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Foresi N, De Marco MA, Del Castello F, Ramirez L, Nejamkin A, Calo G, Grimsley N, Correa-Aragunde N, Martínez-Noël GMA. The tiny giant of the sea, Ostreococcus's unique adaptations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108661. [PMID: 38735153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Ostreococcus spp. are unicellular organisms with one of the simplest cellular organizations. The sequencing of the genomes of different Ostreococcus species has reinforced this status since Ostreococcus tauri has one most compact nuclear genomes among eukaryotic organisms. Despite this, it has retained a number of genes, setting it apart from other organisms with similar small genomes. Ostreococcus spp. feature a substantial number of selenocysteine-containing proteins, which, due to their higher catalytic activity compared to their selenium-lacking counterparts, may require a reduced quantity of proteins. Notably, O. tauri encodes several ammonium transporter genes, that may provide it with a competitive edge for acquiring nitrogen (N). This characteristic makes it an intriguing model for studying the efficient use of N in eukaryotes. Under conditions of low N availability, O. tauri utilizes N from abundant proteins or amino acids, such as L-arginine, similar to higher plants. However, the presence of a nitric oxide synthase (L-arg substrate) sheds light on a new metabolic pathway for L-arg in algae. The metabolic adaptations of O. tauri to day and night cycles offer valuable insights into carbon and iron metabolic configuration. O. tauri has evolved novel strategies to optimize iron uptake, lacking the classic components of the iron absorption mechanism. Overall, the cellular and genetic characteristics of Ostreococcus contribute to its evolutionary success, making it an excellent model for studying the physiological and genetic aspects of how green algae have adapted to the marine environment. Furthermore, given its potential for lipid accumulation and its marine habitat, it may represent a promising avenue for third-generation biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Foresi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-UNMdP-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Agustina De Marco
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC)-CONICET-FIBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Leonor Ramirez
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andres Nejamkin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-UNMdP-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Calo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC)-CONICET-FIBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nigel Grimsley
- CNRS, LBBM, Sorbonne Université OOB, 1 Avenue de Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Giselle M A Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC)-CONICET-FIBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Pessoa JDS, de Oliveira CFM, Mena-Chalco JP, de Carvalho JCM, Ferreira-Camargo LS. Trends on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth regimes and bioproducts. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1830-1842. [PMID: 37337370 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model microorganism for several areas of study. Among the different microalgae species, it presents advantageous characteristics, such as genomes completely sequenced and well-established techniques for genetic transformation. Despite that, C. reinhardtii production is still not easily commercially viable, especially due to the low biomass yield. So far there are no reports of scientometric study focusing only on C. reinhardtii biomass production process. Considering the need for culture optimization, a scientometric research was conducted to analyze the papers that investigated the growth regimes effects in C. reinhardtii cultivation. The search resulted in 130 papers indexed on Web of Science and Scopus platforms from 1969 to December 2022. The quantitative analysis indicated that the photoautotrophic regime was the most employed in the papers. However, when comparing the three growth regimes, the mixotrophic one led to the highest production of biomass, lipids, and heterologous protein. The production of bioproducts was considered the main objective of most of the papers and, among them, biomass was the most frequently investigated. The highest biomass production reported among the papers was 40 g L-1 in the heterotrophic growth of a transgenic strain. Other culture conditions were also crucial for C. reinhardtii growth, for instance, temperature and cultivation process.
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Monteiro LDFR, Giraldi LA, Winck FV. From Feasting to Fasting: The Arginine Pathway as a Metabolic Switch in Nitrogen-Deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cells 2023; 12:1379. [PMID: 37408213 PMCID: PMC10216424 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of the model microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under nitrogen deprivation is of special interest due to its resulting increment of triacylglycerols (TAGs), that can be applied in biotechnological applications. However, this same condition impairs cell growth, which may limit the microalgae's large applications. Several studies have identified significant physiological and molecular changes that occur during the transition from an abundant to a low or absent nitrogen supply, explaining in detail the differences in the proteome, metabolome and transcriptome of the cells that may be responsible for and responsive to this condition. However, there are still some intriguing questions that reside in the core of the regulation of these cellular responses that make this process even more interesting and complex. In this scenario, we reviewed the main metabolic pathways that are involved in the response, mining and exploring, through a reanalysis of omics data from previously published datasets, the commonalities among the responses and unraveling unexplained or non-explored mechanisms of the possible regulatory aspects of the response. Proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics data were reanalysed using a common strategy, and an in silico gene promoter motif analysis was performed. Together, these results identified and suggested a strong association between the metabolism of amino acids, especially arginine, glutamate and ornithine pathways to the production of TAGs, via the de novo synthesis of lipids. Furthermore, our analysis and data mining indicate that signalling cascades orchestrated with the indirect participation of phosphorylation, nitrosylation and peroxidation events may be essential to the process. The amino acid pathways and the amount of arginine and ornithine available in the cells, at least transiently during nitrogen deprivation, may be in the core of the post-transcriptional, metabolic regulation of this complex phenomenon. Their further exploration is important to the discovery of novel advances in the understanding of microalgae lipids' production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucca de Filipe Rebocho Monteiro
- Laboratory of Regulatory Systems Biology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Laís Albuquerque Giraldi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Systems Biology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Flavia Vischi Winck
- Laboratory of Regulatory Systems Biology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, Brazil
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Freudenberg RA, Wittemeier L, Einhaus A, Baier T, Kruse O. Advanced pathway engineering for phototrophic putrescine production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1968-1982. [PMID: 35748533 PMCID: PMC9491463 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The polyamine putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) contributes to cellular fitness in most organisms, where it is derived from the amino acids ornithine or arginine. In the chemical industry, putrescine serves as a versatile building block for polyamide synthesis. The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates relatively high putrescine amounts, which, together with recent advances in genetic engineering, enables the generation of a powerful green cell factory to promote sustainable biotechnology for base chemical production. Here, we report a systematic investigation of the native putrescine metabolism in C. reinhardtii, leading to the first CO2 -based bio-production of putrescine, by employing modern synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies. A CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout of key enzymes of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway identified ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1) as a gatekeeper for putrescine accumulation and demonstrated that the arginine decarboxylase (ADC) route is likely inactive and that amine oxidase 2 (AMX2) is mainly responsible for putrescine degradation in C. reinhardtii. A 4.5-fold increase in cellular putrescine levels was achieved by engineered overexpression of potent candidate ornithine decarboxylases (ODCs). We identified unexpected substrate promiscuity in two bacterial ODCs, which exhibited co-production of cadaverine and 4-aminobutanol. Final pathway engineering included overexpression of recombinant arginases for improved substrate availability as well as functional knockout of putrescine degradation, which resulted in a 10-fold increase in cellular putrescine titres and yielded 200 mg/L in phototrophic high cell density cultivations after 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Freudenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Luisa Wittemeier
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Alexander Einhaus
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Thomas Baier
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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5
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Cai Y, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. The relationship between amino acid and lipid metabolism in oleaginous eukaryotic microorganism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3405-3417. [PMID: 35503470 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, promoting the balance between growth and lipid synthesis. However, the accumulation of microbial lipids involves multiple pathways, which requires the analysis of the global cellular metabolic network in which amino acid metabolism is involved. This review illustrates the dependence patterns of intracellular amino acids and lipids of oleaginous eukaryotic microorganisms in different environments and points out the contribution of amino acid metabolic precursors to the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. We emphasized the key role of amino acid metabolism in lipid remodeling and autophagy behavior and highlighted the regulatory effects of amino acids and their secondary metabolites as signal factors for microbial lipid synthesis. The application prospects of omics technology and genetic engineering technology in the field of microbial lipids are described. KEY POINTS: • Overview of microbial lipid synthesis mediated by amino acid metabolism • Insight into metabolic mechanisms founding multiple regulatory networks is provided • Description of microbial lipid homeostasis mediated by amino acid excitation signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 5: , 27127, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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Jia M, Munz J, Lee J, Shelley N, Xiong Y, Joo S, Jin E, Lee JH. The bHLH family NITROGEN-REPLETION INSENSITIVE1 represses nitrogen starvation-induced responses in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:337-357. [PMID: 35043510 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moyan Jia
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacob Munz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jenny Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nolan Shelley
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sunjoo Joo
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Guéguen N, Le Moigne D, Amato A, Salvaing J, Maréchal E. Lipid Droplets in Unicellular Photosynthetic Stramenopiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639276. [PMID: 33968100 PMCID: PMC8100218 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Heterokonta or Stramenopile phylum comprises clades of unicellular photosynthetic species, which are promising for a broad range of biotechnological applications, based on their capacity to capture atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis and produce biomolecules of interest. These molecules include triacylglycerol (TAG) loaded inside specific cytosolic bodies, called the lipid droplets (LDs). Understanding TAG production and LD biogenesis and function in photosynthetic stramenopiles is therefore essential, and is mostly based on the study of a few emerging models, such as the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and eustigmatophytes, such as Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis species. The biogenesis of cytosolic LD usually occurs at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, stramenopile cells contain a complex plastid deriving from a secondary endosymbiosis, limited by four membranes, the outermost one being connected to the endomembrane system. Recent cell imaging and proteomic studies suggest that at least some cytosolic LDs might be associated to the surface of the complex plastid, via still uncharacterized contact sites. The carbon length and number of double bonds of the acyl groups contained in the TAG molecules depend on their origin. De novo synthesis produces long-chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA, MUFA), whereas subsequent maturation processes lead to very long-chain polyunsaturated FA (VLC-PUFA). TAG composition in SFA, MUFA, and VLC-PUFA reflects therefore the metabolic context that gave rise to the formation of the LD, either via an early partitioning of carbon following FA de novo synthesis and/or a recycling of FA from membrane lipids, e.g., plastid galactolipids or endomembrane phosphor- or betaine lipids. In this review, we address the relationship between cytosolic LDs and the complex membrane compartmentalization within stramenopile cells, the metabolic routes leading to TAG accumulation, and the physiological conditions that trigger LD production, in response to various environmental factors.
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