1
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Yudong N, Tao Z, Haihua W, Haixing C. Upcycling harmful algal blooms into short-chain organic matters assisted with cellulose-based flocculant. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 397:130425. [PMID: 38341043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Upcycling harmful algal blooms (HABs) into short-chain organic matters (SCOMs) presents a significantly underexplored opportunity for addressing environmental concerns and achieving circular economy. But there are challenges of low HABs harvesting and SCOMs conversion efficiencies. To address these issues, a novel cellulose-based flocculant derived from abundant agricultural waste (wheat straw) was developed. This flocculant possesses high surface positive charge to aggregate negatively charged microalgae cells via charge neutralization mechanism, resulting in HABs harvesting efficiency of 97 %. Moreover, the flocculant can serve as a carbon to nitrogen (C/N) regulator to optimize the harvested slurry properties for downstream fermentation. Following hydrothermal pretreatment for one hour, the HABs-flocculant slurry was effectively converted into SCOMs with a total energy output of 64.3 kJ/L and energy conversion efficiency of 67 %, in which SCOMs was major contributor (92 %). This work may inspire eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for HABs disposal with extra benefits of SCOMs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nie Yudong
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
| | - Zhang Tao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wu Haihua
- School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chang Haixing
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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2
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Soudagar MEM, Kiong TS, Jathar L, Nik Ghazali NN, Ramesh S, Awasarmol U, Ong HC. Perspectives on cultivation and harvesting technologies of microalgae, towards environmental sustainability and life cycle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141540. [PMID: 38423144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of algae is seen as a potential and ecologically sound approach to address the increasing demands in multiple sectors. However, successful implementation of processes is highly dependent on effective growing and harvesting methods. The present study provides a complete examination of contemporary techniques employed in the production and harvesting of algae, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability. The review begins by examining several culture strategies, encompassing open ponds, closed photobioreactors, and raceway ponds. The analysis of each method is conducted in a systematic manner, with a particular focus on highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for expansion. This approach ensures that the conversation is in line with the objectives of sustainability. Moreover, this study explores essential elements of algae harvesting, including the processes of cell separation, dewatering, and biomass extraction. Traditional methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation are examined in conjunction with novel, environmentally concerned strategies including flocculation, electro-coagulation, and membrane filtration. It evaluates the impacts on the environment that are caused by the cultivation process, including the usage of water and land, the use of energy, the production of carbon dioxide, and the runoff of nutrients. Furthermore, this study presents a thorough examination of the current body of research pertaining to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) studies, presenting a perspective that emphasizes sustainability in the context of algae harvesting systems. In conclusion, the analysis ends up with an examination ahead at potential areas for future study in the cultivation and harvesting of algae. This review is an essential guide for scientists, policymakers, and industry experts associated with the advancement and implementation of algae-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248002, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Tiong Sieh Kiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Laxmikant Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S Ramesh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Umesh Awasarmol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Xu Y, Wei C, Liu D, Li J, Tian B, Li Z, Xu L. Life-cycle and economic assessments of microalgae biogas production in suspension and biofilm cultivation systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130381. [PMID: 38281545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Biogas production via anaerobic digestion is highly attractive for microalgae. The technology of microalgae cultivation has profound impacts on biogas production system as it is the most energy-consuming process. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental and economic benefits of different cultivation systems has yet to be sufficiently conducted. Here, life-cycle and economic assessments of open raceway ponds, photobioreactors and biofilm systems were investigated. Results showed greenhouse gas emissions of all systems were positive because more than two-thirds of carbon in fuel gas was lost and the fixed carbon in product gas and solid fertilizer was less than the emitted carbon during energy input. Particularly, biofilm system achieved the least greenhouse gas emissions (9.3 g CO2-eq/MJ), net energy ratio (0.7) and levelized cost of energy (0.9 $/kWh), indicating the optimum cultivation system. Open raceway ponds and photobioreactors failed to achieve positive benefits because of low harvesting efficiency and biomass concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China.
| | - Dawei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jingying Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Bin Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Long Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069 China
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4
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Wang J, Qin S, Lin J, Wang Q, Li W, Gao Y. Phycobiliproteins from microalgae: research progress in sustainable production and extraction processes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:170. [PMID: 37941077 PMCID: PMC10634026 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs), one of the functional proteins from algae, are natural pigment-protein complex containing various amino acids and phycobilins. It has various activities, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. And are potential for applications in food, cosmetics, and biomedicine. Improving their metabolic yield is of great interest. Microalgaes are one of the important sources of PBPs, with high growth rate and have the potential for large-scale production. The key to large-scale PBPs production depends on accumulation and recovery of massive productive alga in the upstream stage and the efficiency of microalgae cells breakup and extract PBPs in the downstream stage. Therefore, we reviewed the status quo in the research and development of PBPs production, summarized the advances in each stage and the feasibility of scaled-up production, and demonstrated challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China.
| | - Yonglin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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5
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Kumar Y, Kaur S, Kheto A, Munshi M, Sarkar A, Om Pandey H, Tarafdar A, Sindhu R, Sirohi R. Cultivation of microalgae on food waste: Recent advances and way forward. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127834. [PMID: 36029984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic microbes that can synthesize compounds of therapeutic potential with wide applications in the food, bioprocessing and pharmaceutical sector. Recent research advances have therefore, focused on finding suitable economic substrates for the sustainable cultivation of microalgae. Among such substrates, food derived waste specifically from the starch, meat, dairy, brewery, oil and fruit and vegetable processing industries has gained popularity but poses numerous challenges. Pretreatment, dilution of waste water supernatants, mixing of different food waste streams, utilizing two-stage cultivation and other biorefinery approaches have been intensively explored for multifold improvement in microalgal biomass recovery from food waste. This review discusses the advances and challenges associated with cultivation of microalgae on food waste. The review suggests that there is a need to standardize different waste substrates in terms of general composition, genetically engineered microalgal strains, tackling process scalability issues, controlling wastewater toxicity and establishing a waste transportation chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, SLIET, Longowal 148 106, Punjab, India
| | - Samandeep Kaur
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, SLIET, Longowal 148 106, Punjab, India
| | - Ankan Kheto
- Department of Food Process Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Mohona Munshi
- Division of Food Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, VFSTR, Guntur, A.P, India
| | - Ayan Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Hari Om Pandey
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India.
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6
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Wu H, Chang H, Zhong N, Tang Y, Gong Y, Wu W, Liu J, Yin T, Li G, Ho SH. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on harmful algal blooms harvesting by novel etherified cationic straw flocculant. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127737. [PMID: 35931283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are growing threats that cause tens of billion dollars economic loss annually. Aiming at efficient disposal of HABs, a cheap and eco-friendly cationic straw was developed by etherification of wheat straw, which replaced hydroxyl groups on cellulose by quaternary ammonium groups. It endowed the cationic straw with high positive charge and achieved 93.92% of harvesting efficiency by enhancing HABs cells aggregation via charge neutralization. Different from inorganic salts-based flocculants, HABs harvesting by the cationic straw is a spontaneous and exothermic process with negative ΔG° and ΔH° under all adsorption conditions. Thermodynamics and kinetics analysis elucidated that HABs adsorption process by cationic straw were mainly driven by physical forces. Together, cationic straw preparation and HABs harvesting processes were comprehensively optimized with orthogonal experiments. The work may inspire cost-effective HABs disposal and fill knowledge gaps of process nature for HABs harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Haixing Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China.
| | - Nianbing Zhong
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yuting Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yuqi Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Taikun Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
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7
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Ahmad S, Iqbal K, Kothari R, Singh HM, Sari A, Tyagi V. A critical overview of upstream cultivation and downstream processing of algae-based biofuels: Opportunity, technological barriers and future perspective. J Biotechnol 2022; 351:74-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Prabha S, Vijay AK, Paul RR, George B. Cyanobacterial biorefinery: Towards economic feasibility through the maximum valorization of biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152795. [PMID: 34979226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are well known for their plethora of applications in the fields of food industry, pharmaceuticals and bioenergy. Their simple growth requirements, remarkable growth rate and the ability to produce a wide range of bio-active compounds enable them to act as an efficient biorefinery for the production of valuable metabolites. Most of the cyanobacteria based biorefineries are targeting single products and thus fails to meet the efficient valorization of biomass. On the other hand, multiple products recovering cyanobacterial biorefineries can efficiently valorize the biomass with minimum to zero waste generation. But there are plenty of bottlenecks and challenges allied with cyanobacterial biorefineries. Most of them are being associated with the production processes and downstream strategies, which are difficult to manage economically. There is a need to propose new solutions to eliminate these tailbacks so on to elevate the cyanobacterial biorefinery to be an economically feasible, minimum waste generating multiproduct biorefinery. Cost-effective approaches implemented from production to downstream processing without affecting the quality of products will be beneficial for attaining economic viability. The integrated approaches in cultivation systems as well as downstream processing, by simplifying individual processes to unit operation systems can obviously increase the economic feasibility to a certain extent. Low cost approaches for biomass production, multiparameter optimization and successive sequential retrieval of multiple value-added products according to their high to low market value from a biorefinery is possible. The nanotechnological approaches in cyanobacterial biorefineries make it one step closer to the goal. The current review gives an overview of strategies used for constructing self-sustainable- economically feasible- minimum waste generating; multiple products based cyanobacterial biorefineries by the efficient valorization of biomass. Also the possibility of uplifting new cyanobacterial strains for biorefineries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syama Prabha
- Department of Botany, CMS College (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001. Kerala, India
| | - Aravind K Vijay
- Department of Botany, CMS College (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001. Kerala, India
| | - Rony Rajan Paul
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001. Kerala, India
| | - Basil George
- Department of Botany, CMS College (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001. Kerala, India.
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9
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Kumar N, Banerjee C, Negi S, Shukla P. Microalgae harvesting techniques: updates and recent technological interventions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:342-368. [PMID: 35168457 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass has garnered attention as a renewable and sustainable resource for producing biodiesel. The harvesting of microalgal biomass is a significant bottleneck being faced by the industries as it is the crucial cost driver in the downstream processing of biomass. Bioharvesting of microalgal biomass mediated by: microbial, animal, and plant-based polymeric flocculants has gained a higher probability of utility in accumulation due to: its higher dewatering potential, less toxicity, and ecofriendly properties. The present review summarizes the key challenges and the technological advancements associated with various such harvesting techniques. The economic and technical aspects of different microalgal harvesting techniques, particularly the cationic polymeric flocculant-based harvesting of microalgal biomass, are also discussed. Furthermore, interactions of flocculants with microalgal biomass and the effects of these interactions on metabolite and lipid extractions are discussed to offer a promising solution for suitability in selecting the most efficient and economical method of microalgal biomass harvesting for cost-effective biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niwas Kumar
- Algal Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India
| | - Chiranjib Banerjee
- Algal Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, India
| | - Sangeeta Negi
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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10
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Min KH, Kim DH, Ki MR, Pack SP. Recent progress in flocculation, dewatering, and drying technologies for microalgae utilization: Scalable and low-cost harvesting process development. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126404. [PMID: 34826566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal research has made significant progress in terms of the high-value-added industrial application of microalgal biomass and its derivatives. However, cost-effective techniques for producing, harvesting, and processing microalgal biomass on a large scale still need to be fully explored in order to optimize their performance and achieve commercial robustness. In particular, technologies for harvesting microalgae are critical in the practical process as they require excessive energy and equipment costs. This review focuses on microalgal flocculation, dewatering, and drying techniques and specifically covers the traditional approaches and recent technological progress in harvesting microalgal biomass. Several aspects, including the characteristics of the target microalgae and the type of final value-added products, must be considered when selecting the appropriate harvesting technique. Furthermore, considerable aspects and possible future directions in flocculation, dewatering, and drying steps are proposed to develop scalable and low-cost microalgal harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ha Min
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Laamanen C, Desjardins S, Senhorinho G, Scott J. Harvesting microalgae for health beneficial dietary supplements. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Mokhtar N, Chang LS, Soon Y, Wan Mustapha WA, Sofian-Seng NS, Rahman HA, Mohd Razali NS, Shuib S, Abdul Hamid A, Lim SJ. Harvesting Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 using organic flocculants and characteristics of the extracted oil. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Almonaityte K, Bendoraitiene J, Babelyte M, Rosliuk D, Rutkaite R. Structure and properties of cationic starches synthesized by using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2010-2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Chittapun S, Jangyubol K, Charoenrat T, Piyapittayanun C, Kasemwong K. Cationic cassava starch and its composite as flocculants for microalgal biomass separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:917-926. [PMID: 32553968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Commercial- and laboratory modified- cationic cassava starches and their composites with magnetic particles were examined for characteristics and separation efficiency. Scanning electron micrographs showed that cationic starch with an increasing degree of substitution (DS) value (0.0180 to 0.91) showed greater clumped polyhedral granules and became markedly enlarged with disintegrated boundaries. Zeta potential analysis revealed that the increase in the DS value in cationic starches resulted in an increase in positive charge. The maximum harvesting efficiency of 92.86 ± 0.46% was achieved when commercial cationic starch with DS 0.040 at 1.0 g L-1 was added to the Chlorella sp. solution. The maximum recovery capacity (10.20 ± 0.16 g DCW g starch-1) was recorded by using commercial cationic starch with DS 0.040 at a lower dosage of 0.1 g L-1. Their composites showed lower separation efficiency than the commercial cationic starches. The results suggest that the commercial cationic cassava starch with 0.040 DS shows great potential as a flocculant for algal separation. This first report of using commercial cationic cassava starch as a flocculant provides a low cost and convenient process to separate algal cells from the culture medium. Moreover, uncontaminated magnetic particle biomass allows for wide range of algal utilization in food and pharmaceutical biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supenya Chittapun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Kanthida Jangyubol
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Theppanya Charoenrat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chanitchote Piyapittayanun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittiwut Kasemwong
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong-Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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15
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Demir I, Besson A, Guiraud P, Formosa-Dague C. Towards a better understanding of microalgae natural flocculation mechanisms to enhance flotation harvesting efficiency. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1009-1024. [PMID: 33055392 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In microalgae harvesting, flocculation is usually a compulsory preliminary step to further separation by sedimentation or flotation. For some microalgae species, and under certain growth conditions, flocculation can occur naturally. Natural flocculation presents many advantages as it does not require the addition of any flocculants to the culture medium and shows high efficiency rate. But because natural flocculation is so specific to the species and conditions, and thanks to the knowledge accumulated over the last years on flocculation mechanisms, researchers have developed strategies to induce this natural harvesting. In this review, we first decipher at the molecular scale the underlying mechanisms of natural flocculation and illustrate them by selected studies from the literature. Then we describe the developed strategies to induce natural flocculation that include the use of biopolymers, chemically modified or not, or involve mixed species cultures. But all these strategies need the addition of external compounds or microorganism which can present some issues. Thus alternative directions to completely eliminate the need for an external molecule, through genetic engineering of microalgae strains, are presented and discussed in the third part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Demir
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France and TBI-INSA de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangeuil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Besson
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France and TBI-INSA de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangeuil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France E-mail:
| | - Pascal Guiraud
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France and TBI-INSA de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangeuil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France E-mail:
| | - Cécile Formosa-Dague
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France and TBI-INSA de Toulouse, 135 avenue de Rangeuil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France E-mail:
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Malik S, Khan F, Atta Z, Habib N, Haider MN, Wang N, Alam A, Jambi EJ, Gull M, Mehmood MA, Zhu H. Microalgal flocculation: Global research progress and prospects for algal biorefinery. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:52-60. [PMID: 31584208 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal research has made significant progress due to versatile and high-value industrial applications of microalgal biomass or its derivatives. However, to explore their full potential and to achieve commercial robustness, microalgal biorefinery needs cost-effective technologies to produce, harvest, and process the microalgal biomass on large scale as higher production and harvesting cost is one of the key hindrances in the commercialization of algae-based products. Among several other algal biomass harvesting technologies, self-flocculation seems to be an attractive, low-cost, and eco-friendly harvesting technology. This review covers various flocculation-based methods that have been employed to harvest microalgal biomass with a special emphasis on self-flocculation in microalgae. Moreover, genetic engineering approaches to induce self-flocculation in non-flocculating microalgae along with the factors affecting self-flocculation and recent research trends have also been discussed. It is concluded that self-flocculation is the most desired approach for the energy- and environment-efficient harvesting of microalgal biomass. However, its poorly understood genetic basis needs to be deciphered through detailed studies to harness its potential for the algal biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Malik
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Khan
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Atta
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nida Habib
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabeel Haider
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Munazza Gull
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Microalgae have been considered as one of the most promising biomass feedstocks for various industrial applications such as biofuels, animal/aquaculture feeds, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Several biotechnological challenges associated with algae cultivation, including the small size and negative surface charge of algal cells as well as the dilution of its cultures, need to be circumvented, which increases the cost and labor. Therefore, efficient biomass recovery or harvesting of diverse algal species represents a critical bottleneck for large-scale algal biorefinery process. Among different algae harvesting techniques (e.g., centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, screening, filtration, and air flotation), the flocculation-based processes have acquired much attention due to their promising efficiency and scalability. This review covers the basics and recent research trends of various flocculation techniques, such as auto-flocculation, bio-flocculation, chemical flocculation, particle-based flocculation, and electrochemical flocculation, and also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges and prospects for the development of eco-friendly and economical algae harvesting processes have also been outlined here.
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Shurair M, Almomani F, Bhosale R, Khraisheh M, Qiblawey H. Harvesting of intact microalgae in single and sequential conditioning steps by chemical and biological based - flocculants: Effect on harvesting efficiency, water recovery and algal cell morphology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:250-259. [PMID: 30825828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quick algae harvesting methodologies relating optimum flocculent dose (DOpt.), percentage harvesting efficiency (%HE) and percentage water recovery (%WRecovery) to the in-situ hydrodynamic properties of water-algae systems are presented. Flocculation of three microalgae in single and sequential steps, using chemical (polymer and ferric chloride) and biological (egg shells) flocculants, was studied. Zeta potential and pH analysis were completed to further understand the flocculation mechanism. Polymer at DOpt. of 7.0 g/kgDS resulted in WRecovery of 90% and %HE of 96.7%. Lower %HE (92.1), %WRecovery (79) and noticeable algal cells deformation was observed for ferric chloride at DOpt. of 7.0 g/kg DS. Bio-flocculant conserved algal structure and resulted in %HE of 96.2 and %WRecovery of 90 at DOpt. of 5.4 g/kgDS. Significant % HE of 99.8, %WRecovery of 99.8%, and up to 95% reduction in DOpt. were achieved in sequential flocculation. The results established the effectiveness and suitability of sequential/ bio-flocculation for algae harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Shurair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hazim Qiblawey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Huang Y, Wei C, Liao Q, Xia A, Zhu X, Zhu X. Biodegradable branched cationic starch with high C/N ratio for Chlorella vulgaris cells concentration: Regulating microalgae flocculation performance by pH. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 276:133-139. [PMID: 30623867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of harvested microalgae biomass for better producing biogas by fermentation, biodegradable cationic starch with high C/N ratio were synthesized to harvest Chlorella vulgaris. The impact of pH was also studied as the zeta potential of both microalgae and cationic starch would change with pH. Results indicated the cationic starch can harvest above 99% of the microalgae and the C/N ratio can rise from 7.50 to 7.90. The zeta potential of microalgae always kept negative and presented a trend of descending firstly and then upgrade. The maximum microalgae biomass flocculation capacity of 1 g cationic starch was 8.62 g with the help of self-flocculation at pH 3. The concentration of flocs formed at pH 11 was 25.74 g L-1 and the diameter was 0.553 mm which was much larger than the flocs formed at pH 3 (0.208 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Ao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Bendoraitiene J, Lekniute-Kyzike E, Rutkaite R. Biodegradation of cross-linked and cationic starches. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:345-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cescon LDS, Quartarone P, Ribeiro SPDS, Nascimento RSV. Cationic starch derivatives as reactive shale inhibitors for water-based drilling fluids. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo dos Santos Cescon
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 40-Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP: 21941-614 Brazil
| | - Priscila Quartarone
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 40-Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP: 21941-614 Brazil
| | - Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 40-Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP: 21941-614 Brazil
| | - Regina Sandra Veiga Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pólo de Xistoquímica, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 40-Cidade Universitária; Rio de Janeiro RJ, CEP: 21941-614 Brazil
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Fasaei F, Bitter J, Slegers P, van Boxtel A. Techno-economic evaluation of microalgae harvesting and dewatering systems. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Starch-based flocculant outperformed aluminium sulfate hydrate and polyaluminium chloride through effective bridging for harvesting acicular microalga Ankistrodesmus. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Zhu L, Li Z, Hiltunen E. Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris biomass harvesting by natural flocculant: effects on biomass sedimentation, spent medium recycling and lipid extraction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:183. [PMID: 29988300 PMCID: PMC6022341 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgal biomass harvesting using traditional chemicals is costly for the production of biofuels, hindering the scale-up process of the technology. Thus, the search for a cost-effective microalgal harvesting method is extremely important. Using chitosan as a natural flocculant to harvest microalgal biomass seems to be an efficient and convenient solution. Although microalgal biomass flocculation by chitosan has been reported in some previous studies, literature on the harvesting of microalgae C. vulgaris biomass using such polymer is scanty. In addition, there is limited information available on whether the usage of chitosan during the harvesting will affect downstream lipid extraction. Still, whether microalgae can be re-grown with the spent medium after chitosan flocculation is still unknown. RESULTS In this study, microalgal biomass harvesting using chitosan as a natural flocculant and aluminum sulfate as a traditional flocculant was compared and evaluated. Optimal doses and effects on biomass sedimentation, spent medium recycling and lipid extraction were investigated. The results showed that the optimal doses for chitosan and aluminum sulfate to achieve more than 90% biomass recovery were 0.25 and 2.5 g/L, respectively. The sedimentation time of 10 min was found to be the most appropriate to remove over 90% biomass from culture. The spent medium after chitosan flocculation could be potentially recycled for the re-cultivation of microalgae, which demonstrated robust growth in comparison with those grown in the recycled medium from aluminum sulfate flocculation. The lipid content of microalgae harvested by chitosan reached 32.9, 4.6% higher than that of those harvested by aluminum sulfate, indicating that the application of the natural flocculant would not impact the downstream extraction of microalgal lipids. CONCLUSION The results herein presented, demonstrated that chitosan is applicable for microalgal harvesting during the upscaling process. Flocculation method developed by using chitosan as a natural flocculant is a worthy microalgal harvesting method for microalgae-based biofuel production. There is hope that chitosan can be reasonably and technically realistically applied in a full-scale process for the harvesting of microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liandong Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079 People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Technology, University of Vaasa and Vaasa Energy Institute, P.O. Box 700, FI-65101 Vaasa, Finland
| | - Zhaohua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Erkki Hiltunen
- Faculty of Technology, University of Vaasa and Vaasa Energy Institute, P.O. Box 700, FI-65101 Vaasa, Finland
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Phasey J, Vandamme D, Fallowfield H. Harvesting of algae in municipal wastewater treatment by calcium phosphate precipitation mediated by photosynthesis, sodium hydroxide and lime. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bayat Tork M, Khalilzadeh R, Kouchakzadeh H. Efficient harvesting of marine Chlorella vulgaris microalgae utilizing cationic starch nanoparticles by response surface methodology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:583-588. [PMID: 28704739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting involves nearly thirty percent of total production cost of microalgae that needs to be done efficiently. Utilizing inexpensive and highly available biopolymer-based flocculants can be a solution for reducing the harvest costs. Herein, flocculation process of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae using cationic starch nanoparticles (CSNPs) was evaluated and optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM). pH, microalgae and CSNPs concentrations were considered as the main independent variables. Under the optimum conditions of microalgae concentration 0.75gdry weight/L, CSNPs concentration 7.1mgdry weight/L and pH 11.8, the maximum flocculation efficiency (90%) achieved. Twenty percent increase in flocculation efficiency observed with the use of CSNPs instead of the non-particulate starch which can be due to the more electrostatic interactions between the cationic nanoparticles and the microalgae. Therefore, the synthesized CSNPs can be employed as a convenient and economical flocculants for efficient harvest of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Bayat Tork
- Department of Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Khalilzadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Kouchakzadeh
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu Z, Huang M, Li A, Yang H. Flocculation and antimicrobial properties of a cationized starch. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 119:57-66. [PMID: 28436823 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of cationized starch-based flocculants (starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride, St-CTA) containing various quaternary ammonium salt groups on the starch backbone were prepared using a simple etherification reaction. All of the prepared starch-based flocculants show effective performance for the flocculation of kaolin suspension, two bacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) suspensions, and two contaminant mixtures (kaolin and each bacterium) under most pH conditions. St-CTA with a high substitution degree of CTA demonstrates improved contaminant removal efficiency because of the strong cationic nature of the grafted quaternary ammonium salt groups and the charge naturalization flocculation effect. The antibacterial effects of St-CTA were also evaluated, considering that many quaternary ammonium salt compounds elicit bactericidal effects. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra and direct cell morphological observation under scanning electron microscopy reveal that the starch-based flocculants exhibit better antibacterial effects on the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli than on the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus. The thicker cell wall due to the presence of abundant peptidoglycan and teichoic acids of S. aureus than E. coli explains the uneasy breakage of S. aureus cell wall after being attacked by the cationized starch-based flocculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Huang M, Liu Z, Li A, Yang H. Dual functionality of a graft starch flocculant: Flocculation and antibacterial performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 196:63-71. [PMID: 28284139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of quaternary ammonium salt grafted starch flocculant, starch-graft-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (St-g-PDMC), with different grafting ratios was prepared by a simple method. Various characterization techniques were employed to investigate the structure and charge property of the starch-based flocculants. The efficiencies of St-g-PDMC for flocculation of kaolin and Escherichia coli suspensions as well as their mixtures were systematically examined in laboratory scale. In addition to environmental factors, such as flocculant dose and pH, the effects of grafting ratio were also evaluated. Results indicated that St-g-PDMCs exhibited dual functionality of high flocculation effects and antibacterial properties. Moreover, the flocculation and antibacterial mechanisms were investigated in detail based on apparent flocculation performance, charge properties, floc structures (floc size and its two-dimensional fractal dimension), and cell surface morphology, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhouzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Hesse MCS, Santos B, Selesu NFH, Corrêa DO, Mariano AB, Vargas JVC, Vieira RB. Optimization of flocculation with tannin-based flocculant in the water reuse and lipidic production for the cultivation of Acutodesmus obliquus. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1269130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. S. Hesse
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - B. Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais (PIPE) e Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Energia Auto–Sustentável (NPDEAS), UFPR – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - N. F. H. Selesu
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais (PIPE) e Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Energia Auto–Sustentável (NPDEAS), UFPR – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - D. O. Corrêa
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais (PIPE) e Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Energia Auto–Sustentável (NPDEAS), UFPR – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - A. B. Mariano
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais (PIPE) e Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Energia Auto–Sustentável (NPDEAS), UFPR – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - J. V. C. Vargas
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais (PIPE) e Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Energia Auto–Sustentável (NPDEAS), UFPR – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - R. B. Vieira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
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Choy SY, Prasad KMN, Wu TY, Raghunandan ME, Yang B, Phang SM, Ramanan RN. Isolation, characterization and the potential use of starch from jackfruit seed wastes as a coagulant aid for treatment of turbid water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2876-2889. [PMID: 27838910 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit wastes constituting up to half of total fruit weight represent a large pool of untapped resources for isolation of starch with diverse applications. In this work, the possibility of isolating starch from tropical fruit wastes and its extended application as a natural coagulant was elucidated. Amongst the 12 various parts of fruit wastes selected, only jackfruit seeds contained more than 50% of total starch content. Using alkaline extraction procedures, starch has been successfully isolated from local jackfruit seeds with a yield of approximately 18%. Bell-shaped starch granules were observed under SEM with a granule size ranging from 1.1 to 41.6 μm. Detailed starch characteristics were performed to provide a comparison between the isolated seed starch and also conventional starches. Among them, chemical properties such as the content of starch, amylose, amylopectin and the corresponding molecular weights are some of the key characteristics which governed their performance as natural coagulants. The potential use of isolated seed starch as an aid was then demonstrated in both suspensions of kaolin (model synthetic system) and Chlorella sp. microalga (real-time application) with plausible outcomes. At optimized starch dosage of 60 mg/L, the overall turbidity removal in kaolin was enhanced by at least 25% at a fixed alum dosage of 2.1 mg/L. Positive turbidity and COD removals were also observed in the treatment of Chlorella suspensions. Starches which served as bridging agents aided in the linkage of neighbouring microflocs and subsequently, forming macroflocs through a secondary coagulation mechanism: adsorption and bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Yan Choy
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Krishna Murthy Nagendra Prasad
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ta Yeong Wu
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences & Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ramakrishnan Nagasundara Ramanan
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Harvesting of the Microalga Nannochloropsis sp. by Bioflocculation with Mung Bean Protein Extract. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:586-597. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Guldhe A, Misra R, Singh P, Rawat I, Bux F. An innovative electrochemical process to alleviate the challenges for harvesting of small size microalgae by using non-sacrificial carbon electrodes. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Peng C, Li S, Zheng J, Huang S, Li D. Harvesting Microalgae with Different Sources of Starch-Based Cationic Flocculants. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:112-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Pan G. Ecotoxicological assessment of flocculant modified soil for lake restoration using an integrated biotic toxicity index. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 97:133-141. [PMID: 26321048 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flocculant modified soils/clays are being increasingly studied as geo-engineering materials for lake restoration and harmful algal bloom control. However, the potential impacts of adding these materials in aquatic ecological systems remain unclear. This study investigated the potential effects of chitosan, cationic starch, chitosan modified soils (MS-C) and cationic starch modified soils (MS-S) on the aquatic organisms by using a bioassay battery. The toxicity potential of these four flocculants was quantitatively assessed using an integrated biotic toxicity index (BTI). The test system includes four aquatic species, namely Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna, Cyprinus carpio and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, which represent four trophic levels in the freshwater ecosystem. Results showed that median effect concentrations (EC50) of the MS-C and MS-S were 31-124 times higher than chitosan and cationic starch, respectively. D. magna was the most sensitive species to the four flocculants. Histological examination of C. carpio showed that significant pathological changes were found in gills. Different from chitosan and cationic starch, MS-C and MS-S significantly alleviated the acute toxicities of chitosan and cationic starch. The toxicity order of the four flocculants based on BTI were cationic starch > chitosan > MS-S > MS-C. The results suggested that BTI can be used as a quantitative and comparable indicator to assess biotic toxicity for aquatic geo-engineering materials. Chitosan or cationic starch modified soil/clay materials can be used at their optimal dosage without causing substantial adverse effects to the bioassay battery in aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gang Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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36
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Gutiérrez R, Ferrer I, Uggetti E, Arnabat C, Salvadó H, García J. Settling velocity distribution of microalgal biomass from urban wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Harvesting of microalgae species using Mg–sericite flocculant. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2323-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Characterization of cationic parenchyma cellulose derivative by rapid preparation of low microwave power. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-015-0363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Gutiérrez R, Ferrer I, García J, Uggetti E. Influence of starch on microalgal biomass recovery, settleability and biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 185:341-345. [PMID: 25795448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the context of wastewater treatment with microalgae cultures, coagulation-flocculation followed by sedimentation is one of the suitable options for microalgae harvesting. This process is enabled by the addition of chemicals (e.g. iron). However, in a biorefinery perspective, it is important to avoid possible contamination of downstream products caused by chemicals addition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of potato starch as flocculant for microalgal biomass coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation. The optimal flocculant dose (25mg/L) was determined with jar tests. Such a concentration led to more than 95% biomass recovery (turbidity<9NTU). The settleability of flocs was studied using an elutriation apparatus measuring the settling velocities distribution. This test underlined the positive effect of starch on the biomass settling velocity, increasing to >70% the percentage of particles with settling velocities >6.5m/h. Finally, biochemical methane potential tests showed that starch biodegradation increased the biogas production from harvested biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gutiérrez
- GEMMA - Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·Barcelona Tech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivet Ferrer
- GEMMA - Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·Barcelona Tech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA - Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·Barcelona Tech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya·Barcelona Tech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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40
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Harvesting microalgae from wastewater treatment systems with natural flocculants: Effect on biomass settling and biogas production. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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