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Fan Y, Wang M, Zhang Q, Ouyang S, Mao W, Xu C, Wang M, Long C. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine Cynoglossum amabile: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1325283. [PMID: 38655180 PMCID: PMC11035817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cynoglossum amabile, a member of the Boraginaceae family, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine known as Daotihu. Despite several studies confirming the presence of bioactive pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as amabiline, ambelline, echinatine, europine, and others in C. amabile, there has been no comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology thus far. This review was conducted by thoroughly examining the literature and analyzing network databases. It covers various aspects of C. amabile, including botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and clinical applications. The results have shown that C. amabile has been traditionally used for medicinal, edible, and ornamental purposes in China for many centuries. The whole plant, root, and leaf of C. amabile are used by different ethnic groups, such as Lisu, Bai, Naxi, Yi, Jinuo, and Han, to treat malaria, hepatitis, dysentery, leucorrhea, tuberculosis cough, fracture, joint dislocation, trauma bleeding, and skin carbuncle abscess. A total of 47 chemical components, including alkaloids (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), sterols, organic acids, and saccharides, were isolated from C. amabile. Pharmacological studies show that the chemical extracts of C. amabile possess various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, cardiovascular effects, ganglionic action, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, it is important to note that C. amabile exhibits hepatotoxicity, with its toxicity being linked to its primary PAs components. Although preliminary studies suggest potential applications in the treatment of prostate diseases and alopecia, further research is needed to validate these clinical uses. Our review highlights the traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, and clinical applications of C. amabile. It emphasizes the essential guiding role of the indigenous medicinal knowledge system in developing new drugs. Previous studies have shown that the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of C. amabile are significantly related to its traditional medicinal practices. Cynoglossum amabile has excellent market potential and can be further analyzed in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, which are critical for its clinical drug safety, quality evaluation, and resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Mao
- Xianggelila Bureau of Forestry and Grassland, Beijing, China
| | - Congli Xu
- Baoshan Administrative of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Baoshan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- BTBU-TANGYI Innovation Center for the Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioengineering Raw Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Xia J, Chen C, Dong M, Zhu Y, Wang A, Li S, Zhang R, Feng C, Jiang X, Xu X, Wang J. Ginsenoside Rg3 endows liposomes with prolonged blood circulation and reduced accelerated blood clearance. J Control Release 2023; 364:23-36. [PMID: 37863358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated cholesterol-containing liposomes (Chol-PEG-lipo) have been widely used as a drug carrier for their good stealth property in blood circulation where cholesterol maintains the stability of the liposomal lipid bilayer and PEGylation endows liposomes with long circulation capability. However, cholesterol-related disadvantages and the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon caused by PEGylation greatly limit the application of conventional stealth liposomes in clinic. Herein, ginsenoside Rg3 was selected to substitute cholesterol and PEG for liposomes preparation (Rg3-lipo). Rg3 was proved with similar liposomal membrane regulation ability to cholesterol and comparable long circulation effect to PEG. In addition, repeated administrations of Chol-PEG-lipo and Rg3-lipo were performed. The circulation time of the second dose of Chol-PEG-lipo was substantially reduced accompanied by a greatly increased accumulation in the liver due to the induction of anti-PEG IgM and the subsequent activated complement system. In contrast, no significantly increased level of relative plasma cells, IgM secretion and the complement activation in blood circulation was observed after the second injection of Rg3-lipo. As a result, Rg3-lipo showed great stealth property without ABC phenomenon. Therefore, developing liposomes utilizing Rg3 instead of PEG and cholesterol presents a promising strategy to prolong the blood circulation time of liposomes without triggering the ABC phenomenon and activated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meichen Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anni Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunbo Feng
- R&D Center, Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xinnan Jiang
- R&D Center, Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xinchun Xu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Xuhui Hospital attached to Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Digestive Enzymes Inhibition Activities of Hydro-Ethanolic Leaf and Bark Extracts of Psychotria densinervia (K. Krause) Verdc. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:8459943. [PMID: 35572415 PMCID: PMC9106491 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8459943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotria densinervia hydro-ethanolic leaf extract (PHELE) and bark extract (PHEBE) were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and inhibition of digestive enzymes activities. The antioxidant activity was characterized by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was characterized by protein denaturation and antiproteinase tests, while the inhibition of the enzymes was assessed using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, and cholesterol esterase activities. PHELE presented low (
) IC50 (59.09 ± 5.97 μg/ml) for DPPH compared with ascorbic acid (71.78 ± 6.37 μg/ml) and PHEBE (115.40 ± 1.21 μg/ml). The IC50 of PHELE (262.4 ± 4.46 μg/ml) and PHEBE (354.2 ± 1.97 μg/ml) was higher (
) than that of catechin (33.48 ± 2.02 μg/ml) for ABTS. PHELE had high (
) FRAP (341.73 ± 21.70 mg CE/g) than PHEBE (150.30 ± 0.32 mg CE/g). PHELE presented (
) high TPC (270.05 ± 7.53 mg CE/g) and TFC (23.43 ± 0.032 mg CE/g) than PHEBE (TPC: 138.89 ± 0.91 and TFC: 20.06 ± 0.032 mg CE/g). PHELE showed antiprotein denaturation with IC50 (257.0 ± 7.51 μg/ml) (
) and antiproteinase activity (74.37 ± 1.10 μg/ml) lower than PHEBE (316.1 ± 6.02 μg/ml and 177.6 ± 0.50 μg/ml), respectively. Orlistat inhibited lipase (
) activity with IC50 (37.11 ± 4.39 μg/ml) lower than PHELE and PHEBE (50.57 ± 2.89 μg/ml and 62.88 ± 1.74 μg/ml, respectively). PHELE inhibited cholesterol esterase with IC50 (34.75 ± 3.87 μg/ml) lower than orlistat (54.61 ± 2.56) and PHEBE (80.14 ± 1.71 μg/ml). PHELE inhibited α-amylase IC50 (6.07 ± 4.05 μg/ml) lower than PHEBE (19.69 ± 6.27 μg/ml) and acarbose (20.01 ± 2.84 μg/ml). Acarbose inhibited α-glucosidase (
) activity with IC50 (4.11 ± 3.47 μg/ml) lower than PHELE (24.41 ± 2.84 μg/ml) and PHEBE (38.81 ± 2.46 μg/ml). PHELE presented better antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibition activity than PHEBE.
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Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Barghchi H, Pahlavani N, Barati M, Amiri Y, Fadel A, Khosravi M, Talebi S, Arzhang P, Ziaei R, Ghavami A. Biological and pharmacological effects and nutritional impact of phytosterols: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 36:299-322. [PMID: 34729825 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs), classified into plant sterols and stanols, are bioactive compounds found in foods of plant origin. PSs have been proposed to exert a wide number of pharmacological properties, including the potential to reduce total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and thereby decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Other health-promoting effects of PSs include anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Also, anticancer effects have been strongly suggested, as phytosterol-rich diets may reduce the risk of cancer by 20%. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the available evidence regarding the beneficial physiological and pharmacological activities of PSs, with special emphasis on their therapeutic potential for human health and safety. Also, we will explore the factors that influence the physiologic response to PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasaman Amiri
- Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdulmannan Fadel
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Talebi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutritional Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Research progress on the utilisation of embedding technology and suitable delivery systems for improving the bioavailability of nattokinase: A review. FOOD STRUCTURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Salehi B, Quispe C, Sharifi-Rad J, Cruz-Martins N, Nigam M, Mishra AP, Konovalov DA, Orobinskaya V, Abu-Reidah IM, Zam W, Sharopov F, Venneri T, Capasso R, Kukula-Koch W, Wawruszak A, Koch W. Phytosterols: From Preclinical Evidence to Potential Clinical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:599959. [PMID: 33519459 PMCID: PMC7841260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.599959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) are plant-originated steroids. Over 250 PSs have been isolated, and each plant species contains a characteristic phytosterol composition. A wide number of studies have reported remarkable pharmacological effects of PSs, acting as chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiatherosclerotic agents. However, PS bioavailability is a key issue, as it can be influenced by several factors (type, source, processing, preparation, delivery method, food matrix, dose, time of administration into the body, and genetic factors), and the existence of a close relationship between their chemical structures (e.g., saturation degree and side-chain length) and low absorption rates has been stated. In this sense, the present review intends to provide in-depth data on PS therapeutic potential for human health, also emphasizing their preclinical effects and bioavailability-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shobhit University, Gangoh, India
| | - Dmitryi Alexeevich Konovalov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Botany and Technology of Phytopreparations, Pyatigorsk Medical-Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Valeriya Orobinskaya
- Institute of Service, Tourism and Design (Branch) of North-Caucasus Federal University in Pyatigorsk, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah
- Department of Environmental Science/Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products”, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Hong C, Liang J, Xia J, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Wang A, Lu C, Ren H, Chen C, Li S, Wang D, Zhan H, Wang J. One Stone Four Birds: A Novel Liposomal Delivery System Multi-functionalized with Ginsenoside Rh2 for Tumor Targeting Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:129. [PMID: 34138128 PMCID: PMC7770862 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes hold great potential in anti-cancer drug delivery and the targeting treatment of tumors. However, the clinical therapeutic efficacy of liposomes is still limited by the complexity of tumor microenvironment (TME) and the insufficient accumulation in tumor sites. Meanwhile, the application of cholesterol and polyethylene glycol (PEG), which are usually used to prolong the blood circulation and stabilize the structure of liposomes respectively, has been questioned due to various disadvantages. Herein, we developed a ginsenoside Rh2-based multifunctional liposome system (Rh2-lipo) to effectively address these challenges once for all. Different with the conventional 'wooden' liposomes, Rh2-lipo is a much more brilliant carrier with multiple functions. In Rh2-lipo, both cholesterol and PEG were substituted by Rh2, which works as membrane stabilizer, long-circulating stealther, active targeting ligand, and chemotherapy adjuvant at the same time. Firstly, Rh2 could keep the stability of liposomes and avoid the shortcomings caused by cholesterol. Secondly, Rh2-lipo showed a specifically prolonged circulation behavior in the blood. Thirdly, the accumulation of the liposomes in the tumor was significantly enhanced by the interaction of glucose transporter of tumor cells with Rh2. Fourth, Rh2-lipo could remodel the structure and reverse the immunosuppressive environment in TME. When tested in a 4T1 breast carcinoma xenograft model, the paclitaxel-loaded Rh2-lipo realized high efficient tumor growth suppression. Therefore, Rh2-lipo not only innovatively challenges the position of cholesterol as a liposome component, but also provides another innovative potential system with multiple functions for anti-cancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxuan Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Anni Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Ginposome Pharmatech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201600, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxing Zhan
- Shanghai Ginposome Pharmatech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201600, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Jovanović AA, Balanč BD, Djordjević VB, Ota A, Skrt M, Šavikin KP, Bugarski BM, Nedović VA, Ulrih NP. Effect of gentisic acid on the structural-functional properties of liposomes incorporating β-sitosterol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110422. [PMID: 31437609 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional liposomes incorporating β-sitosterol were developed for delivery of gentisic acid (GA). The interactions of both compounds with phospholipid bilayer were interpreted viaeffects of different β-sitosterol content (0, 20 and 50 mol %) and different gentisic acid to lipid ratio (nGA/nlip from 10-5 to 1) on membrane fluidity and thermotropic properties. Multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholines (with size range between 1350 and 1900 nm) effectively encapsulated GA (54%) when nGA/nlip was higher than 0.01. Suppression of lipid peroxidation was directly related to concentration of GA. The resistance to diffusion of gentisic acid from liposomes increased for ˜50% in samples incorporating 50 mol % β-sitosterol compared to sterol-free liposomes. Finally, simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions showed that the release was mainly affected by low pH of simulated gastric fluid and the presence of cholates in simulated intestinal fluid, rather than by enzymes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A Jovanović
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana D Balanč
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica B Djordjević
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ajda Ota
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Skrt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina P Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr Josif Pančić", Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko M Bugarski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Viktor A Nedović
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wang M, Zhang L, Wu X, Zhao Y, Wu L, Lu B. Quantitative determination of free and esterified phytosterol profile in nuts and seeds commonly consumed in China by SPE/GC–MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Recent advancements in oral administration of insulin-loaded liposomal drug delivery systems for diabetes mellitus. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:201-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fumeron F, Bard JM, Lecerf JM. Interindividual variability in the cholesterol-lowering effect of supplementation with plant sterols or stanols. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:134-145. [PMID: 28158760 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a causal role in atherosclerosis. One way to reduce LDL-C levels is to inhibit cholesterol absorption. Plant sterols and stanols compete with cholesterol for absorption in the intestine and induce an average decrease in LDL-C by 5% to 15% in a dose-dependent manner, but not in all individuals. This review focuses on the interindividual variability in response to dietary supplementation with plant sterols and stanols. Dietary plant sterols and stanols have no significant effects on LDL-C in substantial numbers of individuals. Higher responses, in absolute value and percentage of LDL-C, are observed in individuals with higher cholesterol absorption and a lower rate of cholesterol synthesis. Some data provide evidence of the influence of genetics on the response to plant sterols and stanols. Further studies in large populations are required to extend these conclusions about genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fumeron
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bard
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Lecerf
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Wang M, Huang W, Hu Y, Zhang L, Shao Y, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhao Z, Mei X, Li T, Wang D, Liang Y, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Xu T, Song H, Zhong Y, Lu B. Phytosterol Profiles of Common Foods and Estimated Natural Intake of Different Structures and Forms in China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2669-2676. [PMID: 29397719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are well-known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, and the structures and forms of phytosterols affect their bioactivity. We aimed to illustrate the phytosterol profiles in common foods and estimate their natural intake in five geographical regions and among different age groups in China. In total, 12 phytosterols in free and esterified forms of 119 foods from five regions across China were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, the dietary intake of phytosterols was calculated combined with the dietary foods intake data of Chinese people. The total phytosterol content was highest in vegetable oils (150.4-1230.9 mg/100 g), followed by legumes (129.6-275.6 mg/100 g), nuts (18.9-255.2 mg/100 g), and cereals (11.9-93.8 mg/100 g). Vegetables and fruits contained lower contents of total phytosterols. Phytosterols were mainly esterified in most common foods except in nuts. The predominant phytosterols were β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, all of which belonged to plant sterols and 4-desmethylsterols. Total phytosterol intake varied across different regions, ranging between 257.7 and 473.7 mg/standard-person (sp)/day, with the highest intake in Beijing, followed by Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Guangzhou. However, phytosterol proportion was similar across regions, with β-sitosterol accounting for 46.5-50.3% of the natural intake. Phytosterol intake was mainly constituted by plant sterols and 4-desmethylsterols in esterified form (61.9-74.6%). At the age of 2-70 years, phytosterol intake ranged from 154.3 mg/day to 348.0 mg/day in the national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Weisu Huang
- Department of Applied Technology , Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Yinzhou Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yafang Shao
- China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Ziyan Zhao
- Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Xiaohong Mei
- China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Tao Li
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science , Haikou 571101 , China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210014 , China
| | - Jing Li
- The Research Institute of Pomology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Xingcheng 125100 , China
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Applied Technology , Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Huaxin Song
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yongheng Zhong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Nderitu KW, Mwenda NS, Macharia NJ, Barasa SS, Ngugi MP. Antiobesity Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Amaranthus dubius, Cucurbita pepo, and Vigna unguiculata in Progesterone-Induced Obese Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:4317321. [PMID: 28947909 PMCID: PMC5602495 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4317321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amaranthus dubius, Vigna unguiculata, and Cucurbita pepo are traditionally used to manage obesity in Kenya but lack scientific validation to support their use. The aim of this study was to determine the antiobesity activity of methanolic leaf extracts of these plants in progesterone-induced obese mice. The activity of the methanolic leaf extracts was orally bioscreened in progesterone-induced obese mice at 200 mg/kg/bw and 400 mg/kg/bw. Body mass index was calculated once per week for four weeks and blood samples were obtained at the end of the experiment for lipid profile analysis. Antiobesity activities of the extracts were compared with the controls. Leaf extracts of A. dubius, C. pepo, and V. unguiculata, at dose concentrations of 200 mg/kgbw and 400 mg/kgbw, showed significant effects on body mass index (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the three extracts on lipid parameter profiles (p > 0.05). The present study showed high food intake in the negative control group as compared with normal control, positive control, and treatment groups. These extracts contained various phytochemicals such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids and therefore validate use of aforementioned plants in the suppression of obesity and their use for management of obesity is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wanjiku Nderitu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Njagi Shadrack Mwenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ndegwa John Macharia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Stephen Super Barasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Mathew Piero Ngugi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Köhler J, Teupser D, Elsässer A, Weingärtner O. Plant sterol enriched functional food and atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1281-1289. [PMID: 28253422 PMCID: PMC5429322 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor. A healthy diet and a healthy lifestyle reduces cardiovascular risk. 'Functional foods' supplemented with phytosterols are recommended for the management of hypercholesterolaemia and have become a widely used non-prescription approach to lower plasma cholesterol levels. Two billion euros are spent world-wide each year on various functional foods, which have regulator-approved health claims for the management of elevated cholesterol levels. While international societies, such as the European Atherosclerosis Society or the National Heart Foundation in Australia, still advise phytosterols as an additional dietary option in the management of hypercholesterolaemia, recently released guidelines such as those from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom are more critical of food supplementation with phytosterols and draw attention to significant safety issues. This review challenges whether an intervention with phytosterol supplements is beneficial. We summarize the current evidence from genetic diseases, genetic association studies, clinical trial data and data from animal studies. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Köhler
- Clinic for Thorax‐, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Pius‐Hospital OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky UniversitätOldenburgGermany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Albrecht Elsässer
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg‐GroningenCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg‐GroningenCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
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Meco López JF, Pascual Fuster V, Solà Alberich R. [Using plant sterols in clinical practice: From the chemistry to the clinic]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2016; 28:283-294. [PMID: 27317041 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes what are plant sterols, the chemical structure to understand their mechanism of cholesterol-lowering action, and indications and contraindications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Solà Alberich
- Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, España
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Cicero AFG, Colletti A. Combinations of phytomedicines with different lipid lowering activity for dyslipidemia management: The available clinical data. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1113-1118. [PMID: 26621556 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of death and the leading cause of disability in industrialized countries. Dyslipidemia is a major independent and reversible risk factor for these diseases: it is estimated that a reduction of 1 mmol/l (38 mg/dl) of LDL cholesterol is associated with a risk of developing a cardiovascular complication reduced by 25%, a reduction potentially achieved by life-style improvement associated to adequate dietary supplementation with bioactive substances. AIM The aim of this review is to focus on the major phytochemical nutraceuticals combinations supported by clinical trials that have demonstrated positive effects in the treatment of dyslipidemia. MAIN TEXT There are many nutraceuticals with significant lipid-lowering properties: most of them are used in association with a low dosage, because that permits to reduce the risk of side effects and theoretically to improve efficacy. In fact, natural products with different synergetic lipid-lowering could be combined: they can reduce the absorption of lipids from the bowel and/or increase their excretion (soluble fibers, plant sterols, probiotics), enhance the hepatic uptake of cholesterol (berberine, soybean proteins), inhibit Hydroxy-Methil-Gglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase enzyme and consequently the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol (monacolins, policosanols, allicin, soybean proteins, bergamot); furthermore some products are able to reduce the oxidation of the LDL and increase the thermogenesis and lipid metabolism (chlorogenic acid). CONCLUSION Rational combinations of nutraceuticals with different lipid-lowering activities, whether associated with an appropriate lifestyle, should provide an alternative to drug treatment in patients in primary cardiovascular disease prevention with mildly added cardiovascular risk and in some statin-intolerant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F G Cicero
- Diseases Research Center, Medicine & Surgery Department, Alma Mater Studiorum Atherosclerosis and Metabolic University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Colletti
- Diseases Research Center, Medicine & Surgery Department, Alma Mater Studiorum Atherosclerosis and Metabolic University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Matsuoka K, Kase A, Matsuo T, Ashida Y. Competitive Solubilization of Cholesterol/Cholesteryl Oleate and Seven Species of Sterol/Stanol in Model Intestinal Solution System. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:783-91. [PMID: 26136176 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of plant sterols/stanols (sterols or stanols) can reduce the solubilization of cholesterol in a model intestinal solution system. We studied the molecular structure of seven different sterols/stanols and the effect they had on the solubilization of cholesterol or cholesterol ester in a model intestinal solution. The differences in the molecular structures of the sterol/stanol species influenced their abilities to reduce the solubility of cholesterol in the competitive solubilization experiments. Cholestanol whose molecular structure resembled cholesterol was the most effective at reducing the solubilization of cholesterol and cholesterol ester, with the solubilities of cholesterol and cholesteryl oleate being 41% and 39% respectively of the values observed for the single solubilizate systems. β-Sitosterol was also able to reduce the solubilities of cholesterol and cholesteryl oleate to 43% and 45% of those observed in a single solubilizate system. Both, stigmasterol and brassicasterol have an unsaturated double bond in a steroid side chain and did not exhibit major cholesterol-lowering effects. These results were reflected by the Gibbs free energy change values (ΔG(0)) for solubilization, where the sterol/stanol species with cholesterol-lowering effects had similar or larger negative ΔG(0) values than those observed for cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuoka
- Faculty of Education, Laboratory of Chemistry, Saitama University
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Liposomes containing cholesterol analogues of botanical origin as drug delivery systems to enhance the oral absorption of insulin. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bard JM, Paillard F, Lecerf JM. Effect of phytosterols/stanols on LDL concentration and other surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2015; 41:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Becker DJ, French B, Morris PB, Silvent E, Gordon RY. Phytosterols, red yeast rice, and lifestyle changes instead of statins: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J 2013; 166:187-96. [PMID: 23816039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients who refuse or cannot tolerate statin drugs choose alternative therapies for lipid lowering. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the lipid-lowering effects of phytosterol tablets and lifestyle change (LC) on top of red yeast rice (RYR) therapy in patients with a history of statin refusal or statin-associated myalgias. DESIGN A total of 187 participants (mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], 154 mg/dL) took RYR 1800 mg twice daily and were randomized to phytosterol tablets 900 mg twice daily or placebo. Participants were also randomized to a 12-week LC program or usual care (UC). Primary end point was change in LDL-C at 12, 24, and 52 weeks. Secondary end points were effect on other lipoproteins, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, weight, and development of myalgia. RESULTS Phytosterols did not significantly improve LDL-C at weeks 12 (P = .54), 24 (P = .67), or 52 (P = .76) compared with placebo. Compared with the UC group, the LC group had greater reductions in LDL-C at weeks 12 (-51 vs -42 mg/dL, P = .006) and 24 (-48 vs -40 mg/dL, P = .034) and was 2.3 times more likely to achieve an LDL-C <100 mg/dL (P = .004). The LC group lost more weight for 1 year (-2.3 vs -0.3 kg, P < .001). All participants took RYR and had significant decreases in LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for 1 year when compared with baseline (P < .001). Four participants stopped supplements because of myalgia. CONCLUSIONS The addition of phytosterol tablets to RYR did not result in further lowering of LDL-C levels. Participants in an LC program lost significantly more weight and were more likely to achieve an LDL-C <100 mg/dL compared with UC.
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Eficacia hipolipemiante de un alimento funcional. Aten Primaria 2012; 44:447-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Dong XY, Kong FP, Yuan GY, Wei F, Jiang ML, Li GM, Wang Z, Zhao YD, Chen H. Optimisation of preparation conditions and properties of phytosterol liposome-encapsulating nattokinase. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:548-56. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.528759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Competitive solubilization of cholesterol and β-sitosterol with changing biliary lipid compositions in model intestinal solution. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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He WS, Jia CS, Yang YB, Ma Y, Zhang XM, Feng B, Jin J. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant steryl and stanyl laurate by oral administration in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5093-5099. [PMID: 21413824 DOI: 10.1021/jf104031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of synthesized plant steryl and stanyl laurate in lowering the cholesterol level and to further examine the cholesterol-lowering potential of the free plant sterols and stanols dissolved in liquid emulsion on serum and liver lipids in mice by oral administration. Experimental results showed that both plant steryl and stanyl laurate could significantly decrease the serum levels of TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and liver cholesterol contents and markedly increase fecal cholesterol concentrations but have no effect on serum TAG level, indicating that the produced plant steryl and stanyl laurate retained the cholesterol-lowering potential of natural plant sterols and stanols. However, no statistical difference in cholesterol-lowering efficacy was observed between plant steryl laurate and plant stanyl laurate, and free plant sterols and stanols dissolved in liquid emulsion could also significantly decrease serum cholesterol levels and markedly increase fecal cholesterol excretion. These results suggested that the esterified plant sterols/stanols had comparable effects to the free plant sterols/stanols in lowering serum TC levels but that they did gain a solubility advantage from the free plant sterols/stanols. Therefore, plant steryl/stanyl laurate could be considered as a potential nutraceutical or functional ingredient to reduce or prevent atherosclerosis and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sen He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Dose-dependent cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterol/phytostanol-enriched margarine in statin users and statin non-users under free-living conditions. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14:1823-32. [PMID: 21356148 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness (extent to which an intervention works in daily medical practice) of the use of phytosterol/phytostanol-enriched margarines to lower total and non-HDL cholesterol levels in users and non-users of statins. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Data were obtained from questionnaires on health and food intake from a population-based longitudinal cohort linked to pharmacy-dispensing records. SUBJECTS The analysis included 3829 men and women (aged 31-71 years) who were examined during 1998-2002 and re-examined at 5-year follow-up during 2003-2007. RESULTS Recommended doses of margarines were consumed by only 9 % of the subjects. Serum total cholesterol decreased by respectively -0·16 (95 % CI -0·26, -0·05) mmol/l, -1·40 (95 % CI -1·51, -1·30) mmol/l and -1·64 (95 % CI -1·91, -1·37) mmol/l in subjects who started to use phytosterols/phytostanols only, statins only or a combination of both compounds at some point in time between examination and re-examination, compared with subjects who did not start using phytosterols/phytostanols or statins. Cholesterol-lowering effects of the phytosterols/phytostanols were similar in statin users and statin non-users and increased with increasing intake of enriched margarine (no intake, 0; low intake, -0·017 (95 % CI -0·16, 0·13) mmol/l; medium intake, -0·089 (95 % CI -0·22, 0·038) mmol/l; high intake, -0·32 (95 % CI -0·50, -0·14) mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS Although recommended intake levels of the enriched margarines were not reached by all persons, these data show that under customary conditions of use phytosterols/phytostanols are effective in lowering cholesterol levels in both statin users and non-users.
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Phytosterols and phytosterolemia: gene-diet interactions. GENES AND NUTRITION 2010; 6:17-26. [PMID: 21437027 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterol intake is recommended as an adjunctive therapy for hypercholesterolemia, and plant sterols/stanols can reduce cholesterol absorption at the intestinal lumen through the Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter pathway by competitive solubilization in mixed micelles. Phytosterol absorption is of less magnitude than cholesterol and is preferably secreted in the intestinal lumen by ABCG5/G8 transporters. Therefore, plasma levels of plant sterols/stanols are negligible compared with cholesterol, under an ordinary diet. The mechanisms of cholesterol and plant sterols absorption and the whole-body pool of sterols are discussed in this chapter. There is controversy about treatment with statins inducing further increase in plasma non-cholesterol sterols raising concerns about the safety of supplementation of plant sterols to such drugs. In addition, increase in plant sterols has also been reported upon consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods, regardless of other treatments. Rare mutations on ABCG5/G8 transporters affecting cholesterol/non-cholesterol extrusion, causing sitosterolemia with xanthomas and premature atheroslerotic disease are now known, and cholesterol/plant sterols absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, emerges as the drug that reduces phytosterolemia and promotes xanthoma regression. On the other hand, common polymorphisms affecting the NPC1L1 transporter can interfere with the action of ezetimibe. Gene-diet interactions participate in this intricate network modulating the expression of genetic variants on specific phenotypes and can also affect the individual response to the hypolipidemic treatment. These very interesting aspects promoted a great deal of research in the field.
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Phytosterol ester constituents affect micellar cholesterol solubility in model bile. Lipids 2010; 45:855-62. [PMID: 20706798 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols and stanols (phytosterols) and their esters are nutraceuticals that lower LDL cholesterol, but the mechanisms of action are not fully understood. We hypothesized that intact esters and simulated hydrolysis products of esters (phytosterols and fatty acids in equal ratios) would differentially affect the solubility of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles in vitro. Sodium salts of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids were sonicated with phosphatidylcholine and either sterol esters or combinations of sterols and fatty acids to determine the amount of cholesterol solubilized into micelles. Intact sterol esters did not solubilize into micelles, nor did they alter cholesterol solubility. However, free sterols and fatty acids altered cholesterol solubility independently (no interaction effect). Equal contents of cholesterol and either campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, or stigmastanol (sitostanol) decreased cholesterol solubility in micelles by approximately 50% compared to no phytosterol present, with stigmasterol performing slightly better than sitosterol. Phytosterols competed with cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating a 1:1 M substitution of phytosterol for cholesterol in micelle preparations. Unsaturated fatty acids increased the micelle solubility of sterols as compared with saturated or no fatty acids. No differences were detected in the size of the model micelles. Together, these data indicate that stigmasterol combined with saturated fatty acids may be more effective at lowering cholesterol micelle solubility in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Malinowski
- Nesbitt College of Pharmacy and Nursing, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, and Clinical Pharmacist, Lipid Management Clinic, Geisinger Lake Scranton, Scranton, PA
| | - Monica M. Gehret
- Lebanon Veterans Affairs. Medical Center, Lebanon, PA; at the time of writing she was pharmacy student, Wilkes University
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Competitive solubilization of cholesterol and six species of sterol/stanol in bile salt micelles. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:397-402. [PMID: 20346931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Slight differences in the molecular structures of a category of sterol/stanol species affect the solubility of cholesterol in a bile salt solution. We systematically studied the preferential solubilization of cholesterol and sterol/stanol in sodium taurodeoxycholate solutions using relatively minor plant species of sterol/stanol (brassicasterol and stigmasterol) and a non-plant sterol (cholestanol). As relatively major sterol/stanol species (beta-sitosterol, beta-sitostanol, and campesterol) have already been examined using nearly identical procedures to that used in our system, we were able to sufficiently discuss the cholesterol-lowering effects resulting from the molecular structures of six sterol/stanol species. The results of competitive solubilization revealed that cholestanol has the largest cholesterol-lowering effect, decreasing cholesterol solubility to 33% of that in a single solubilizate system. The molecular structure of cholestanol is also most similar to that of cholesterol. In contrast, brassicasterol and stigmasterol have little ability to decrease cholesterol solubility in a mixed binary system. Both have an unsaturated double bond at the side chain of the steroid ring. By applying thermodynamic analyses to these results, we found that the Gibbs energy changes (DeltaG degrees ) of solubilization for sterol/stanol species with cholesterol-lowering effects show larger negative values than that for cholesterol.
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Saraiva D, da Conceição Castilho M, do Rosário Martins M, da Silveira MIN, Ramos F. Evaluation of Phytosterols in Milk and Yogurts Used as Functional Foods in Portugal. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-010-9131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Costet P. Molecular pathways and agents for lowering LDL-cholesterol in addition to statins. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:263-78. [PMID: 20227438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent guidelines in North America and Europe recommend lowering low density lipoprotein associated cholesterol (LDLC) to achieve optimal coronary heart disease risk reduction. Statins have been the therapy of choice and proven successful and relatively safe. However, we are now facing new challenges and it appears that additional or alternative drugs are urgently needed. This boosts research in the field, reopening old cases like other inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis or making attractive tools from the latest technologies like gene silencing by anti-sense oligonucleotides. LDLs are cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins stabilized by the hepatic apolipoprotein B100, and derived from TG rich very low density lipoprotein. This review focuses on the molecular pathways involved in plasma LDLC production and elimination, in particular cholesterol absorption and the hepatobiliary route, apoB100 and VLDL production, and LDL clearance via the LDL receptor. We will identify important or rate-limiting proteins (including Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), microsomal TG transfer protein (MTP), acyl-coenzyme A/cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases 2 (DGAT2), proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9)), and nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor (FXR), thyroid hormone receptor (TR)) that constitute interesting therapeutic targets. Numerous compounds already in use modulate these pathways, such as phytosterols, ezetimibe, bile acids sequestrants, niacin, and fibrates. Many pathways can be considered to lower LDLC, but the road has been paved with disappointments and difficulties. With new targets identified and diversification of the drugs, a new era for better LDLC management is plausible.
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Effect of rapeseed oil-derived plant sterol and stanol esters on atherosclerosis parameters in cholesterol-challenged heterozygous Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidaemic rabbits. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1740-51. [PMID: 19772679 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapeseed oil (RSO) is a novel source of plant sterols, containing the unique brassicasterol in concentrations higher than allowed for plant sterol blends in food products in the European Union. Effects of RSO sterols and stanols on aortic atherosclerosis were studied in cholesterol-fed heterozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic (Hh-WHHL) rabbits. Four groups (n18 per group) received a cholesterol-added (2 g/kg) standard chow or this diet with added RSO stanol esters (17 g/kg), RSO stanol esters (34 g/kg) or RSO sterol esters (34 g/kg) for 18 weeks. Feeding RSO stanol esters increased plasma campestanol (P < 0·001) and sitostanol (P < 0·001) and aortic campestanol (P < 0·05) compared with controls. Feeding RSO sterol esters increased concentrations of plasma campesterol (P < 0·001), sitosterol (P < 0·001) and brassicasterol (P < 0·001) and aortic campesterol (P < 0·01). Significantly lower plasma cholesterol (P < 0·001) was recorded in the treated groups after 3 weeks and throughout the study. LDL-cholesterol was reduced 50 % in the high-dose RSO sterol ester (P < 0·01) and high-dose RSO stanol ester (P < 0·001) groups compared with controls. Atherosclerotic lesions were found in three rabbits in each of the RSO stanol ester groups and in one in the RSO sterol ester group. Aortic cholesterol was decreased in the treated groups (P < 0·001) in response to lowering of plasma cholesterol induced by RSO sterol and stanol esters. In conclusion, RSO stanol and sterol esters with a high concentration of brassicasterol were well tolerated. They were hypocholesterolaemic and inhibited experimental atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed Hh-WHHL rabbits. A significant uptake of plant sterols into the blood and incorporation of campesterol and campestanol into aortic tissue was recorded.
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Weingärtner O, Böhm M, Laufs U. Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:404-9. [PMID: 19158117 PMCID: PMC2642922 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Angiologie und internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Effects of long-term plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:937-41. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508966113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of plant sterol- or stanol-enriched margarines by statin users results in an additional LDL-cholesterol reduction of approximately 10 %, which may be larger than the average decrease of 3–7 % achieved by doubling the statin dose. However, whether this effect persists in the long term is not known. Therefore, we examined in patients already on stable statin treatment the effects of 85 weeks of plant sterol and stanol ester consumption on the serum lipoprotein profile, cholesterol metabolism, and bile acid synthesis. For this, a double-blind randomised trial was designed in which fifty-four patients consumed a control margarine with no added plant sterols or stanols for 5 weeks (run-in period). For the next 85 weeks, seventeen subjects continued with the control margarine and the other two groups with either a plant sterol (n18) or plant stanol (n19) (2·5 g/d each) ester-enriched margarine. Blood was sampled at the end of the run-in period and every 20 weeks during the intervention period. Compared with the control group, plant sterol and stanol ester consumption reduced LDL-cholesterol by 0·28 mmol/l (or 8·7 %;P = 0·08) and 0·42 mmol/l (13·1 %;P = 0·006) respectively after 85 weeks. No effects were found on plasma concentrations of oxysterols or 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a bile acid synthesis marker. We conclude that long-term consumption of both plant sterol and stanol esters effectively lowered LDL-cholesterol concentrations in statin users.
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Chen ZY, Jiao R, Ma KY. Cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8761-8773. [PMID: 18778072 DOI: 10.1021/jf801566r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that elevated levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are the major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas high concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a low ratio of TC to HDL-C are protective against CHD. A relationship between plasma TC and the risk of CHD is well established at concentrations above 240 mg/dL. In addition to the use of three main classes of cholesterol-lowering medications, including HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, anion-exchange resins, and fibrates, a nutritionally balanced diet that reduces saturated fat and cholesterol intake has traditionally been the first goal of dietary therapy in lowering plasma TC. In recent years, nutraceuticals and functional foods have attracted much interest as possible alternative therapies for lowering plasma TC, especially for hypercholesterolemia patients, whose blood cholesterol level is marginally high (200-240 mg/dL) but not high enough to warrant the prescription of cholesterol-lowering medications. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on the production, application, efficacy, and mechanisms of popular cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, China.
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39
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Study of thermodynamic parameters for solubilization of plant sterol and stanol in bile salt micelles. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 154:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Segura R, Javierre C, Lizarraga MA, Ros E. Other relevant components of nuts: phytosterols, folate and minerals. Br J Nutr 2007; 96 Suppl 2:S36-44. [PMID: 17125532 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuts contain significant amounts of essential micronutrients that are associated with an improved health status when consumed at doses beyond those necessary to prevent deficiency states. Nuts do not contain cholesterol, but they are rich in chemically related phytosterols, a class of compounds that interfere with intestinal cholesterol absorption and thus help lower blood cholesterol. Nuts also contain folate, a B-vitamin necessary for normal cellular function that plays an important role in detoxifying homocysteine, a sulphur-containing amino acid with atherothrombotic properties that accumulates in plasma when folate status is subnormal. Compared to other common foodstuffs, nuts have an optimal nutritional density with respect to healthy minerals, such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. Like that of most vegetables, the sodium content of nuts is very low. A high intake of calcium, magnesium and potassium, together with a low sodium intake, is associated with protection against bone demineralisation, arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, and overall cardiovascular risk. Phytosterols might justify part of the cholesterol-lowering effect of nut intake beyond that attributable to fatty acid exchange, while the mineral richness of nuts probably contributes to the prevention of diabetes and coronary heart disease observed in epidemiological studies in association with frequent nut consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Segura
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Fransen HP, de Jong N, Wolfs M, Verhagen H, Verschuren WMM, Lütjohann D, von Bergmann K, Plat J, Mensink RP. Customary use of plant sterol and plant stanol enriched margarine is associated with changes in serum plant sterol and stanol concentrations in humans. J Nutr 2007; 137:1301-6. [PMID: 17449596 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.5.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of products enriched with plant sterol or stanol esters lowers serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, thereby most likely reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. However, using plant sterol (not plant stanol) enriched products elevates serum plant sterol concentrations in humans. This may be unwanted because health effects of elevated serum plant sterol concentrations are still controversial. Within postlaunch monitoring of functional foods, we compared serum plant sterol and plant stanol concentrations among users of plant sterol (n = 67) or plant stanol (n = 13) enriched margarines with those of matched nonusers (n = 81) in the ongoing Dutch Doetinchem cohort study. Subjects (aged 29-67 y) were examined in 1994-1998 (before the introduction of enriched margarines) and re-examined in 1999-2003. Serum concentrations of plant sterols and stanols were measured in samples from nonfasting subjects by GLC-MS. Intake of plant sterols was 1.1 +/- 0.6 g/d and was associated with a decrease of serum total cholesterol concentration of 0.25 +/- 0.91 mmol/L (4%, P < 0.05), a change that differed (P < 0.05) from the nonsignificant increase in nonusers (+2%, 0.12 +/- 0.78 mmol/L, P = 0.16). Cholesterol-standardized serum sitosterol and campesterol increased in plant sterol users by 22% (P < 0.0001) and 103% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Cholesterol-standardized serum sitostanol and campestanol increased in plant stanol users by 197% (P = 0.02) and 196% (P = 0.01). To our knowledge, these data are the first to show changes in serum cholesterol, plant sterol, and plant stanol concentrations after (long-term) consumption of plant sterol and stanol enriched margarines in a free-living population in a nonexperimental setting. Whether the increased serum sterol concentrations result in adverse side effects needs to be investigated in future postlaunch monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi P Fransen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Matsuoka K, Hirosawa T, Honda C, Endo K, Moroi Y, Shibata O. Thermodynamic study on competitive solubilization of cholesterol and beta-sitosterol in bile salt micelles. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 148:51-60. [PMID: 17524379 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the preferential solubilization of cholesterol and competitive solubilizates (beta-sitosterol and aromatic compounds) in bile salt micelles was systematically studied by changing the molar ratio of cholesterol to competitive solubilizates. The cholesterol solubility in a mixed binary system (cholesterol and beta-sitosterol) was almost half that of the cholesterol alone system, regardless of the excess beta-sitosterol quantity added. On the other hand, the mutual solubilities of cholesterol and pyrene were not inhibited by their presence in binary mixed crystals. Finally, the cholesterol solubility was measured by changing the alkyl chain length of n-alkylbenzenes. When tetradecylbenzene was added to the bile solution, the cholesterol solubility decreased slightly and was below the original cholesterol solubility. Based on Gibbs energy change (DeltaG degrees ) for solubilization, chemicals that inhibit cholesterol solubility in their combined crystal systems showed a larger negative DeltaG degrees value than cholesterol alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuoka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen 3-3165, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fuentes F, López-Miranda J, García A, Pérez-Martínez P, Moreno J, Cofan M, Caballero J, Paniagua JA, Ros E, Pérez-Jiménez F. Basal plasma concentrations of plant sterols can predict LDL-C response to sitosterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:495-501. [PMID: 17440528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with a high risk of coronary heart disease. Pharmacological treatment and diet are both essential for the management of FH. Foods rich in plant sterols (PS) may play an important role in the treatment of patients with these disorders. OBJECTIVE To test the effect of the intake of PS on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration, endothelial function (EF) and LDL particle size in 30 patients with FH. DESIGN Randomized and crossover dietary intervention study. SETTING Tertiary outpatient care. SUBJECTS Thirty-eight were recruited, but only 30 were subjected to four low-fat dietary intervention periods, each of 4 weeks. METHODS Each intervention had a different content of cholesterol (<150 or 300 mg/day) and sitosterol (<1 or 2 g/day). Lipid response, EF and LDL particle size were analysed after the intervention. RESULTS Plasma sitosterol/cholesterol ratio was higher during both plant sterol-rich periods than during the low plant sterols periods. Basal sitosterol concentrations predicted the LDL-cholesterol response during the intake of plant sterol-enriched diets. The change in LDL-cholesterol was significantly greater in subjects in the upper and intermediate tertiles of basal plasma sitosterol concentrations (-21+/-8 mg/dl, P=0.03; -19+/-7 mg/dl, P=0.04, respectively) than in subjects in the lower tertile (8+/-5 mg/dl) when they changed from a low cholesterol diet to a low cholesterol plus plant sterol diet. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that basal sitosterol values can predict hypolipidemic response in patients with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fuentes
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain
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45
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Stone NJ. Drugs for Elevated LDL-Cholesterol. Cardiovasc Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3358-5.50033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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46
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47
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Calvo Romero JM, Lima Rodríguez EM. ["Natural" treatments of hypercholesterolemia]. Rev Clin Esp 2006; 206:504-6. [PMID: 17129518 DOI: 10.1157/13094900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article we briefly review the evidence on the effect of different "natural" products on cholesterolemia. Plant stanols and sterols reduce cholesterol intestinal absorption and decrease total and LDL cholesterol by approximately 10%. Polycosanol is a mixture of saturated alcohols that seem to inhibit cholesterol hepatic synthesis and decrease total and LDL cholesterol by up to 25%. The effects on the cholestorolemia of soy and soluble fiber are modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Calvo Romero
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Ciudad de Coria, Coria, Cáceres.
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48
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Shrestha S, Volek JS, Udani J, Wood RJ, Greene CM, Aggarwal D, Contois JH, Kavoussi B, Fernandez ML. A combination therapy including psyllium and plant sterols lowers LDL cholesterol by modifying lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic individuals. J Nutr 2006; 136:2492-7. [PMID: 16988115 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a randomized, double blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study to determine the effects of a combination therapy including plant sterols (PS) and psyllium (PSY), provided via cookies, on plasma lipids and on the size and subfraction distribution of VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Thirty-three healthy free-living individuals (11 males and 22 females), aged 35-65 y, with a BMI between 25 and 35 kg/m(2) and initial plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations between 2.6 and 4.1 mmol/L (100 and 160 mg/dL), were randomly assigned to receive treatment cookies (7.68 g/d PSY and 2.6 g/d PS) or placebo cookies (0 g PSY+PS) for 4 wk. After a 3-wk washout period, subjects received the other cookies for an additional 4 wk. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced for all subjects, from 5.65 +/- 0.72 mmol/L after the placebo period to 5.28 +/- 0.76 mmol/L after the PSY+PS cookie period (P < 0.01). These reductions were primarily in LDL-C, which decreased from 3.48 +/- 0.70 to 3.14 +/- 0.78 mmol/L after PSY+PS cookie consumption (P < 0.01). Intake of the PSY+PS cookie decreased the number of intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL, and HDL particles (P < 0.05) and plasma apo B concentrations (P < 0.01). The decreases in LDL and HDL particles were in the small subfractions. Because smaller LDL particles are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and because smaller HDL particles are indicative of diminished reverse cholesterol transport, we conclude that the combination therapy resulted in a less atherogenic lipoprotein profile. In addition, the evaluation of lipoprotein subfractions resulting from the action of the fiber and plant sterols in the intestinal lumen provides an insight on the secondary mechanisms of plasma LDL-C lowering.
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49
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Bhattacharya S. Therapy and clinical trials: plant sterols and stanols in management of hypercholesterolemia: where are we now? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:98-100. [PMID: 16407723 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000203893.60381.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Carr TP, Jesch ED. Food components that reduce cholesterol absorption. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2006; 51:165-204. [PMID: 17011476 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(06)51003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
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