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Dykun I, Carlo J, Nissen SE, Kapadia SR, Nicholls SJ, Puri R. Interplay of Age and Risk Factor Control Upon Coronary Atheroma Progression. Heart Lung Circ 2024:S1443-9506(24)01689-5. [PMID: 39358130 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2024.06.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The extent and composition of coronary plaque, and its progression differ with patients' age. The interplay of patient's age with respect to risk factor control, upon atheroma progression has not been evaluated. We tested the hypothesis that risk factor control modulates the association between age and coronary atheroma progression. METHOD We performed a posthoc pooled analysis of data from 10 prospective, randomised trials involving serial coronary intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) (n=5,823). The percent atheroma volume (PAV) was calculated as the proportion of the entire vessel wall occupied by atherosclerotic plaque. RESULTS Mean overall age was 58±9 years (28% women). In a fully adjusted multivariable analysis (following adjustment of sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure [SBP], smoking, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein [LDL]-cholesterol, triglyceride levels, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, trial, region, and baseline PAV), an increase in age by one standard deviation was linked with PAV progression (β-estimate 0.097; 95% confidence interval 0.048-0.15; p<0.001). In patients with good risk factor control (LDL-cholesterol <1.8 mmol/L and SBP <130 mmHg), increasing age remained associated with PAV progression (0.123; 0.014-0.23; p=0.027). Lower effect sizes for the association of age with PAV progression were observed for patients with partial control of LDL-cholesterol and SBP and were not significantly associated with PAV progression when both LDL-cholesterol and SBP were not controlled (0.099; 0.032-0.167; p=0.004 and 0.042; -0.056 to 0.14; p=0.40, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Patient age is directly associated with coronary atheroma progression independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. In the setting of poor risk factor control, the influence of age on coronary artery disease progression is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Dykun
- C5Research, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julie Carlo
- C5Research, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven E Nissen
- C5Research, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samir R Kapadia
- C5Research, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. https://twitter.com/tavrkapadia
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. https://twitter.com/ProfSNicholls
| | - Rishi Puri
- C5Research, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque features: findings from coronary imaging. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2021; 18:577-584. [PMID: 34404993 PMCID: PMC8352771 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathological studies have suggested that features of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques likely to progress and lead to acute cardiovascular events have specific characteristics. Given the progress of intravascular coronary imaging technology, some large prospective studies have detected features of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques using these imaging modalities. However, the rate of cardiovascular events, such as acute coronary syndrome, has been found to be considerably reduced in the limited follow-up period available in the statin era. Additionally, not all disrupted plaques lead to thrombus formation with clinical presentation. If sub-occlusive or occlusive thrombus formation does not occur, a thrombus on a disrupted plaque will organize without any symptoms, forming a “healed plaque”. Although vulnerable plaque detection using intracoronary imaging is focused on “thin-cap fibroatheroma” leading to plaque rupture, superficial plaque erosion is increasingly recognized; however, the underlying mechanism of thrombus formation on eroded plaques is not well understood. One of intravascular imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the highest image resolution and has enabled detailed characterization of the plaque in vivo. Here, we reviewed the status and limitations of intravascular imaging in terms of detecting vulnerable plaque through mainly OCT studies. We suggested that vulnerable plaque should be reconsidered in terms of eroded plaque and healed plaque and that both plaque and circulating blood should be assessed in greater detail accordingly.
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Kurihara O, Kim HO, Russo M, Araki M, Nakajima A, Lee H, Takano M, Mizuno K, Jang IK. Relation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level to Plaque Rupture. Am J Cardiol 2020; 134:48-54. [PMID: 32892992 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Statin therapy reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), inflammation, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We investigated the association between LDL-C and statin therapy on the prevalence of plaque rupture (PR). Patients with acute coronary syndromes who underwent optical coherence tomography imaging of the culprit lesion were divided into 4 groups based on LDL-C level and statin use (Group 1: LDL-C ≤ 100 without statin; Group 2; LDL-C ≤ 100 with statin; Group 3: LDL-C > 100 with statin; Group 4: LDL-C > 100 without statin), and the prevalence of PR was compared between the groups. Among 896 patients, PR was diagnosed in 444 (49.6%) patients. The prevalence of PR was significantly different among the 4 groups (p = 0.007): it was highest in the high LDL-C without statin group and lowest in the low LDL-C without statin group (53.9% and 39.2%, respectively). Compared with the high LDL-C without statin group, the low LDL-C without statin and low LDL-C with statin groups had a significantly lower prevalence of PR (p = 0.001, p = 0.040, respectively), and the low LDL-C with statin group had a significantly higher prevalence of calcification (p = 0.037). The patients with naturally low LDL-C have the lowest risk of PR. The patients with low LDL-C achieved by statin therapy had a higher prevalence of calcification. When LDL-C level is elevated, early and aggressive treatment with statin may help to prevent PR by stabilizing plaques through calcification.
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Weir-McCall JR, Blanke P, Sellers SL, Ahmadi AA, Andreini D, Budoff MJ, Cademartiri F, Chinnaiyan K, Choi JH, Chun EJ, Conte E, Gottlieb I, Hadamitzky M, Kim YJ, Lee BK, Lee SE, Maffei E, Marques H, Pontone G, Raff GL, Shin S, Sung JM, Stone P, Samady H, Virmani R, Narula J, Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Bax JJ, Lin FY, Min JK, Chang HJ, Leipsic JA. Impact of Non-obstructive left main disease on the progression of coronary artery disease: A PARADIGM substudy. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2018; 12:231-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kurihara O, Takano M, Yamamoto M, Shirakabe A, Kimata N, Inami T, Kobayashi N, Munakata R, Murakami D, Inami S, Okamatsu K, Ohba T, Ibuki C, Hata N, Seino Y, Mizuno K. Impact of prediabetic status on coronary atherosclerosis: a multivessel angioscopic study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:729-33. [PMID: 23223344 PMCID: PMC3579367 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if prediabetes is associated with atherosclerosis of coronary arteries, we evaluated the degree of coronary atherosclerosis in nondiabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic patients by using coronary angioscopy to identify plaque vulnerability based on yellow color intensity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixty-seven patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent angioscopic observation of multiple main-trunk coronary arteries. According to the American Diabetes Association guidelines, patients were divided into nondiabetic (n = 16), prediabetic (n = 28), and diabetic (n = 23) groups. Plaque color grade was defined as 1 (light yellow), 2 (yellow), or 3 (intense yellow) based on angioscopic findings. The number of yellow plaques (NYPs) per vessel and maximum yellow grade (MYG) were compared among the groups. RESULTS Mean NYP and MYG differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.01 and P = 0.047, respectively). These indexes were higher in prediabetic than in nondiabetic patients (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively), but similar in prediabetic and diabetic patients (P = 0.44 and P = 0.21, respectively). Diabetes and prediabetes were independent predictors of multiple yellow plaques (NYPs ≥2) in multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio [OR] 10.8 [95% CI 2.09-55.6], P = 0.005; and OR 4.13 [95% CI 1.01-17.0], P = 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Coronary atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability were more advanced in prediabetic than in nondiabetic patients and comparable between prediabetic and diabetic patients. Slight or mild disorders in glucose metabolism, such as prediabetes, could be a risk factor for CAD, as is diabetes itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurihara
- Cardiovascular Center, Chiba-Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Chiba, Japan
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Du R, Zhang RY, Zhang Q, Shi YH, Hu J, Yang ZK, Ding FH, Zhang JS, Shen WF. Assessment of the relation between IVUS measurements and clinical outcome in elderly patients after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation for de novo coronary lesions. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 28:1653-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-011-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hirohata A, Yamamoto K, Miyoshi T, Hatanaka K, Hirohata S, Yamawaki H, Komatsubara I, Hirose E, Kobayashi Y, Ohkawa K, Ohara M, Takafuji H, Sano F, Toyama Y, Kusachi S, Ohe T, Ito H. Four-year clinical outcomes of the OLIVUS-Ex (impact of Olmesartan on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: evaluation by intravascular ultrasound) extension trial. Atherosclerosis 2011; 220:134-8. [PMID: 22119063 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The previous OLIVUS trial reported a positive role in achieving a lower rate of coronary atheroma progression through the administration of olmesartan, an angiotension-II receptor blocking agent (ARB), for stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the benefits between ARB administration on long-term clinical outcomes and serial atheroma changes by IVUS remain unclear. Thus, we examined the 4-year clinical outcomes from OLIVUS according to treatment strategy with olmesartan. METHODS Serial volumetric IVUS examinations (baseline and 14 months) were performed in 247 patients with hypertension and SAP. When these patients underwent PCI for culprit lesions, IVUS was performed in their non-culprit vessels. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 20-40mg of olmesartan or control, and treated with a combination of β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, glycemic control agents and/or statins per physician's guidance. Four-year clinical outcomes and annual progression rate of atherosclerosis, assessed by serial IVUS, were compared with major adverse cardio- and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS Cumulative event-free survival was significantly higher in the olmesartan group than in the control group (p=0.04; log-rank test). By adjusting for validated prognosticators, olmesartan administration was identified as a good predictor of MACCE (p=0.041). On the other hand, patients with adverse events (n=31) had larger annual atheroma progression than the rest of the population (23.8% vs. 2.1%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Olmesartan therapy appears to confer improved long-term clinical outcomes. Atheroma volume changes, assessed by IVUS, seem to be a reliable surrogate for future major adverse cardio- and cerebrovascular events in this study cohort.
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Hartmann M, Huisman J, Bose D, Jensen LO, Schoenhagen P, Mintz GS, Erbel R, von Birgelen C. Serial intravascular ultrasound assessment of changes in coronary atherosclerotic plaque dimensions and composition: an update. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2011; 12:313-21. [DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jer017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Hong YJ, Mintz GS, Kim SW, Lee SY, Kim SY, Okabe T, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Waksman R, Kent KM, Suddath WO, Weissman NJ. Disease progression in nonintervened saphenous vein graft segments a serial intravascular ultrasound analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:1257-64. [PMID: 19358938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We used serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assess disease progression in nonintervened saphenous vein graft (SVG) segments to determine the natural rate of disease progression in SVG. BACKGROUND There are no serial IVUS studies of disease progression or luminal compromise in SVGs. METHODS We assessed serial (baseline and follow-up at 16.2 +/- 7.4 months) IVUS findings in 50 nonintervened SVG segments in 44 patients. The SVG age was 13.5 +/- 3.6 years. RESULTS Overall, from baseline to follow-up, plaque area increased (Delta = +0.58 +/- 1.25 mm(2), p = 0.003), and SVG and minimum lumen area (MLA) decreased (Delta = -0.50 +/- 1.14 mm(2), p = 0.002, and Delta = -1.08 +/- 1.28 mm(2), p < 0.001, respectively). The MLA decreased in 34 lesions (Delta = -1.67 +/- 1.08 mm(2)), and MLA increased in 16 lesions (Delta = +0.19 +/- 0.47 mm(2)). Compared with lesions with an increase in MLA, lesions with a decrease in MLA were associated with: 1) larger baseline SVG and plaque areas and plaque burden (15.57 +/- 3.90 mm(2) vs. 11.55 +/- 2.30 mm(2), p < 0.001; 7.97 +/- 3.77 mm(2) vs. 4.27 +/- 1.92 mm(2), p < 0.001; and 48.7 +/- 14.2% vs. 36.0 +/- 13.4%, p = 0.004, respectively); and 2) a greater decrease in SVG area (Delta = -0.96 +/- 1.05 mm(2) vs. +0.48 +/- 0.58 mm(2), p < 0.001) and greater increase in plaque area (Delta = +0.71 +/- 1.47 mm(2) vs. +0.29 +/- 0.45 mm(2), p < 0.001). The DeltaMLA correlated with both Deltaplaque area (r = -0.589, p < 0.001) and DeltaSVG area (r = 0.470, p = 0.001), and Deltaplaque area correlated with DeltaSVG area (r = 0.436, p = 0.002). There were linear relations between both the Deltaplaque area (r = 0.519, p < 0.001) and Deltalumen area (r = -0.500, p < 0.001) versus follow-up low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; a follow-up LDL cholesterol of 100 mg/dl predicted no plaque increase. CONCLUSIONS Lumen loss in nonintervened SVG segments correlated with an increase in plaque area and a decrease in SVG area (plaque growth and negative remodeling) with a linear relationship between plaque growth versus follow-up LDL cholesterol leading to long-term lumen loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Hong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute/Medstar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, DC 20010, USA
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