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Ma M, Jiang L, Xie Z, Liu M, Chen H, Yu Z, Pei H. Phosphorus-supplemented seawater-wastewater cyclic system for microalgal cultivation: Production of high-lipid and high-protein algae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130512. [PMID: 38437960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of wastewater after seawater cultivation is critically important. In this study, a phosphorus-supplemented seawater-wastewater cyclic system (PSSWCS) based on Chlorella pyrenoidosa SDEC-35 was developed. With the addition of phosphorus, the algal biomass and the ability to assimilate nitrogen and carbon were improved. At the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 20:1, the biomass productivity per mass of nitrogen reached 3.6 g g-1 (N) day-1 in the second cycle. After the third cycle the protein content reached 35.7% of dry mass, and the major metabolic substances in PSSWCS reached the highest content level of 89.5% (35.7% protein, 38.3% lipid, and 15.5% carbohydrate). After the fourth cycle the lipid content maintained at 40.1%. Furthermore, 100.0% recovery of wastewater in PSSWCS increased the nitrogen and carbon absorption to 15.0 and 396.8 g per tonne of seawater. This study achieved seawater-wastewater recycle and produced high-lipid and high-protein algae by phosphorus addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Liqun Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Mingyan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Ze Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
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Mehta P, Rani R, Gupta R, Mathur A, Ramakumar SSV. Simultaneous production of high-value lipids in Schizochytrium sp. by synergism of chemical modulators. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6135-6149. [PMID: 37555947 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the simultaneous improvement of biomass, lipid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) productivities in a single reactor using modulator control strategies. The efficacy of three different biochemical modulators, sesamol (Ses), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), as potential stimulants in augmenting the biomass, lipid, and DHA production of Schizochytrium sp. MTCC 5890 was elucidated. After 48 h of cultivation, among tested modulators, the individual supplementation of 6-BAP and Ses showed improvement in biomass, lipid, and DHA accumulation by 28.2%, 56.1%, and 87.2% and 21.7%, 47.9%, and 91%, respectively, over the non-supplemented group. In addition, the cooperative effect of selected concentrations, i.e., 10 mgL-1 6-BAP and 200 mgL-1 Ses, further increased the productivities of biomass of 13.5 gL-1d-1 ± 0.66, lipid of 7.4 gL-1d-1 ± 0.69, and DHA of 3.2 gL-1d-1 ± 1.09 representing 8%, 39%, and 69% increase over the individual addition of 6-BAP or Ses, respectively, in batch culture. Supplementation with 6-BAP + Ses at 12 h of time point eventually increased the lipid yield to 15.6 ± 0.42 gL-1 from 7.88 ± 0.31 gL-1 (control) and DHA yield to 6.4 ± 0.11 gL-1 from 2.23 ± 0.09 gL-1 (control), respectively. Furthermore, the process was optimized in continuous culture supplemented with 6-BAP + Ses for enhanced productivities. Continuous culture resulted in maximum biomass (2.04 ± 1.12 gL-1 day-1), lipid (1.0 ± 0.73 gL-1 day-1), and DHA (0.386 ± 0.22 gL-1 day-1) productivities, which were higher as compared with the batch and fed-batch processes by 26 ± 1.21%, 22 ± 1.01%, and 21 ± 0.98% and 24 ± 0.45%, 16 ± 0.38%, and 14 ± 0.12%, respectively. This work represents the potential application of the combined effect of modulators for the simultaneous enhancement of biomass production and lipid and DHA productivities. KEY POINTS: • The cumulative study of 6-BAP and sesamol proved to be more efficient in the simultaneous production of biomass, lipid, and DHA in a single reactor. • Addition of a combination of 6-BAP + Ses remarkably increased the biomass, lipid, and DHA productivities in tandem in continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Mehta
- DBT-IOC Centre, R & D, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre, R & D, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Anshu Mathur
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India.
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Microalgae-Based PUFAs for Food and Feed: Current Applications, Future Possibilities, and Constraints. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are currently considered an attractive source of highly valuable compounds for human and animal consumption, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Several microalgae-derived compounds, such as ω-3 fatty acids, pigments, and whole dried biomasses are available on the market and are mainly produced by culturing microalgae in open ponds, which can be achieved with low setup and maintenance costs with respect to enclosed systems. However, open tanks are more susceptible to bacterial and other environmental contamination, do not guarantee a high reproducibility of algal biochemical profiles and productivities, and constrain massive cultivation to a limited number of species. Genetic engineering techniques have substantially improved over the last decade, and several model microalgae have been successfully modified to promote the accumulation of specific value-added compounds. However, transgenic strains should be cultured in closed photobioreactors (PBRs) to minimize risks of contamination of aquatic environments with allochthonous species; in addition, faster growth rates and higher yields of compounds of interest can be achieved in PBRs compared to open ponds. In this review, we present information collected about the major microalgae-derived commodities (with a special focus on PUFAs) produced at industrial scale, as well genetically-engineered microalgae to increase PUFA production. We also critically analyzed the main bottlenecks that make large-scale production of algal commodities difficult, as well as possible solutions to overcome the main problems and render the processes economically and environmentally safe.
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Hao TB, Balamurugan S, Zhang ZH, Liu SF, Wang X, Li DW, Yang WD, Li HY. Effective bioremediation of tobacco wastewater by microalgae at acidic pH for synergistic biomass and lipid accumulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127820. [PMID: 34865896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco wastewater is too difficult to decontaminate which poses a significant environmental problem due to the harmful and toxic components. Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a typical microalgal species with potential in removal of organic/inorganic pollutants and proves to be an ideal algal-based system for wastewater treatment. However, the strategy of tobacco related wastewater treatment using microalgae is in urgent need of development. In this study, C. pyrenoidosa was used to evaluate the removal efficiency of artificial tobacco wastewater. Under various solid-to-liquid (g/L) ratios, 1:1 ratio and acidic pH 5.0 were optimal for C. pyrenoidosa to grow with high performance of removal capacity to toxic pollutants (such as COD, NH3-N, nicotine, nitrosamines and heavy metals) with the alleviation of oxidative damage. Algal biomass could reach up to 540.24 mg/L. Furthermore, carbon flux of C. pyrenoidosa was reallocated from carbohydrate and protein biosynthesis to lipogenesis with a high lipid content of 268.60 mg/L at pH 5.0. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient and sustainable strategy for tobacco wastewater treatment at acidic pH with the production of valuable microalgal products, which provides a promising biorefinery strategy for microalgal-based wastewater bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | - Zhong-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Si-Fen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Bezerra PQM, Moraes L, Silva TNM, Cardoso LG, Druzian JI, Morais MG, Nunes IL, Costa JAV. Innovative application of brackish groundwater without the addition of nutrients in the cultivation of Spirulina and Chlorella for carbohydrate and lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126543. [PMID: 34902481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brackish groundwater is promising for the cultivation of economically important microalgae; however, its effects have been evaluated only after nutrient supplementation. In this study, 100% brackish groundwater was evaluated as a culture medium for Spirulina sp. (BGWS) and Chlorella fusca (BGWC). In addition, the effects of supplementation with 25% of the nutrients from Zarrouk (BGWS25) and BG-11 (BGWC25) culture media were evaluated. BGWS and BGWC increased the concentration (68.1% w w-1) and productivity of carbohydrate (35.3 mg L-1 d-1) in Spirulina sp. and increased the concentration (56.4% w w-1) and productivity (13.5 mg L-1 d-1) of lipids in C. fusca biomass, when compared to that in the respective controls. The use of brackish groundwater as the sole culture medium is an innovative alternative for the economic production of biomass rich in carbohydrates and lipids. This has potential applications for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Q M Bezerra
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - L Moraes
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - T N M Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - L G Cardoso
- Department of Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - J I Druzian
- Department of Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - M G Morais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - I L Nunes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC 88034-000, Brazil
| | - J A V Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS 96203-900, Brazil.
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Mehta P, Rani R, Gupta R, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Synergistic integration of wastewaters from second generation ethanol plant for algal biofuel production: an industrially relevant option. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:34. [PMID: 35070624 PMCID: PMC8724354 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study provides an integrated method for utilizing the wastewaters from second generation (2G) ethanol pretreatment plant for microalgal biomass and lipid production. The study was conducted using a mixture of wastewaters (referred as MW; pH 4.3) generated after washing of acidic and alkaline-soaked lignocellulosic biomass prior to pretreatment process. The growth studies indicated that the thermotolerant strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) M18 exhibited higher cell proliferation in wastewater as compared to freshwater. About 20-25% enhancement in biomass (509 mg L-1 d-1 ± 3.09) and lipid productivity (146 mg L-1 d-1 ± 1.34) was observed in MW. The total chlorophyll content and variable fluorescence by maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) ratio of strain cultivated in MW were 10.32 µg mL-1 and 0.75, respectively. The use of MW also enhanced the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in total lipid. The exhausted wastewater medium obtained after harvesting the auto-flocculated biomass was also reused up to three successive growth cycles. The recycled medium without any nutrient addition could be used for two subsequent rounds with enhanced biomass (520 mg L-1 d-1 ± 4.07) and lipid (157.71 mg L-1 d-1 ± 1.09) productivities. This synergistic approach of cultivating thermotolerant microalgae with wastewater from 2G pretreatment plant provides an economical setup for development of commercial algal biofuel technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Mehta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
| | - Suresh Kumar Puri
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
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Cultivation and Biorefinery of Microalgae (Chlorella sp.) for Producing Biofuels and Other Byproducts: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae-based carbon dioxide (CO2) biofixation and biorefinery are the most efficient methods of biological CO2 reduction and reutilization. The diversification and high-value byproducts of microalgal biomass, known as microalgae-based biorefinery, are considered the most promising platforms for the sustainable development of energy and the environment, in addition to the improvement and integration of microalgal cultivation, scale-up, harvest, and extraction technologies. In this review, the factors influencing CO2 biofixation by microalgae, including microalgal strains, flue gas, wastewater, light, pH, temperature, and microalgae cultivation systems are summarized. Moreover, the biorefinery of Chlorella biomass for producing biofuels and its byproducts, such as fine chemicals, feed additives, and high-value products, are also discussed. The technical and economic assessments (TEAs) and life cycle assessments (LCAs) are introduced to evaluate the sustainability of microalgae CO2 fixation technology. This review provides detailed insights on the adjusted factors of microalgal cultivation to establish sustainable biological CO2 fixation technology, and the diversified applications of microalgal biomass in biorefinery. The economic and environmental sustainability, and the limitations and needs of microalgal CO2 fixation, are discussed. Finally, future research directions are provided for CO2 reduction by microalgae.
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Chu R, Li S, Yin Z, Hu D, Zhang L, Xiang M, Zhu L. A fungal immobilization technique for efficient harvesting of oleaginous microalgae: Key parameter optimization, mechanism exploration and spent medium recycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148174. [PMID: 34380256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To confront with energy crisis, microalgae as the promising feedstock have a great potential in exploring renewable energy field, whereas the high costs related to medium preparation and biomass harvesting are the main bottleneck to hinder the development on a large scale. Though cultivation of filamentous fungi for microalgae harvesting is an efficient, sustainable and emerging method, and the studies on specific mechanisms and spent medium recycling for efficiency improvement as well as resource saving through a co-pelletization mode are urgently needed. Hence, in this study, the harvesting process of autotrophic microalgae Chlorella vulgaris by pre-cultured Aspergillus oryzae pellets was investigated systematically. The highest efficiency (99.23%) was obtained within 5 h under the optimized conditions of 30 °C, 130 rpm and fungi:algae ratio of 1:1 on a dry weight basis without demand for pH adjustment (initial value on 9.68). Charge neutralization was not the main mechanisms involved in fungi-algae aggregations, and the functional group changes on cell surfaces as well as secreted metabolites in medium could be mainly responsible for inducing the bioflocculation process. After harvesting, separated water could also effectively support microalgae re-growth. The biomass concentration in medium with 50% recycling was higher than that in fresh medium, while lipid content was increased from 24.37% to 33.97% in fully recycled medium. These results indicated that the pellet-assisted mode for algal harvesting is a promising way to promote biofuel production and resource recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Chu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Shuangxi Li
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhihong Yin
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Dan Hu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Liandong Zhu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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Zhai X, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Pang H, Kong F, Wang J, Chi Z. Seawater supplemented with bicarbonate for efficient marine microalgae production in floating photobioreactor on ocean: A case study of Chlorella sp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139439. [PMID: 32531581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of microalgae on ocean provides a promising way to produce massive biomass without utilizing limited land space, and using seawater as culture medium can avoid consumption of valuable fresh water. Bicarbonate is proved as a better approach for carbon supply in microalgae cultivation, but Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater is subjected to precipitate with carbonate derived from it. In this study, cultivation with this medium for a marine Chlorella sp. resulted in productivity of 0.470 g L-1 day-1, despite of continual precipitation caused by increased pH due to bicarbonate consumption. Actually, this precipitation is favorable, since it can work as a flocculation harvesting method for microalgae. The highest flocculation efficiency of 98.9 ± 0.0% was observed in cultures with 7.0 g L-1 NaHCO3, which was higher than that of cultures without bicarbonate (44.1 ± 0.2%). Additionally, the spent medium after flocculation supported better growth (1.60 ± 0.0 g L-1) than the fresh medium (1.26 ± 0.0 g L-1). Outdoor cultivation with floating photobioreactor on ocean resulted in the productivity of 0.190 g L-1 day-1, which was higher than that in land-based culture systems. The floating system also benefited from better temperature control with range from 20.6 to 37.2 °C, due to solar heating and surrounding water cooling. These results showed feasibility of efficient microalgae biomass production with fully utilizing of ocean resources, including culture medium preparation and temperature control with seawater, as well as wave energy for mixing, holding great potential to produce massive biomass to support sustainable development of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhai
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chenba Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongcheng Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hao Pang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fantao Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhanyou Chi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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10
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Di Caprio F, Altimari P, Pagnanelli F. New strategies enhancing feasibility of microalgal cultivations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64337-7.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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