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Feng S, Feng YH, Ji LJ, Zhan MX, Wang JQ, Xu X. Distribution of gasification products and emission of heavy metals and dioxins from municipal solid waste at the low temperature pyrolysis stage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16388-16400. [PMID: 38315338 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Gasification is widely regarded as one of the most practical, economical, and environmentally friendly waste disposal technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW). The pyrolysis stage (300-500 °C) is crucial for weight loss during MSW gasification, as a considerable amount of organic matter breaks down, producing high-value synthesis gas. This study investigated the product distribution and pollutant emission characteristics within this temperature range and its influencing factors during MSW gasification using a self-designed MSW gasification device. Results indicated that MSW underwent approximately 70% weight loss within this temperature range, yielding low amounts of inorganic and short-chain organic products, with mainly long-chain organic compounds of C16-C34. The atmosphere variation had minimal effect on the elemental composition and content of solid phase products. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses showed that Mn and Zn were the primary components of heavy metal leaching toxicity in solid phase products, with their contents increasing as temperature increased. Synthesis gas showed the highest content of heavy metal As element, reaching a peak at 400 °C. Higher gasification temperature and lower oxygen flow rate significantly reduced the dioxin content and I-TEQ values, with highly chlorinated isomers being the predominant dioxin isomers. Nonetheless, low-chlorinated dioxins accounted for more than 50% of the I-TEQ. This study improves our understanding of the gasification process of MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Feng
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Han Feng
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Long-Jie Ji
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Ming-Xiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jin-Qing Wang
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China.
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2
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Kinetic Parameters Underlying Hematite-assisted Decomposition of Tribromophenol. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Gruber Z, Toth AJ, Menyhárd A, Mizsey P, Owsianiak M, Fozer D. Improving green hydrogen production from Chlorella vulgaris via formic acid-mediated hydrothermal carbonisation and neural network modelling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128071. [PMID: 36257525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the formic acid-mediated hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) of microalgae biomass to enhance green hydrogen production. The effects of combined severity factor (CSF) and feedstock-to-suspension ratio (FSR) are examined on HTC gas formation, hydrochar yield and quality, and composition of the liquid phase. The hydrothermal conversion of Chlorella vulgaris was investigated in a CSF and FSR range of -2.529 and 2.943; and 5.0 wt.% - 25.0 wt.%. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed based on experimental data to model and analyse the HTC process. The results show that green hydrogen formation can be increased up to 3.04 mol kg-1 by applying CSF 2.433 and 12.5 wt.% FSR reaction conditions. The developed ANN model (BR-2-11-9-11) describes the hydrothermal process with high testing and training performance (MSEz = 1.71E-06 & 1.40E-06) and accuracy (R2 = 0.9974 & R2 = 0.9781). The enhanced H2 yield indicates an effective alternative green hydrogen production scenario at low temperatures using high-moisture-containing biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Gruber
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Jozsef Toth
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alfréd Menyhárd
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3. H. ép. I, Hungary
| | - Peter Mizsey
- Department of Fine Chemicals and Environmental Technology, University of Miskolc, Egyetem út, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel Fozer
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Rasam S, Azizi K, Moraveji MK, Akbari A, Soria-Verdugo A. Insights into the co–pyrolysis of olive stone, waste polyvinyl chloride and Spirulina microalgae blends through thermogravimetric analysis. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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López-Pacheco IY, Silva-Núñez A, García-Perez JS, Carrillo-Nieves D, Salinas-Salazar C, Castillo-Zacarías C, Afewerki S, Barceló D, Iqbal HNM, Parra-Saldívar R. Phyco-remediation of swine wastewater as a sustainable model based on circular economy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111534. [PMID: 33129031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pork production has expanded in the world in recent years. This growth has caused a significant increase in waste from this industry, especially of wastewater. Although there has been an increase in wastewater treatment, there is a lack of useful technologies for the treatment of wastewater from the pork industry. Swine farms generate high amounts of organic pollution, with large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus with final destination into water bodies. Sadly, little attention has been devoted to animal wastes, which are currently treated in simple systems, such as stabilization ponds or just discharged to the environment without previous treatment. This uncontrolled release of swine wastewater is a major cause of eutrophication processes. Among the possible treatments, phyco-remediation seems to be a sustainable and environmentally friendly option of removing compounds from wastewater such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metal ions. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of treating swine wastewater using different microalgae species. Nevertheless, the practicability of applying this procedure at pilot-scale has not been explored before as an integrated process. This work presents an overview of the technological applications of microalgae for the treatment of wastewater from swine farms and the by-products (pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins) and services of commercial interest (biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioelectricity, biogas) generated during this process. Furthermore, the environmental benefits while applying microalgae technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Y López-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Arisbe Silva-Núñez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - J Saúl García-Perez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, C.P. 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Samson Afewerki
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Damiá Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Hafiz N M Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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Vasudev V, Ku X, Lin J. Pyrolysis of algal biomass: Determination of the kinetic triplet and thermodynamic analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 317:124007. [PMID: 32799076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae Spirulina has good potential for bio-oil production. Therefore, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of its pyrolysis process was performed. The activation energy values were estimated using both differential (109-340 kJ/mol) and integral (102-272 kJ/mol) isoconversional methods. Kinetic model was determined using master plot approach and the pyrolysis reaction appeared to transition between nucleation, diffusion and order-based kinetic models. Based on sigmoidal equations, a novel kinetic model equation was proposed which can define the pyrolysis process of algal biomass showing single differential thermogravimetric peak. The proposed kinetic triplet predicted the weight loss evolution quite precisely. Additionally, the thermodynamic feasibility of the reaction was examined based on enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy. It was revealed that heat is consumed to make the raw sample reach a 'more orderly' state until a fractional conversion of 0.35. Moreover, bio-char and the remaining lipids at high temperature impede the reaction spontaneity towards the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikul Vasudev
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Ku
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
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Study of Raw and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate by Meaning of TGA and Computer Simulation. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8865926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pyrolysis method of both raw and recycled polyethylene terephthalate was studied using the nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different five heating rates (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 K/min) for each element. Without using any mathematical equations, the kinetic parameters of polyethylene terephthalate pyrolysis were obtained by applying the modified distributed activation energy model (DAEM). Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polyethylene terephthalate was simulated using the computer simulation with different methods. The effect of energy in the Tg process was enhanced. The mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate were computed. Our simulated values were compared with available data in literature.
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Yuan Z, Zhang J, Zhao P, Wang Z, Cui X, Gao L, Guo Q, Tian H. Synergistic Effect and Chlorine-Release Behaviors During Co-pyrolysis of LLDPE, PP, and PVC. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11291-11298. [PMID: 32478216 PMCID: PMC7254513 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes are environmentally problematic and costly to treat, but they also represent a vast untapped resource for the renewable chemical and fuel production. Pyrolysis has received extensive attention in the treatment of plastic wastes because of its technical maturity. A sole polymer in the waste plastic is easy to recycle by any means of physical or chemical techniques. However, the majority of plastic in life are mixtures and they are hard to separate, which make pyrolysis of plastic complicated compared with pure plastic because of its difference in physical/chemical properties. This work focuses on the synergistic effect and its impact on chlorine removal from the pyrolysis of chlorinated plastic mixtures. The pyrolysis behavior of plastic mixtures was investigated in terms of thermogravimetric analysis, and the corresponding kinetics were analyzed according to the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The results show that the synergistic effect existed in the pyrolysis of a plastic mixture of LLDPE, PP, and PVC, and the DAEM could well predict the kinetics behavior. The decomposition of LLDPE/PP mixtures occurred earlier than that of calculated ones. However, the synergistic effect weakened with the increase of LLDPE in the mixtures. As for the chlorine removal, the LLDPE and PP hindered the chlorine removal from PVC during the plastic mixture pyrolysis. A noticeable negative effect on dechlorination was observed after the introduction of LLDPE or PP. Besides, the chlorine-releasing temperature became higher during the pyrolysis of plastic mixtures ([LLDPE/PVC (1:1), PP/PVC (1:1), and LLDPE/PP/PVC (1:1:1)]. These results imply that the treatment of chlorinated plastic wastes was more difficult than that of PVC in thermal conversion. In other words, more attention should be paid to both the high-temperature chlorine corrosion and high-efficient chlorine removal in practical. These data are helpful for the treatment and thermal utilization of the yearly increased plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Yuan
- School
of Electrical and Power Engineering, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School
of Electrical and Power Engineering, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Peitao Zhao
- School
of Electrical and Power Engineering, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School
of Electrical and Power Engineering, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xin Cui
- School
of Electrical and Power Engineering, China
University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Lihui Gao
- School
of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Qingjie Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical
Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Hongjing Tian
- State
Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemical
Engineering, Qingdao University of Science
& Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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Soria-Verdugo A, Kauppinen J, Soini T, García-Gutiérrez LM, Pikkarainen T. Pollutant emissions released during sewage sludge combustion in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 105:27-38. [PMID: 32018140 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of dry sewage sludge particles in a bubbling fluidized bed was studied in detail, analyzing the composition of the exhaust gases by means of a FTIR equipment. The operating conditions of the fluidized bed, i.e., the bed temperature and mass flow rate of fluidizing air, were varied to quantify their effect on the exhaust gas composition. The bed material was also varied, using sepiolite, silica sand and braunite particles, to evaluate the effect of different bed densities on the pollutant emissions. The results obtained for the combustion of sewage sludge particles in the different fluidized beds tested were compared to combustion tests run for the same operating conditions and bed materials using Cynara cardunculus L. as a fuel. Pollutant emissions derived from sludge combustion are much higher than those obtained from combustion of Cynara. The operating conditions also affect the emissions, e.g., the concentration of CO in the exhaust fumes decreased substantially when increasing bed temperature and air flow rate. The bed density has an effect on the combustion efficiency of sludge, obtaining higher efficiencies in low-density beds for high temperature and air flow rates, while the efficiency was increased in high-density beds for low bed temperature and fluidizing air flow rate. The effects of ash accumulation and agglomerates formation were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Soria-Verdugo
- Carlos III University of Madrid (Spain), Department of Thermal and Fluids Engineering, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Juho Kauppinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Renewable Energy Processes. Ruukinmestarintie 2, Fl-02330 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Soini
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Renewable Energy Processes. Ruukinmestarintie 2, Fl-02330 Espoo, Finland
| | - Luis Miguel García-Gutiérrez
- Carlos III University of Madrid (Spain), Department of Thermal and Fluids Engineering, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain
| | - Toni Pikkarainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Renewable Energy Processes. Ruukinmestarintie 2, Fl-02330 Espoo, Finland
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Gautam R, Vinu R. Reaction engineering and kinetics of algae conversion to biofuels and chemicals via pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A state-of-the-art review on pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of algae to fuels and chemicals with emphasis on reaction chemistry and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhu Gautam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai – 600036
- India
| | - R. Vinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai – 600036
- India
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Vasudev V, Ku X, Lin J. Kinetic study and pyrolysis characteristics of algal and lignocellulosic biomasses. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121496. [PMID: 31128538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A comparative kinetic study on the pyrolysis of six algal and lignocellulosic biomasses was performed and six heating rates were employed to obtain the kinetic equations and analyze the compensation effect. Due to complexity, the whole pyrolysis process of algal biomass was divided into two reaction zones in which the analysis was carried out individually. The activation energies were first evaluated within the conversion range of 0.05 to 0.95, which were 125-147 kJ/mol and 113-138 kJ/mol for lignocellulosic biomass and zone-1 of algal biomass, respectively. Regression analysis was also conducted to determine the appropriate kinetic model. Moreover, Z(α) master plots suggested that the nucleation model was dominant at lower and higher temperatures for lignocellulosic biomass. Besides, the pre-exponential factor was calculated and a compensation effect between activation energies and pre-exponential factors was completely observed in zone-2 of algal biomass and partially seen in zone-1 of algal biomass and lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikul Vasudev
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Ku
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
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Comparative Thermogravimetric Assessment on the Combustion of Coal, Microalgae Biomass and Their Blend. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12152962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) were used to assess the combustion of microalgae biomass, a bituminous coal, and their blend. Furthermore, different correlations were tested for estimating the high heating value of microalgae biomass and coal, with both materials possessing similar values. TGA evidenced differences between the combustion of the studied fuels, but no relevant interaction occurred during their co-combustion, as shown by the DTG and DSC curves. These curves also indicated that the combustion of the blend mostly resembled that of coal in terms of weight loss and heat release. Moreover, non-isothermal kinetic analysis revealed that the apparent activation energies corresponding to the combustion of the blend and coal were quite close. Overall, the obtained results indicated that co-combustion with coal might be a feasible waste to energy management option for the valorization of microalgae biomass resulting from wastewater treatment.
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High efficiency transformation by electroporation of the freshwater alga Nannochloropsis limnetica. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:119. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yu J, Maliutina K, Tahmasebi A. A review on the production of nitrogen-containing compounds from microalgal biomass via pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:689-701. [PMID: 30206030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing compounds (NCCs) which may be produced from nitrogen-rich biomass such as microalgae, may find important biochemical and biomedical applications. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the formation mechanism of NCCs during pyrolysis of microalgae. The key technical and biological aspects of microalgae and pyrolysis process parameters, which influence the formation of NCCs, have been analyzed. The mechanism of formation of NCCs such as indole, pyridine, amides, and nitriles during primary and secondary pyrolysis reactions are elaborated. It has been emphasized that the pyrolysis conditions and the use of catalysts had significant impacts on the yields and compositions of NCCs. The available information shows that the transformation of nitrogen and nitrogen functionalities during pyrolysis are strongly associated with the formation process of NCCs. The challenges in the development of pyrolysis technologies for the production of NCCs from microalgae are identified with future research needs identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kristina Maliutina
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Viju D, Gautam R, Vinu R. Application of the distributed activation energy model to the kinetic study of pyrolysis of Nannochloropsis oculata. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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