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Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Hernandez-Bustamante EA, Alarcón-Braga EA, Huayta-Cortez M, Carballo-Tello XL, Seminario-Amez RA, Rodríguez-Torres A, Casas-Patiño D, Herrera-Añazco P, Benites-Zapata VA. Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1181230. [PMID: 37441649 PMCID: PMC10335805 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1181230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current study aimed to quantitatively synthesize available evidence regarding the seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods A systematic research involving six electronic databases was conducted using a research strategy that combined MeSH terms with free terms. Article selection and information extraction were performed using a double and independent approach. The Newcastle-Ottawa tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included articles. The meta-analysis used the random-effects approach, with subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk of bias also being performed. Results We included 101 articles with a total of 31,123 participants. The studies were conducted between 1990 and 2022, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of studies (n = 37). The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis was 31.0% (95% CI: 27.0-35.0%, I2 = 99%). The prevalence of the main characteristics observed in seropositive patients were as follows: ocular toxocariasis (30.0%), asymptomatic (26.0%), and presence of dogs at home (68.0%). In addition, the seroprevalence was lower in studies including only adults than in those including children or both. In contrast, no differences in seroprevalences were found between studies conducted in the community and hospital. Conclusion The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean was high. Notably, our findings showed that the seroprevalence was increased among populations who kept a dog at home but was decreased in populations comprising only adults. Our findings can be used to establish epidemiological surveillance strategies for the prevention and early identification of toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique A. Hernandez-Bustamante
- Sociedad Cientifica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
- Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Torres
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, CU Amecameca, Mexico
- Red Internacional en Salud Colectiva y Salud Intercultural, Amecameca, Mexico
| | - Donovan Casas-Patiño
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, CU Amecameca, Mexico
- Red Internacional en Salud Colectiva y Salud Intercultural, Amecameca, Mexico
| | - Percy Herrera-Añazco
- Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo, Peru
- Red Peruana de Salud Colectiva, Lima, Peru
| | - Vicente A. Benites-Zapata
- Unidad de Investigación Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Where Have All the Diagnostic Morphological Parasitologists Gone? J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0098622. [PMID: 36314793 PMCID: PMC9667774 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00986-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in laboratory techniques have revolutionized parasitology diagnostics over the past several decades. Widespread implementation of rapid antigen detection tests has greatly expanded access to tests for global parasitic threats such as malaria, while next-generation amplification and sequencing methods allow for sensitive and specific detection of human and animal parasites in complex specimen matrices.
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Bazargan N, Lari AN, Borhani M, Fasihi Harandi M. Allergic asthma manifestations in human and seropositivity to Toxocara, a soil-transmitted helminth of carnivores: A case-control study and scoping review of the literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:920182. [PMID: 36250067 PMCID: PMC9556890 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.920182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common respiratory disease affecting humans. Helminth parasites, including Toxocara species, have been implicated as predisposing factors of asthma. However, various studies present different findings on asthma-Toxocara association. Herein, we investigated the association of asthma manifestations with Toxocara seropositivity in a case-control setting on 248 participants (147 women and 101 men), with 124 healthy individuals as the control group and 124 patients known to have asthma based on the medical records of asthma clinics of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Consequently, we presented a scoping review of all previous studies carried out on this topic, summarizing current findings and existing knowledge on this issue. Of 248 participants, 31 (12.5%) were Toxocara-seropositive, of which 19 (15.3%) were in the patient group and 12 (9.7%) in the control group. A significant relationship was found between asthma severity and age in Toxocara-seropositive individuals (P < 0.04). We found no significant relationship between asthma and Toxocara seropositivity. We identified 7,724 related records in three major scientific databases, NCBI PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The review of the literature showed that there are 80 published articles on asthma-Toxocara relationship with contradictory findings. More than half of the studies were performed in only four countries, namely, Brazil, the Netherlands, the United States, and Iran. The study population in 70% of the studies were children, and few studies investigated asthma-Toxocara association in adults. The most common study designs for investigating the association of asthma and Toxocara seropositivity were cross-sectional (35.0%), case-control (27.5%), and animal experimental (12.5%) studies. This study found no significant relationship between asthma manifestations and toxocariasis in a case-control setting. However, a scoping review of the current literature suggests that further experimental and field longitudinal cohort studies are required to elucidate the nature of asthma-Toxocara interaction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Bazargan
- Department of Pediatrics, Afzalipour Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azadeh Nasri Lari
- Department of Pediatrics, Afzalipour Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mehdi Borhani
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- *Correspondence: Majid Fasihi Harandi ;
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Asadi N, Tappeh KH, Mohebbi I, Yousefi E, Khademvatan S. Screening of Cystic Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis in Urmia Municipal Workers, Northwest Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:220-229. [PMID: 32516106 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200609121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus granulosus and Toxocara spp., the causative agents of hydatid cyst and toxocariasis in humans and animals, are zoonotic infections with medical and veterinary significance respectively. AIM Herein, we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and cystic echinococcosis in Urmia municipal workers (gardeners and sweepers) in 2018 using ELISA assay. OBJECTIVE There is no precise report on the seroprevalence of toxocariasis and cystic echinococcosis in Urmia municipal workers using ELISA assay. Therefore, this study found an opportunity to investigate this subject. METHODS A total of 220 blood samples were obtained from municipal workers with an average age of 41.31 ± 9.42. Commercial anti-Toxocara canis and hydatid cyst ELISA kits were used to assess the seroprevalence rates. RESULTS Approximately, 14.5% and 2.3% of individuals were seropositive for toxocariasis and hydatidosis, respectively. Consuming unboiled milk and/or raw/uncooked meat and rural conditions are risk factors for toxocariasis. Regarding hydatidosis, consuming unwashed vegetables was the only statistically significant risk factor. Toxocara infection (p = 0.01), but not hydatid cyst (p = 0.05), is more prevalent among sweepers than municipal gardeners. CONCLUSION Due to the occupational condition of municipal workers, they are exposed to many infectious agents; thus, more researches should be done on these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohebbi
- Social Determinants of Health Center, Occupational Medicine Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Sandra Guadalupe B, Mario Noé M, Gustavo Esteban P, Norma Yvett G, Karina C, Alma Leticia C, Alan Eduardo H, José Guadalupe H, Álvaro P, Alejandro Gabriel G, Martha P. Detection of antigens and anti-Toxocara canis antibodies in children with different asthma severities. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:435-442. [PMID: 33559301 PMCID: PMC8127555 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxocara canis can produce or exacerbate asthma, and the detection of anti-T. canis immunoglobulin G (IgG) does not discriminate between recent infection or active larva migrans. In this study, we searched for T. canis third-stage larval antigens (L3 TES) and anti-T. canis antibodies in children with different severities of asthma, controlled or uncontrolled. METHODS A total of 145 patients with asthma who were previously diagnosed using the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines were included. The asthma control was evaluated with the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for the detection of L3 TES; IgG was detected using sera preadsorbed with Ascaris antigens (native kit), and a commercial kit (IgG) was used as the gold standard. RESULTS L3 TES was found in 2 patients (1.37%). One had L3 TES and anti-T. canis IgG, suggesting active larva migrans. In the other patient, only L3 TES was detected, likely because an infection had begun. The seroprevalence with the commercial kit and native kit was 6.2% and 17.93%, respectively. There was no significant association among asthma severity, ACQ and T. canis seroprevalence (p > .05). CONCLUSION It is possible to detect L3 TES in patients with asthma. Two complementary techniques that can determine the infection status with T. canis and rule out cross-reactions involve the detection of L3 TES and IgG using sera preadsorbed with Ascaris antigen. There was no significant association among asthma severity, ACQ and T. canis seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bautista‐García Sandra Guadalupe
- Servicio de Inmunología y Alergia, Departamento de Consulta Externa de PediatríaInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Martínez‐Gordillo Mario Noé
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Subdirección de Medicina ExperimentalInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Peralta‐Abarca Gustavo Esteban
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Subdirección de Medicina ExperimentalInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - González‐Bobadilla Norma Yvett
- Servicio de Inmunología y Alergia, Departamento de Consulta Externa de PediatríaInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Clavijo‐Sánchez Karina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Chávez‐Zea Alma Leticia
- Coordinación del Servicio Social, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | - Huerta‐López José Guadalupe
- Servicio de Inmunología y Alergia, Departamento de Consulta Externa de PediatríaInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Pedroza‐Meléndez Álvaro
- Servicio de Inmunología y Alergia, Departamento de Consulta Externa de PediatríaInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | - Ponce‐Macotela Martha
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Subdirección de Medicina ExperimentalInstituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP)Ciudad de MéxicoMéxico
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Akhmadishina LV, Ruzina MN, Lukasheva MA, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI, Lukashev AN. Seroprevalence and incidence of human toxocarosis in Russia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:419-432. [PMID: 32381210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Overall incidence of toxocariasis in Russia is low and varies between 1.6 and 2.7 per 100,000, while in several hyper-endemic regions, such as Altay, Kurgan, Perm and Udmurtia, it reaches 43 per 100,000. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in published references was on average 16% and varied across the regions of Russia from negligible in North Siberia to 40% in southern regions of West Siberia. Seroprevalence in adults in five regions of Russia identified in this study was on average 20%, and varied from 3% in Yakutia (north of East Siberia) to 36% in Rostov-on-Don, South Russia. There was no correlation between seroprevalence and reported incidence of toxocariasis; however, the pattern of seroprevalence variation could be linked to Toxocara prevalence in dogs. Toxocariasis seroprevalence has more than doubled over the last 20 years. Diagnostic antibody titres (1:800 or more) were found in 3.6% of sera, suggesting about five million of acute Toxocara invasions per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Akhmadishina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria N Ruzina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Lukasheva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen K Kyuregyan
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Mikhailov
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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Ponce-Macotela M, Martínez-Gordillo MN. Toxocara: Seroprevalence in Mexico. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:341-355. [PMID: 32381206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, toxocariasis, like some other parasitosis in humans, is not a disease of conventional surveillance or immediate notification. Seroprevalence studies are scarce, six dealing with paediatric populations and eight dealing with adults; the reports were only from four states in Mexico. There were 1596 children, and the seroprevalence was 13.8%. In the case of adults, there were 1827 subjects, and seroprevalence was 4.7%. There is a significant positive association between seroprevalence and the paediatric population P<0.0001 (OR, 3.285; 95% CI, 2.541-4.279). It is advisable to perform competitive ELISAs and add another diagnostic test, such as Western blot or the detection of circulating antigens to reduce diagnostic uncertainty. This neglected parasitosis can be confused with retinoblastoma. Therefore, there is a risk of ocular enucleation. It is necessary to sensitise the authorities of the Ministry of Health and decision-makers, to provide economic support for epidemiological surveillance of this zoonotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
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Maleki B, Khorshidi A, Gorgipour M, Mirzapour A, Majidiani H, Foroutan M. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil of public areas in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Maleki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khorshidi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gorgipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliyar Mirzapour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Chávez-Güitrón LE, Morales-Montor J, Nava-Castro KE, Ramírez-Álvarez H, Moreno-Mendoza NA, Prado-Ochoa MG, Muñoz-Guzmán MA, Alba-Hurtado F. Progesterone in vitro increases growth, motility and progesterone receptor expression in third stage larvae of Toxocara canis. Exp Parasitol 2019; 198:1-6. [PMID: 30633913 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro effect of progesterone in T. canis larvae on their enlargement and motility were evaluated, together to the possible presence of progesterone receptors (PRs). T. canis larvae were cultured in RPMI-1640 with different concentrations of progesterone (0, 20, 40, 80, 400 and 800 ng/mL). Enlargement and increases in motility were dependent on the concentration only from 0 to 80 ng/mL (p < 0.05). The mean percentage of PR + cells in newly obtained larvae as measured by flow cytometry was 8.16 ± 0.4. The number of PR + cells increased depending on concentration from 0 to 80 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Cells obtained from larvae stimulated at any of the studied hormone concentrations showed greater mean fluorescence intensity when compared to non-stimulated cells. Additionally, the expression and location of PR + cells were determined in the larvae. The sequence of an amplicon (420-bp) obtained by PCR from T. canis larvae showed 100% homology with a gene fragment that codes for the PR of the dog. PR + cells were immunolocated using confocal microscopy in the intestinal region of the larvae that had been recently obtained. The results of this study show that T. canis larvae can recognize and respond to the presence of progesterone through a molecule possibly able to bind it. Since we previously observed a similar response to prolactin, we suggest that both hormones could participate sequentially in the reactivation of T. canis larvae in pregnant bitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Chávez-Güitrón
- División Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, Km. 37.5 Carretera Federal México Pachuca, Col. Sierra Hermosa, 55740, Tecámac, MEX, Mexico
| | - J Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - K E Nava-Castro
- Departamento de Toxicología y Medicina, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - H Ramírez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan S/N, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, Mexico
| | - N A Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - M G Prado-Ochoa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan S/N, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, Mexico
| | - M A Muñoz-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan S/N, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, Mexico
| | - F Alba-Hurtado
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan S/N, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, Mexico.
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Aghaei S, Riahi SM, Rostami A, Mohammadzadeh I, Javanian M, Tohidi E, Foroutan M, Esmaeili Dooki M. Toxocara spp. infection and risk of childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2018; 182:298-304. [PMID: 29573999 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory disease worldwide, with a negative impact on quality of life and socio-economic status of patients. There are some evidences to suggest that Toxocara infection is a neglected risk factor for childhood asthma. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to further understanding of this relationship. Five databases include PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science (ISI), and Google scholar were searched (up to October 2017) to identify the relevant studies. We used random-effects meta-analysis model to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with the Q-test and I2 statistic. A total of 17 studies including 11 studies with case-control design (1139 patients and 1023 controls) and six studies with cross-sectional design (a total of 5469 participants, 872 asthmatics, and 4597 non-asthmatics children) met the eligibility criteria. An increased risk for asthma was observed in children with Toxocara infection seropositivity (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.47-2.47). In sub-group analysis, the pooled ORs were (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.43-3.15) and (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.23-2.44) for case-control and cross-sectional studies, respectively. Moreover, considering to specific IgE seropositivity, a pooled OR of 2.36 (95% CI, 0.93-5.98) was observed. In conclusion, this meta-analysis revealed that children infected with Toxocara spp. are more likely to have asthma compared to non-infected children. More studies (especially longitudinal studies) are needed to further investigate the impact of Toxocara spp. infection on the onset or development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Aghaei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Student's Committee Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ehsan Tohidi
- Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Rodríguez-Caballero A, Martínez-Gordillo MN, Caballero-Salazar S, Rufino-González Y, Ponce-Macotela M. Toxocara canis: Analysis of the kinetics of antigen release and antibody production in an in vivo model for the detection of past or present infection. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:183-187. [PMID: 28807291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, Toxocara canis is an important zoonotic nematode of public health concern. This soil-transmitted helminth causes visceral larva and ocular larva migrans in paratenic hosts. The detection of T. canis larva migrans is complicated because current immunological tests detect only IgG antibodies, which can cross-react with antigens from other parasites and cannot distinguish between the past and present infection. Analysis of antigen release and antibody production could help improve the detection of larva migrans. Here, we report the kinetics of antigen release, IgM and IgG production in an in vivo model for the detection of past or present infection. We used four groups of seven mice: two groups infected orally with 50 or 100 embryonated eggs, and the other two infected intraperitoneally with 50 or 100 live larvae. We obtained blood samples at 0, 3, 7, and 14days and, then, every two weeks until day 140. Sandwich ELISA and indirect ELISA were performed for antigen capture and the detection of immunoglobulins, respectively. Mice inoculated with larvae developed an immune response faster than those inoculated with eggs. In all groups, antigen capture was positive starting at 3days until 140days post-inoculation (dpi). Detection of immunoglobulins was at 14 or 28dpi in mice inoculated with larvae or eggs, respectively. Negative IgM values were detected at days 98 and 112. The samples remained positive for IgG until the last day of the experiment. Data suggest that in mice inoculated with T canis eggs, some larvae did not hatch, others died or never reached the bloodstream. Based on our model, we propose that there is early infection when only antigens are present, and active larva migrans when antigen and immunoglobulins are detected, implying an immune response of the host against the antigen. Our study offers a view into the parasite-host relationship and enables us to infer if there are live larvae. Additionally, these findings provide a foundation for the diagnosis and differentiation of recent infection and active larva migrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Rodríguez-Caballero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, C.P. 04530, México.
| | - Mario Noé Martínez-Gordillo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, C.P. 04530, México.
| | - Silvia Caballero-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, C.P. 04530, México.
| | - Yadira Rufino-González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, C.P. 04530, México.
| | - Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, C.P. 04530, México.
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Mosayebi M, Moini L, Hajihossein R, Didehdar M, Eslamirad Z. Detection of Specific Antibody Reactivity to Toxocara Larval Excretory-secretory Antigens in Asthmatic Patients (5-15 Years). Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:162-167. [PMID: 27857820 PMCID: PMC5090774 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Humans act as an intermediate host for Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Toxocara may be an important risk factor for asthma in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-Toxocara canis antibody, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in asthmatic patients (aged 5-15 years), referring to a clinic of pulmonary diseases in Arak, Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS In this bi-group cross sectional study, serum samples were collected from 110 children with confirmed asthma and 70 children without asthma within one year. IgG anti-Toxocara antibody was detected viaELISA method. The collected data were analyzed, using SPSS. RESULTS The seroprevalence of antibodies against Toxocara species was estimated at 1.8% (two males) in asmathic children viaELISA method; however, no antibodies against Toxocara canis were detected in the control group. There was no significant correlation between the frequency of antibodies against Toxocara and variables such as age, gender, or place of residence (P>0.05). Moreover, the frequency of antibodies against Toxocara was not significantly correlated with contact with dogs, consumption of unwashed fruits and vegetables, or use of raw/undercooked sheep liver (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The present study showed anti-Toxocara antibody in 1.8% of asthmatic children and determined the seroprevalence of toxocariasis in asthmatic children and adolescents in Arak, Iran. Based on the findings, the low rate of infection with Toxocara among asthmatic children may be attributed to acceptable personal hygiene and religious considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mosayebi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medicine Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Latif Moini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Hajihossein
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medicine Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medicine Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslamirad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medicine Faculty, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Chávez-Güitrón L, Morales-Montor J, Muñoz-Guzmán M, Nava-Castro K, Ramírez-Álvarez H, Moreno-Méndoza N, Hernández-Cervantes R, Alba-Hurtado F. The in vitro effect of prolactin on the growth, motility and expression of prolactin receptors in larvae of Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol 2016. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The in vitro effect of prolactin on the growth, motility and expression of prolactin receptors in larvae of Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 224:33-38. [PMID: 27270387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro effect of prolactin (PRL) on the growth and motility of Toxocara canis larvae was assessed. Additionally, the expression and location of prolactin receptors (PRL-Rs) were determined in the larvae. Larvae of T. canis were incubated with different concentrations of PRL for different periods of time. The stimulated larvae accelerated their enlargement and increased their motility. The mean percentage of PRL-R+ cells in non-stimulated larvae, measured by flow cytometry was 7.3±0.3%. Compared with non-stimulated larvae, the mean fluorescence intensity (p<0.05) increased in larvae incubated with 40ng/mL of PRL for 10 days. A 465-bp length fragment was amplified from larvae gDNA by PCR. The sequence of this fragment showed 99% similarity with the gene fragment that codes for the PRL-R of the domestic dog. A high concentration of PRL-Rs was immune-located in the posterior region of the larval intestine; therefore, the intestinal cells in this region were most likely the targets for this hormone. Based on these results, PRL-Rs were identified in T. canis larvae, and the in vitro stimulation with PRL increased the number of these receptors, accelerated the growth and modified the activity of larvae. All of the above suggest that T. canis larvae are evolutionarily adapted to recognize the PRL of their definitive host and furthermore might explain the reactivation of tissue-arrested larvae during the gestation of bitches, which does not occur in gestating females of other species.
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Cadore PS, Zhang L, Lemos LDL, Lorenzi C, Telmo PDL, Dos Santos PC, Mattos GT, Vignol FS, Prietsch SOM, Berne MEA, Scaini CJ. Toxocariasis and childhood asthma: A case-control study. J Asthma 2016; 53:601-6. [PMID: 27104477 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1064951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the association between anti-Toxocara IgG seropositivity and asthma in children. METHODS This was a case-control study conducted in a university hospital in south Brazil between May 2012 and June 2013. Were recruited 208 children up to 12 years old of whom 156 had asthma (cases) and 52 did not have asthma (controls), with a case-control ratio of 3:1 matched by age. Children's parents or guardians were interviewed using a structured questionnaire with closed questions. Serology was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with excretory-secretory antigen of Toxocara canis (TES). RESULTS The seroprevalence of IgG anti-T. canis antibodies was 12.8% in the cases and 7.7% in the controls. There was no significant association between seropositivity to T. canis and risk of asthma (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.89, 95% CI: 0.52 to 6.89, p = 0.33). Household income < 2 minimum salaries, paternal school years < 9, allergic rhinitis in children, a positive family history of asthma and rhinitis and contact with cats were significantly associated with asthma, with adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of 3.05 (1.21 to 7.73), 2.83 (1.11 to 7.18), 10.5 (4.32 to 25.6), 2.65 (1.14 to 6.17), 2.49 (1.07 to 5.78) and 2.73 (1.03 to 7.27), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study did not find a statistically significant association between seropositivity to Toxocara sp. and risk of asthma in children. Low family income, low paternal education level, concomitant allergic rhinitis, family history of asthma and allergic rhinitis and contact with cats were independent factors associated with childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Silva Cadore
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Linjie Zhang
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Liliam de Lima Lemos
- b Graduate Program in Biological Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Carolina Lorenzi
- c Graduate Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Paula de Lima Telmo
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Paula Costa Dos Santos
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Mattos
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Flávia Saraçol Vignol
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Silvio O M Prietsch
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
- d Postgraduate Program in Parasitology, Institute of Biology , Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas , Brazil
| | - Carlos James Scaini
- a Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Federal University of Rio Grande , Rio Grande , Brazil
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Rodríguez-Caballero A, Martínez-Gordillo MN, Medina-Flores Y, Medina-Escutia ME, Meza-Lucas A, Correa D, Caballero-Salazar S, Ponce-Macotela M. Successful capture of Toxocara canis larva antigens from human serum samples. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:264. [PMID: 25952316 PMCID: PMC4426178 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxocara canis is a nematode that parasitizes dogs, while humans are paratenic hosts. When humans are infected the migrating larvae damage the liver, lungs and even the nervous system. Larva migrans diagnosis is based on immunological techniques; however, the commercial immunodiagnostic kits detect anti-T. canis antibodies which may cross-react with other parasites, mainly nematodes with extra-intestinal migration. Moreover, antibodies do not necessarily reflect an active infection; so detection and quantification of circulating antigens may provide appropriate and timely information for treatment, which prevents irreversible damage. Here we report the standardization of a monoclonal antibody based antigen capture ELISA to diagnose human toxocariasis without cross-reaction. Methods We developed anti-T. canis polyclonal antibodies in rabbits and a monoclonal antibody in mouse which did not cross-react with 15 antigens from several parasites. The sandwich ELISA standardization was performed using sera from mice experimentally infected. We tested the method using 29 positive and 58 negative human sera previously typified with a commercial kit, which detects antibodies. Results Only 5.0 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibody, respectively, were needed in the sandwich ELISA standardization, detecting since 440 pg/mL larva antigens. Nine out of 29 antibody-positive sera were also positive for antigens and no false positive were found. Taking the antibody kit as the reference standard, the sensibility and specificity of the antigen test were 31% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions With these tools we established a detection threshold as low as 440 pg/mL antigen. Monoclonal antibody is specific, and did not cross-react with antigens from other parasites. Detection of circulating antigens helps provide appropriate and timely treatment and prevents irreversible damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Rodríguez-Caballero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco. Delegación Coyoacan, México D.F, 04530, México.
| | - Mario Noé Martínez-Gordillo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco. Delegación Coyoacan, México D.F, 04530, México.
| | - Yolanda Medina-Flores
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Monoclonales, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Calle Francisco P Miranda No. 177. Col. Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, México D.F, 01480, México.
| | - María Edith Medina-Escutia
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Monoclonales, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Calle Francisco P Miranda No. 177. Col. Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, México D.F, 01480, México.
| | - Antonio Meza-Lucas
- Laboratorio de Pruebas Rápidas, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Calle Francisco P Miranda No. 177. Col. Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, México D.F, 01480, México.
| | - Dolores Correa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco. Delegación Coyoacan, México D.F, 04530, México.
| | - Silvia Caballero-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco. Delegación Coyoacan, México D.F, 04530, México.
| | - Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco. Delegación Coyoacan, México D.F, 04530, México.
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Alvarez-Guerrero C, Muñoz-Guzmán MA, Alba-Hurtado F. Pathological and parasitological traits in experimentally infected cats with Gnathostoma binucleatum (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae). Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:279-84. [PMID: 24877783 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to describe some of the unknown pathological and parasitological traits of experimental feline gnathostomosis. Thirteen female cats were orally inoculated with 30 advanced third-stage Gnathostoma binucleatum larvae and were euthanized at various post-infection (p.i.) periods. Clinically, the cats presented with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and other nonspecific signs. None of the cats shed eggs in their fecal matter. One cat, euthanized at 6 months p.i., developed a fibrous vascular nodule 2-3 cm in diameter within its gastric wall. The nodule contained caverns filled with mucous and bloody fluid as well as a juvenile worm. The histological characteristics of the nodule were observed, and the morphology of the juvenile worm was revealed using scanning electron microscopy. Another cat, euthanized at 10 months p.i., was found to have a larva within its diaphragm. Infected cats developed increased antibody titers against antigens of G. binucleatum adults and larvae beginning in the first month p.i., and these titers were maintained until the end of the experiment, suggesting the presence of undetected migrating larvae. The low number of cats with parasites and poor development of the parasites found suggest that cats have a low susceptibility to infection by G. binucleatum and cast doubt on the importance of domestic cats in maintaining the biological cycle of this parasite in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alvarez-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M A Muñoz-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - F Alba-Hurtado
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
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Lee RM, Moore LB, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ. Toxocariasis in North America: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3116. [PMID: 25166906 PMCID: PMC4148222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an important neglected tropical disease that can manifest as visceral or ocular larva migrans, or covert toxocariasis. All three forms pose a public health problem and cause significant morbidity in areas of high prevalence. To determine the burden of toxocariasis in North America, we conducted a systematic review of the literature following PRISMA guidelines. We found 18 articles with original prevalence, incidence, or case data for toxocariasis. Prevalence estimates ranged from 0.6% in a Canadian Inuit community to 30.8% in Mexican children with asthma. Commonly cited risk factors included: African-American race, poverty, male sex, and pet ownership or environmental contamination by animal feces. Increased prevalence of Toxocara spp. infection was linked in a group of case control studies conducted in Mexico to several high risk groups including waste pickers, asthmatic children, and inpatient psychiatry patients. Further research is needed to determine the true current burden of toxocariasis in North America; however the prevalence estimates gathered in this review suggest that the burden of disease is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura B. Moore
- James A. Baker Institute of Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Dumonteil E, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Ortega J, Ponce de Leon Rosales S, Betancourt Cravioto M, Tapia-Conyer R. Texas and Mexico: sharing a legacy of poverty and neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1497. [PMID: 22479656 PMCID: PMC3313919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro De Investigaciones Regional “Dr. Hideo Noguchi”, Autonomous University of Yucatan (UADY), Merida, Mexico
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaime Ortega
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados - Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A, Overgaauw PA. Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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