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Qu Y, Chen X, Ma B, Zhu H, Zheng X, Yu J, Wu Q, Li R, Wang Z, Xiao Y. Extracellular Metabolites of Heterotrophic Auxenochlorella protothecoides: A New Source of Bio-Stimulants for Higher Plants. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090569. [PMID: 36135758 PMCID: PMC9505405 DOI: 10.3390/md20090569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity of microalgal species is enormous, and their versatile metabolism produces a wide diversity of compounds that can be used in food, healthcare, and other applications. Microalgae are also a potential source of bio-stimulants that enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or crop quality traits. In this study, the extracellular metabolites of Auxenochlorella protothecoides (EAp) were prepared using three different culture strategies, and their effects on plant growth were examined. Furthermore, the composition of EAp was analyzed by GC-MS. The elongation of lateral roots and the cold-tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana were promoted by EAp. Moreover, EAp from high-cell-density fermentation stimulated the growth of the leafy vegetables Brassica rapa and Lactuca sativa at dilutions as high as 500- and 1000-fold. Three major groups of compounds were identified by GC-MS, including organic acids or organic acid esters, phenols, and saccharides. Some of these compounds have known plant–stimulating effects, while the rest requires further investigation in the future. Our study demonstrates that EAp is a potential bio-stimulant, while also providing an environmentally friendly and economical microalgae fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Qu
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
- Microalgae Biosynthesis R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinxiang Chen
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Beibei Ma
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Huachang Zhu
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiazhen Yu
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qinghui Wu
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong Li
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Sinochem Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yibo Xiao
- Protoga Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
- Microalgae Biosynthesis R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Y.X.)
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Park SH, Kyndt JA, Brown JK. Comparison of Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella spp. Chloroplast Genomes: Evidence for Endosymbiosis and Horizontal Virus-like Gene Transfer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030458. [PMID: 35330209 PMCID: PMC8955559 DOI: 10.3390/life12030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Resequencing of the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of Auxenochlorella protothecoides UTEX 25 was completed (GenBank Accession no. KC631634.1), revealing a genome size of 84,576 base pairs and 30.8% GC content, consistent with features reported for the previously sequenced A. protothecoides 0710, (GenBank Accession no. KC843975). The A. protothecoides UTEX 25 cpDNA encoded 78 predicted open reading frames, 32 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs, making it smaller and more compact than the cpDNA genome of C. variabilis (124,579 bp) and C. vulgaris (150,613 bp). By comparison, the compact genome size of A. protothecoides was attributable primarily to a lower intergenic sequence content. The cpDNA coding regions of all known Chlorella species were found to be organized in conserved colinear blocks, with some rearrangements. The Auxenochlorella and Chlorella species genome structure and composition were similar, and of particular interest were genes influencing photosynthetic efficiency, i.e., chlorophyll synthesis and photosystem subunit I and II genes, consistent with other biofuel species of interest. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Prototheca cutis is the closest known A. protothecoides relative, followed by members of the genus Chlorella. The cpDNA of A. protothecoides encodes 37 genes that are highly homologous to representative cyanobacteria species, including rrn16, rrn23, and psbA, corroborating a well-recognized symbiosis. Several putative coding regions were identified that shared high nucleotide sequence identity with virus-like sequences, suggestive of horizontal gene transfer. Despite these predictions, no corresponding transcripts were obtained by RT-PCR amplification, indicating they are unlikely to be expressed in the extant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuck Park
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.-H.P.); (J.K.B.)
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA
| | - John A. Kyndt
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.-H.P.); (J.K.B.)
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Mona S, Malyan SK, Saini N, Deepak B, Pugazhendhi A, Kumar SS. Towards sustainable agriculture with carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas mitigation using algal biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:129856. [PMID: 33636519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the world's population, demand for food and other products is continuously rising. This has put a lot of pressure on the agricultural sector. To fulfill these demands, the utilization of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has also increased. Consequently, to overcome the adverse effects of agrochemicals on our environment and health, there has been a shift towards organic fertilizers or other substitutes, which are ecofriendly and help to maintain a sustainable environment. Microalgae have a very high potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing and thus, help in mitigating the greenhouse effect. It is the most productive biological system for generating biomass. The high growth rate and higher photosynthetic efficiency of the algal species compared to the terrestrial plants make them a wonderful alternative towards a sustainable environment. Moreover, they could be cultivated in photobioreactors or open ponds, which in turn reduce the demand for arable land. Biochar derived from algae is high in nutrients and exhibits the property of ion exchange. Therefore, it can be utilized for sustainable agriculture by partial substituting the chemical fertilizers that degrade the fertility of the soil in the long run. This review provides a detailed insight on the properties of algal biochar as a potential fertilizer for sustainable agriculture. Application of algal biochar in bio-refinery and its economic aspects, challenges faced and future perspective are also discusses in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharma Mona
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Sandeep K Malyan
- Research Management and Outreach Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Jalvigyan Bhawan, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Neha Saini
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | | | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Smita S Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology YMCA, Faridabad, India.
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Wang Q, Hyman M, Higgins BT. Factors impacting the effectiveness of biological pretreatment for the alleviation of algal growth inhibition on anaerobic digestate. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peng H, de- Bashan LE, Higgins BT. Comparison of algae growth and symbiotic mechanisms in the presence of plant growth promoting bacteria and non-plant growth promoting bacteria. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Xing G, Li J, Li W, Lam SM, Yuan H, Shui G, Yang J. AP2/ERF and R2R3-MYB family transcription factors: potential associations between temperature stress and lipid metabolism in Auxenochlorella protothecoides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:22. [PMID: 33451355 PMCID: PMC7811268 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily and R2R3-MYB family were from one of the largest diverse families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, and played important roles in plant development and responses to various stresses. However, no systematic analysis of these TFs had been conducted in the green algae A. protothecoides heretofore. Temperature was a critical factor affecting growth and lipid metabolism of A. protothecoides. It also remained largely unknown whether these TFs would respond to temperature stress and be involved in controlling lipid metabolism process. RESULTS Hereby, a total of six AP2 TFs, six ERF TFs and six R2R3-MYB TFs were identified and their expression profiles were also analyzed under low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) stresses. Meanwhile, differential adjustments of lipid pathways were triggered, with enhanced triacylglycerol accumulation. A co-expression network was built between these 18 TFs and 32 lipid-metabolism-related genes, suggesting intrinsic associations between TFs and the regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This study represented an important first step towards identifying functions and roles of AP2 superfamily and R2R3-MYB family in lipid adjustments and response to temperature stress. These findings would facilitate the biotechnological development in microalgae-based biofuel production and the better understanding of photosynthetic organisms' adaptive mechanism to temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Azospirillum brasilense reduces oxidative stress in the green microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana under different stressors. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:179-185. [PMID: 33147514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated oxidative stress in the green microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana, in co-culture with the plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), Azospirillum brasilense. This relationship was studied in the absence of an exogenous stressor, under copper stress, and under nitrogen limitation stress. We confirmed that copper and nitrogen limitation induced algal oxidative stress and reductions in chlorophyll content. In all cases, the presence of A. brasilense lowered the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) while promoting chlorophyll content. This effect was driven, in part, by A. brasilense's secretion of the auxin hormone, indole-3-acetic acid, which is known to mitigate stress in higher plants. The findings of the present study show that stress mitigation by A. brasilense resulted in suppressed starch accumulation under nitrogen limitation stress and neutral lipid accumulation under copper stress. In fact, A. brasilense could almost completely mitigate oxidative stress in C. sorokiniana resulting from nitrogen limitation, with ROS accumulation rates comparable to the axenic control cultures. The biotechnological implication of these findings is that co-culture strategies with A. brasilense (and similar PGPB) are most effective for high growth applications. A second growth stage may be needed to induce accumulation of desired products.
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Peng H, de-Bashan LE, Bashan Y, Higgins BT. Indole-3-acetic acid from Azosprillum brasilense promotes growth in green algae at the expense of energy storage products. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bankston EM, Higgins BT. Anaerobic microbial communities can influence algal growth and nutrient removal from anaerobic digestate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122445. [PMID: 31780245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to test the impact of anaerobic digester microorganisms on algal growth, composition, and nutrient removal from digestate. Culture studies were carried out to determine the impacts of the microbial community on treatment of poultry litter anaerobic digestate by two strains of green algae: Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana. The results showed that the community doubled the growth of A. protothecoides but had no impact on C. sorokiniana growth. A similar result was observed for nutrient removal where the microbial community increased the capacity of A. protothecoides to remove ammonium and phosphate. The impact of the microbial community on biomass composition was minimal for both algae types.
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Holmes B, Paddock MB, VanderGheynst JS, Higgins BT. Algal photosynthetic aeration increases the capacity of bacteria to degrade organics in wastewater. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:62-72. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Holmes
- Biosystems Engineering Auburn University Auburn Alabama
| | | | - Jean S. VanderGheynst
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, UC Davis Davis California
- Bioengineering University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Dartmouth Massachusetts
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Impact of thiamine metabolites and spent medium from Chlorella sorokiniana on metabolism in the green algae Auxenochlorella prototheciodes. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Higgins BT, Gennity I, Samra S, Kind T, Fiehn O, VanderGheynst JS. Cofactor symbiosis for enhanced algal growth, biofuel production, and wastewater treatment. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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