnia. The subjects were 133 Japanese daytime local government employees. Temperament was assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Occupational stress was assessed using the Generic Job Stress Questionnaire (GJSQ). Insomnia was assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. In a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that the higher subdivided stress group by “role conflict” (OR = 5.29, 95% CI, 1.61–17.32) and anxious temperament score (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19–1.49) was associated with the presence of insomnia using an adjusted model, whereas other factors were excluded from the model. The study limitations were the sample size and the fact that only Japanese local government employees were surveyed. This study demonstrated the relationships between workers’ anxious temperament, role conflict, and insomnia. Recognizing one’s own anxious temperament would lead to self-insight, and the recognition of anxious temperament and reduction of role conflict by their supervisors or coworkers would reduce the prevalence of insomnia among workers in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Deguchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinichi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ogawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Fukuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nitta
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoe Mitake
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukako Nogi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Mental illness and substance use are overrepresented within urban homeless populations. This paper compared substance use patterns between homeless individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum (SS) and bipolar disorders (BD) using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. From a sample of 497 subjects drawn from Vancouver, Canada who participated in the At Home/Chez Soi study, 146 and 94 homeless individuals were identified as BD and SS, respectively. In the previous 12 months, a greater proportion of BD homeless reported greater use of cocaine (χ = 20.0, p = 0.000), amphetamines (χ = 13,8, p = 0.000), opiates (χ = 24.6, p = 0.000), hallucinogens (χ = 11.7, p = 0.000), cannabinoids (χ = 5.05, p = 0.034), and tranquilizers (χ = 7.95, p = 0.004) compared to SS. Cocaine and opiates were significantly associated with BD homeless (χ = 39.06, df = 2, p < 0.000). The present study illustrates the relationship between substance use and BD in a vulnerable urban population of homeless, affected by adverse psychosocial factors and severe psychiatric conditions.
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Gatta M, Spoto A, Colombo E, Penzo M, Battistella PA. The Dysfunction of Emotional Expression as a Related Factor for Alcohol Misuse in Young Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2016.1184599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Deguchi Y, Iwasaki S, Konishi A, Ishimoto H, Ogawa K, Fukuda Y, Nitta T, Inoue K. The Usefulness of Assessing and Identifying Workers' Temperaments and Their Effects on Occupational Stress in the Workplace. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156339. [PMID: 27227771 PMCID: PMC4881989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between temperaments and mental disorders has been reported in previous studies, but there has been little attention to temperaments in the occupational safety and health research. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of temperaments on occupational stress among local government employees. The subjects were 145 Japanese daytime workers in local government. Temperaments were assessed by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Occupational stress was assessed using the Generic Job Stress Questionnaire (GJSQ). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used. Hyperthymic temperament predicted a higher level of job control, and a lower level of role ambiguity and job future ambiguity. Irritable temperament predicted a lower level of social support from supervisors and a higher level of role conflict, variance in workload and intragroup conflict. Anxious temperament predicted a lower level of social support from coworkers and a higher level of job future ambiguity. The sample size was small. Only Japanese local government employees were surveyed. Hyperthymic temperament played a protective role, and irritable, anxious temperament played a vulnerable role against one's own occupational stress and recognizing the roles they play in work life would lead to self-insight. Additionally, recognition of the temperaments and temperament-related stressors by one's supervisors or coworkers would facilitate provision of social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Deguchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinichi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ogawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Fukuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nitta
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Singh S, Forty L, di Florio A, Gordon-Smith K, Jones I, Craddock N, Jones L, Smith DJ. Affective temperaments and concomitant alcohol use disorders in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 186:226-31. [PMID: 26253903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol misuse (AM) is more common in bipolar disorder (BD) than within the general population but the mechanisms of this association are unclear. We hypothesized that certain affective temperaments (including hyperthymic, cyclothymic, anxious, depressive and/or irritability) might represent 'fundamental states' contributing to risk of both AM and BD and we aimed to assess whether extremes of these five affective temperaments were associated with BD and concomitant AM status. METHODS Our sample comprised 1420 individuals with BD who were recruited into a clinical-genetic study conducted by the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. Phenotypic assessments, including evaluation for AM and the 32-item TEMPS-A questionnaire, were conducted. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the effect of TEMPS-A scores on the likelihood of concomitant AM, with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS Mean scores for four affective temperaments (hyperthymic, cyclothymic, depressive and irritable) were higher in cases (BD+AMs) than controls (BD only) (p<0.001). Hyperthymic and irritable temperaments in particular significantly increased the odds of concomitant AM within the BD sample after adjustment for potential confounders. LIMITATIONS The definition of AM was not directly based on formal diagnostic classification systems. A retrospective, cross-sectional design was used. Our findings may not generalize to other countries and cultures. CONCLUSIONS Higher scores on measures of hyperthymic and irritable temperament may contribute to the association between AM and BD. Assessing affective temperaments early in the course of BD may help to predict the development of an AM problem in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeet Singh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Liz Forty
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arianna di Florio
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katherine Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nick Craddock
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lisa Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK.
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Marwaha S, Balbuena L, Winsper C, Bowen R. Mood instability as a precursor to depressive illness: A prospective and mediational analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49:557-65. [PMID: 25850428 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415579920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mood instability levels are high in depression, but temporal precedence and potential mechanisms are unknown. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (1) mood instability is associated with depression cross-sectionally, (2) mood instability predicts new onset and maintenance of depression prospectively and (3) the mood instability and depression link are mediated by sleep problems, alcohol abuse and life events. METHOD Data from the National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 at baseline (N = 8580) and 18-month follow-up (N = 2413) were used. Regression modeling controlling for socio-demographic factors, anxiety and hypomanic mood was conducted. Multiple mediational analyses were used to test our conceptual path model. RESULTS Mood instability was associated with depression cross-sectionally (odds ratio: 5.28; 95% confidence interval: [3.67, 7.59]; p < 0.001) and predicted depression inception (odds ratio: 2.43; 95% confidence interval: [1.03-5.76]; p = 0.042) after controlling for important confounders. Mood instability did not predict maintenance of depression. Sleep difficulties and severe problems with close friends and family significantly mediated the link between mood instability and new onset depression (23.05% and 6.19% of the link, respectively). Alcohol abuse and divorce were not important mediators in the model. CONCLUSION Mood instability is a precursor of a depressive episode, predicting its onset. Difficulties in sleep are a significant part of the pathway. Interventions targeting mood instability and sleep problems have the potential to reduce the risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Marwaha
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Early Intervention Service, Coventry, UK
| | - Lloyd Balbuena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Administrative Data Research Network Wales, Swansea University, Wales, UK
| | - Catherine Winsper
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rudy Bowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Leite L, Machado LN, Lara DR. Emotional traits and affective temperaments in alcohol users, abusers and dependents in a national sample. J Affect Disord 2014; 163:65-9. [PMID: 24836089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear how temperament is related to alcohol-related behavior in large population studies. We have used the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS) model to evaluate how emotional traits and affective temperaments are associated with alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in the general population. METHODS Data from 10,603 subjects (mean age=28.0±7.8 years, 70.3% females) was collected anonymously by the Internet in Brazil using the AFECTS model and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Alcohol use was stratified into control, low use, abuse, and dependence groups. RESULTS The analysis of dimensional traits showed that Volition and Coping were lower, and Sensitivity was higher, in the abuse and dependence groups, with no differences between the Control and the Low Use groups. Alcohol consumption was also associated with lower Control, Stability, and Caution, and higher with Anger, Anxiety, and Desire, with significant differences between all groups. Regarding affective temperament types, alcohol abuse and dependence were associated with euphoric and cyclothymic temperaments in both genders, which was mirrored by a lower frequency of both euthymic and hyperthymic types. Only hyperthymics were overrepresented in the Control group for both genders. LIMITATIONS Data was collected by Internet only. CONCLUSIONS A global dysfunction of emotional traits and a predominance of cyclothymic and euphoric temperaments were associated with alcohol-related behavior. Prevention and treatment strategies may be developed more effectively if these traits are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo N Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculdade de Biociências-PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681-Pd12A, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculdade de Biociências-PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681-Pd12A, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil.
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Pombo S, Figueira ML, da Costa NF, Ismail F, Yang G, Akiskal K, Akiskal H. The burden of cyclothymia on alcohol dependence. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:1090-6. [PMID: 24091304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between cyclothymic temperament and alcoholism remains insufficiently explored. METHODS A sample of 125 alcohol-dependent patients diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria (APA, 2000) was recruited from a clinical setting. Cyclothymic temperament was diagnosed according to the Portuguese version of the Akiskal and Akiskal (2005) temperament scale. RESULTS Alcohol dependent patients who score positive (above mean) for CT present to some extent a more severe profile of alcohol-related problems. LIMITATIONS Correlational study CONCLUSIONS CT traits in alcohol dependents seems to influence whether subjects engage earlier in pathological alcohol use and present particular alcohol-related problems, in particular Cloninger type II alcoholism phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pombo
- Psychiatric Service and Medical Psychology from Santa Maria Universitary Hospital of Lisbon, Portugal.
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Khazaal Y, Gex-Fabry M, Nallet A, Weber B, Favre S, Voide R, Zullino D, Aubry JM. Affective temperaments in alcohol and opiate addictions. Psychiatr Q 2013; 84:429-38. [PMID: 23456370 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-013-9257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperament is considered as a biological disposition reflected by relatively stable features related to mood and reactivity to external and internal stimuli, including variability in emotional reactions. The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that affective temperaments might differ according to co-occurring mood disorders among patients with alcohol and/or opiate dependence; to explore the relationship between temperaments and dual substance use disorders (SUDs, alcohol and other drugs). Ninety-two patients attending an alcohol addiction treatment facility and 47 patients in an opiate addiction treatment facility were assessed for SUDs, mood disorders and affective temperaments using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego 39-item auto-questionnaire. Comparison of patients with bipolar disorder, depressive unipolar disorder and no (or substance-induced) mood disorder revealed significant differences for the cyclothymic subscale, with highest scores among patients with bipolar disorder. No difference was observed for the depressive, irritable, hyperthymic and anxious subscales. After adjustment for age, gender and bipolar disorder, irritable temperament was a significant risk factor for past or present history of drug use disorders in patients treated for alcohol addiction (odds ratio [OR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.93). Anxious temperament was a significant risk factor for history of alcohol use disorders in patients treated for opiate addiction (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.36-7.99), whereas the hyperthymic subscale appeared as a significant protective factor (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.42-0.99). The results highlight the need to consider temperamental aspects in further research to improve the long-term outcome of patient with addictive disorders, who often present complex comorbidity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Khazaal
- Division of Substance Abuse, Geneva University Hospitals, Grand pré, 70 C, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland,
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Marwaha S, Parsons N, Broome M. Mood instability, mental illness and suicidal ideas: results from a household survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:1431-7. [PMID: 23344782 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is weak and inconsistent evidence that mood instability (MI) is associated with depression, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidality although the basis of this is unclear. Our objectives were first to test whether there is an association between depression and PTSD, and MI and secondly whether MI exerts an independent effect on suicidal thinking over and above that explained by common mental disorders. METHODS We used data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007 (N = 7,131). Chi-square tests were used to examine associations between depression and PTSD, and MI, followed by regression modelling to examine associations between MI and depression, and with PTSD. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the independent effect of MI on suicidal thinking, after adjustment for demographic factors and the effects of common mental disorder diagnoses. RESULTS There are high rates of MI in depression and PTSD and the presence of MI increases the odds of depression by 10.66 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.51-15.13] and PTSD by 8.69 (95% CI 5.90-12.79), respectively, after adjusting for other factors. Mood instability independently explained suicidal thinking, multiplying the odds by nearly five (odds ratio 4.82; 95% CI 3.39-6.85), and was individually by some way the most important single factor in explaining suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSIONS MI is strongly associated with depression and PTSD. In people with common mental disorders MI is clinically significant as it acts as an additional factor exacerbating the risk of suicidal thinking. It is important to enquire about MI as part of clinical assessment and treatment studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Marwaha
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
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29
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Unseld M, Dworschak G, Tran US, Plener PL, Erfurth A, Walter H, Lesch OM, Kapusta ND. The concept of temperament in psychoactive substance use among college students. J Affect Disord 2012; 141:324-30. [PMID: 22520740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance abuse is among the leading causes of preventable diseases and premature death but reasons and conditions leading to substance abuse are complex and multifaceted. Different models of abuse and dependence assume an underlying emotional vulnerability. Individual behavioral and emotional reactivity patterns of personality are considered in the concept of temperament but studies linking different types of temperament with substance use are rare. METHODS In this study we investigated 1380 inhabitants (59.7% females; 40.3% males) of residential student homes in Austria, using Akiskals TEMPS-M auto-questionnaire. Further, we administered the CAGE- and the HSI-questionnaire and assessed other psychoactive substance use to examine associations between traits of temperament and substance abuse using ordered logistic regression. RESULTS Temperaments follow different distributions in both genders: Women have higher scores on the depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious subscales and lower scores on the hyperthymic scale than men. The cyclothymic and particularly irritable temperament serve as predictors of self-reported nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse and cannabis use. Interestingly, the depressive temperament seems to be protective against self-reported cannabis use. LIMITATIONS Substance abuse assessment is based on self-reports only and urine drug and blood tests were not performed. Also, the history of substance abuse is not documented thus temperamental factors could have been influenced by substance abuse if the time of onset was in early adolescence. The study design was cross-sectional, thus limiting causal interpretations. CONCLUSIONS It might be important to consider temperamental traits as protective- and risk factors in the etiology, prevention and therapy of substance abuse in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Unseld
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Internal Medicine I, Austria
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Maremmani AGI, Rovai L, Rugani F, Pacini M, Lamanna F, Bacciardi S, Perugi G, Deltito J, Dell’Osso L, Maremmani I. Correlations between awareness of illness (insight) and history of addiction in heroin-addicted patients. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:61. [PMID: 22787450 PMCID: PMC3391664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a group of 1066 heroin addicts, who were seeking treatment for opioid agonist treatment, we looked for differences in historical, demographic, and clinical characteristics, between patients with different levels of awareness of illness (insight). The results showed that, in the cohort studied, a majority of subjects lacked insight into their heroin-use behavior. Compared with the impaired-insight group, those who possessed insight into their illness showed significantly greater awareness of past social, somatic, and psychopathological impairments, and had a greater number of past treatment-seeking events for heroin addiction. In contrast with other psychiatric illnesses, the presence of awareness appears to be related to the passing of time and to the worsening of the illness. Methodologies to improve the insight of patients should, therefore, be targeted more directly on patients early in their history of heroin dependence, because the risk of lack of insight is greatest during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Giovanni Icro Maremmani
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
- Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social AimsLucca, Italy
| | - Luca Rovai
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Rugani
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pacini
- Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social AimsLucca, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Bacciardi
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Perugi
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Joseph Deltito
- G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural SciencesPisa, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, New York Medical CollegeValhalla, NY, USA
| | - Liliana Dell’Osso
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Icro Maremmani
- Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of PisaPisa, Italy
- Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social AimsLucca, Italy
- G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural SciencesPisa, Italy
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Vyssoki B, Blüml V, Gleiss A, Friedrich F, Kogoj D, Walter H, Zeiler J, Höfer P, Lesch OM, Erfurth A. The impact of temperament in the course of alcohol dependence. J Affect Disord 2011; 135:177-83. [PMID: 21840604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the impact of temperamental traits in alcohol dependent patients on the course of illness. METHODS The case files of 116 alcohol dependent patients, according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR, were examined retrospectively. All patients were in treatment between 02/08 and 03/09 at the Psychiatric Department of the General Hospital Vienna, either at the alcohol outpatient clinic or the psychiatric ward, which has the treatment focus on alcohol dependence. The brief TEMPS-M auto-questionnaire was used to assess the temperamental distribution. The dimensions of alcohol dependence have been assessed using the Lesch Alcoholism Typology, a computerized structured interview. The potential effect of temperamental scores on various outcomes describing the course of illness is investigated using multi-variable regression models. RESULTS Cyclothymic score was the only temperament which significantly influenced the age of onset of alcohol abuse and age of onset of alcohol dependence. Backward selection among temperaments exhibits depressive temperament as most important effect regarding the likelihood of suicide-attempts in the patient's case history and anxious temperament as most important effect regarding having psychiatric treatment focusing on alcohol dependence prior to current in- or outpatient stay. LIMITATIONS The sample size of this study is small compared to the number of investigated outcomes and temperaments. Further, a healthy control group, matched for age and gender, was not available for comparison of the temperament sub-scores. CONCLUSION Dominant cyclothymic, but also depressive and anxious temperament, seem to be negative predictors for the course of illness in alcohol dependence. Regarding positive long term outcome specific evidence based medical treatment approaches are needed for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vyssoki
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division for Biological Psychiatry, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Maremmani I, Perugi G, Rovai L, Maremmani AGI, Pacini M, Canonico PL, Carbonato P, Mencacci C, Muscettola G, Pani L, Torta R, Vampini C, Akiskal HS. Are "social drugs" (tobacco, coffee and chocolate) related to the bipolar spectrum? J Affect Disord 2011; 133:227-33. [PMID: 21605911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across all ages and cultures, mankind has always used substances in order to induce pleasurable sensations or desirable psychophysical states. These substances, notably caffeine, tobacco, alcohol and chocolate, can be labeled 'social drugs'. METHODS We analyzed the social drug habits of 562 patients suffering from mood disorders, according to DSM-IV-R criteria (major depressive episode, recurrent depression, bipolar type I and II disorders and depression not otherwise specified). The sample was also divided into bipolar and non-bipolar according to Hypomania Check-list 32 (HCL-32), which proposes a broader concept of hypomania and soft bipolarity, comprising the spectrum of bipolar disorders proper, along with other, "softer" expressions of bipolarity intermediate between bipolar disorder and normality. RESULTS Using HCL-32 criteria, but DSM-IV-R criteria, a link was confirmed between bipolar spectrum and substance use including social drugs such as tobacco and coffee. LIMITATION Observational correlational study. CONCLUSION This study is in support of earlier theoretical formulations within the framework of the Pisa-San Diego collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icro Maremmani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa and G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Pisa, Italy.
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Maremmani I, Dell'Osso L, Rovai L, Arduino G, Montagnari A, Abbenante D, Popovic D, Maremmani AGI, Perugi G, Akiskal K, Akiskal HS. Discriminant and convergent validity of TEMPS-A[P] correlation with MMPI and the emotional-affective state following a stressful situation. J Affect Disord 2011; 129:27-33. [PMID: 20708277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The temperament evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego questionnaire (TEMPS), in its rater-wise and its self-evaluation forms, has been designed to evaluate temperamental characteristics in clinical and non-clinical populations. The validation process is currently in progress in various countries. In order to improve this validation process we have extended the area of correlations of its self-evaluation form (TEMPS-A[P]) to MMPI, and to a special RS that allows assessment of the emotional-affective state following a stressful situation. METHODS In 693 candidates applying to become cadets in the Italian Air Force we have assessed the correlation between the TEMPS-A[P] and the MMPI validity and clinical scales, and administered an emotional-affective state questionnaire (EAS-RS) after they had gone through the stressful challenge of taking an academy entrance examination. RESULTS As regards MMPI validity scales, TEMPS-A[P] depressive candidates tend to report their symptoms sincerely. Hyperthymic candidates tend to give false answers so that others will see them in a good light. Cyclothymic and irritable candidates tend to exaggerate symptoms. As regards the MMPI clinical scales, a low level of linkage between affective temperaments and abnormal personality traits was found. As regards EAS-RS: hyperthymic temperament on one hand, and cyclothymic and depressive temperaments on the other, are characterized by counter-polar emotional states following the test; these are desirable in the first case and undesirable in the other two. CONCLUSIONS The convergent and discriminant validity of TEMPS-A[P] was confirmed. From a personalistic point of view, temperaments seem to belong to the realm of normality rather than to that of pathology, in line with their putative adaptive role.
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Maremmani I, Dell'Osso L, Rovai L, Pacini M, Arduino G, Montagnari A, Abbenante D, Maremmani AGI, Giulio P, Akiskal K, Akiskal H. TEMPS-A[p] temperament profile related to professional choice: A study in 1548 applicants to become a cadet officer in the Italian air force. J Affect Disord 2010; 124:314-8. [PMID: 20417972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperaments have been described with respect to their adaptive roles. Thus, depressive traits seem to increase sensitivity to suffering, cyclothymic traits appear relevant to creativity, and hyperthymic traits have been implicated in territoriality and leadership and more generally in active pursuits. METHODS The temperaments of 1548 candidates applying to become a cadet officer in the Italian air force, who had taken the 2005 entrance examination, were compared with deviant and non-deviant peers. At a psychological level, we also compared those who had applied to become a cadet officer with other applicants who had failed in a previous entrance examination and with applicants who had passed or failed to pass the specific psychological entrance examination. RESULTS Applicants who took the entrance examination are more hyperthymic than their peers, regardless of any concurrent psychosocial deviance (i.e. drug addiction). The specificity of this correlation is confirmed by the fact that applicants who made a second attempt to pass the entrance examination after an initial failure were more hyperthymic than first-time applicants. Similarly, success in specific psychological admission tests is related to the same temperamental profiles, since those who prove to be psychologically fit are more hyperthymic. The inverse relationship emerges from an examination of other temperamental scales, which are better represented in controls (non-applicants), or other applicants making their first attempt at admission, or those who were excluded due to psychological flaws. CONCLUSION In the present study, extremely high scores on the hyperthymic scale combined with extremely low ones in the cyclothymic scale seem to correspond to the specific temperament profile and to the highest likelihood of success in those applying to become a cadet officer in the Italian air force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icro Maremmani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 67 56100 Pisa, Italy.
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