Association Between Gout and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Effect of gout and diabetic kidney disease on renal cancer development in Korea

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and gout are risk factors for renal cancer. We analysed the effects of comorbid diabetic kidney disease and gout on renal cancer.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study enrolled 847 884 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who underwent health assessments provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service in 2009. Based on CKD occurrence (glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and gout (two outpatient visits or one hospitalization within 5 years), patients were classified into four groups: CKD-Gout- (87.5%), CKD-Gout+ (2.5%), CKD+Gout- (9.3%) and CKD+Gout+ (0.7%). Patients with incident renal cancer (International Classification of Diseases code C64) were followed up until December 2018.

Results

Renal cancer was diagnosed in 2376 patients (0.3%). Renal cancer incidence increased in sequential order of CKD-Gout- [0.29/1000 person-years (PY), CKD+Gout- and CKD-Gout+ (0.44 and 0.48/1000 PY, respectively) and CKD+Gout+ (1.14/1000 PY). Comorbid gout increased renal cancer risk depending on CKD occurrence {hazard ratio [HR] 1.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.58 among those without CKD; HR 1.95 [95% CI 1.45-2.63] among those with CKD; P-value for interaction = 0.024}. The interaction was significant, particularly in men and patients with a shorter diabetes duration (<5 years) and lesser medication use (no insulin or fewer than three classes of oral hypoglycaemic agents).

Conclusions

CKD and gout individually contributed to renal cancer incidence, and the risk is further increased when gout coexists with CKD. Screening for gout and appropriate management of CKD at an early T2DM stage may be beneficial.

Associations of oxidative balance score with hyperuricemia and gout among American adults: a population-based study

Objective

The current study aimed to assess the relationships between oxidative balance score (OBS) and OBS subclasses (dietary and lifestyle OBS) with risks of hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout among American adults.

Methods

Participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2018 were initially recruited and then the final sample was restricted to adults without missing values about serum uric acid, gout, OBS, and covariates. Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square test and analysis of variance were utilized to compare the baseline characteristics in adults of different quartiles of OBS, while the weighted stepped logistic regression models were used to explore the associations of overall, dietary, and lifestyle OBS with the risks of HUA and gout. Weighted restricted cubic spline analyses were conducted to explore the nonlinear dose-response associations.

Results

The final sample consisted of 22,705 participants aged 20 years and older, which was representative of approximately 197.3 million non-institutionalized American adults. HUA and gout prevalence decreased with OBS quartiles. Compared with adults in the first quartile of OBS, those in the second (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-0.99), third (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58-0.85), and fourth (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.38-0.61) quartiles of OBS had reduced risks of hyperuricemia. Similarly, adults in the second (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.51-0.97) quartile of OBS was associated with lower gout risk in comparison to adults in the lowest quartile. Regarding OBS subclasses, dietary and lifestyle OBS were both negatively correlated with the risk of HUA, and only higher lifestyle OBS was significantly associated with lower gout risk. Furthermore, the subgroup analyses and interaction effects also substantiated similar effects. Significant nonlinear dose-response relationships were observed between overall, dietary, and lifestyle OBS with HUA risk as well as that of lifestyle OBS with gout risk.

Conclusion

This study strongly suggests the significant negative associations of OBS with HUA and gout in American adults and provides a dietary and lifestyle guideline to reduce the risks.

Comparative Assessment of In Vitro Xanthine Oxidase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cultured Cambial Meristematic Cells, Adventitious Roots, and Field-Cultivated Ginseng

Panax ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine with a history spanning thousands of years, faces overexploitation and challenges related to extended growth periods. Tissue-cultured adventitious roots and stem cells are alternatives to wild and field-cultivated ginseng. In this study, we assessed the in vitro xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of saponin extracts among cultured cambial meristematic cells (CMC), adventitious ginseng roots (AGR), and field-cultivated ginseng roots (CGR). The xanthine oxidase (XO) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were determined by uric acid estimation and the p-NPG method, respectively. Spectrophotometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum nitrate, and Bradford methods were employed to ascertain the total saponins and phenolic, flavonoid, and protein contents. The calculated IC50 values for total saponin extracts against XO and α-glucosidase were 0.665, 0.844, and >1.6 mg/mL and 0.332, 0.745, and 0.042 mg/mL for AGR, CMC, CGR, respectively. Comparing the total saponin, crude protein, and total phenolic contents revealed that AGR > CMC > CGR. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first report on the in vitro comparison of xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities among AGR, CMC, and CGR. The findings offer valuable insights into the development of hypoglycemic and antihyperuricemic medicinal, nutraceutical, and functional products utilizing AGR and CMC.

Cardiovascular risk associated with allopurinol or benzbromarone treatment in patients with gout

Background:

In previous studies, cardiovascular (CV) risk was increased in patients with gout. The effects of uric acid–lowering therapy on CV risk in gout patients have been investigated in numerous studies; however, allopurinol and benzbromarone have rarely been compared.

Objectives:

To compare CV risk based on allopurinol and benzbromarone treatment in Korean gout patients.

Design:

A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

We used South Korea database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) service to identify gout patients ⩾18 years of age who newly started allopurinol or benzbromarone between 2009 and 2015. The primary outcome of the study was the occurrence of a composite CV endpoint, which included coronary revascularization, hospitalization due to myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier curves were used for analysis.

Results:

The study included 257,097 allopurinol initiators and 7868 benzbromarone initiators. Compared with allopurinol initiators, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of the composite CV endpoint of benzbromarone initiators was 1.01 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83−1.21], which was not significantly different. The results did not change even when 1:3 propensity score matching was performed for baseline characteristics. In subgroup analysis of high-risk patients with CV disease, significant difference was not observed between allopurinol and benzbromarone initiators.

Conclusion:

In this study, significant difference was not found in CV risk between allopurinol and benzbromarone initiators. In the high-CV-risk group, the incidence of CV events did not differ between allopurinol and benzbromarone initiators.

Effects of colchicine use on ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risk in diabetic patients with and without gout

This study aimed to determine the effect of colchicine use on the risk of stroke among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We retrospectively enrolled patients with DM between 2000 and 2013 from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database and divided them into a colchicine cohort (n = 8761) and noncolchicine cohort (n = 8761) by using propensity score matching (PSM). The event of interest was a stroke, including ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. The incidence of stroke was analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models between the colchicine cohort and the comparison cohort after adjustment for several confounding factors. The subdistribution hazard model was also performed for examination of the competing risk. The colchicine cohort had a significantly lower incidence of stroke [adjusted hazard ratios (aHR), 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)] (aHR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.55–0.67), ischemic stroke (aHR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.53–0.66), and hemorrhagic stroke (aHR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.53–0.82) compared with the noncolchicine cohort. Drug analysis indicated that patients in the colchicine cohort who received colchicine of cumulative daily defined dose (cDDD) > 14 and duration > 28 days had a lower risk of stroke and ischemic stroke compared with nonusers. The colchicine cohort (cDDD > 150, duration > 360 days) also had a lower risk of stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. The cumulative incidence of stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke in the colchicine cohort was significantly lower than that in the noncolchicine cohort (log-rank P < 0.001). However, the subdistribution hazard model reveal the colchicine was not associated with the hemorrhagic stroke in DM patients without gout (aHR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.47–1.00). Colchicine use with cDDD > 14 and duration > 28 days was associated with lower risk of stroke and ischemic stroke, and colchicine use with cDDD > 150 and duration > 360 days played an auxiliary role in the prevention of stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke in patients with DM. The colchicine for the hemorrhagic stroke in DM patients without gout seem to be null effect.

Arthritis is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes in Chinese adults: A nationwide cohort study and updated meta-analysis

AIMS

To prospectively examine the association between arthritis and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the Chinese population and confirm this association through a comprehensive meta-analysis of cohort studies.

METERIALS AND METHODS

Data were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study which was started in 2011-2013 and followed up in 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. Arthritis was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis at baseline, and incident T2D was determined by self-reported physician diagnosis, fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or glycosylated haemoglobin ≥6.5% during the follow-ups. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between arthritis and risk for T2D. A meta-analysis was conducted to pool our effect estimate and those from other cohort studies using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Eleven thousand four hundred and eight participants (47.9% men; mean age: 59.3 years) were included in final analyses. During a 4-year follow-up, 981 participants reported incident T2D. Compared with individuals without arthritis, those with arthritis at baseline had an 18% higher risk for incident T2D (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio: 1.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.34). In the meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies including ours, a total of 2,473,514 participants were included with 121,851 incident diabetes. The pooling HR was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.44) for the association between arthritis and diabetes.

CONCLUSION

Arthritis was associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes in Chinese adults, and the positive association was confirmed in the meta-analysis of cohort studies. Our work can inform clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of arthritis treatments in reducing risk of diabetes.

High Prevalence of Prediabetes and Associated Risk Factors in Urban Areas of Pontianak, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Uncontrolled prediabetes can develop into Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The incidence of T2DM among adults in Pontianak, Indonesia was reported remarkably high. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the risk factors for prediabetes in adults living in urban areas of Pontianak, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 subdistricts of Pontianak. A total of 506 adults underwent screening to obtain subjects with fasting blood glucose (FBS) of ≤124 mg/dL and aged >30 years. Blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Interview using a structured questionnaire were performed to obtain data on predictor variables (age, sex, education, income, health insurance, tobacco use, history of hypertension, gout, high cholesterol level, frequency of exercise per week, and diabetic education). The prevalence of prediabetes among subjects was significantly high (76.4%). Subjects were predominantly above 40 years, female, had low income, low education level, and had health insurance. About a third of the subjects had a history of hypertension, gout, and high cholesterol level, respectively. The exercise frequency was mostly less than 3 times/week, and the BMI was mainly classified as overweight and obese. The result of spearman's rho correlation showed that age (r = 0.146; p=0.022) and BMI (r = 0.130; p=0.041) significantly correlated with prediabetes incidence. Moreover, the chi-square analysis demonstrated that health insurance ownership (OR = 4.473; 95% CI 1.824-10.972; p ≤ 0.001), history of hypertension (OR = 3.096; 95% CI 1.542-6.218; p=0.001), and history of gout (OR = 2.419; 95% CI 1.148-5.099; p=0.018), were associated with prediabetes incidence. For all these significant risk predictors except BMI, the significant associations were found only among female subjects after specific sex analysis. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression showed that health insurance ownerships (OR = 5.956; 95% CI 2.256-15.661; p ≤ 0.001) and history of hypertension (OR = 3.257; 95% CI 1.451-7.311; p=0.004), and systolic blood pressure (OR = 2.141; 95% CI 1.092-4.196; p=0.027) were the risk factors for prediabetes. It is concluded that the prevalence of prediabetes is probably high especially among urban people in Pontianak, Indonesia. Health insurance ownership and hypertension may have an important role in prediabetes management. The risk factors might be different between male and female.

Genetic Predisposition to Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Levels Is Positively Associated With Serum Urate Levels

PURPOSE

Previous epidemiological evidence showed that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is related with gout. However, the causality and the direction of this association are still not definitely elucidated. We investigated bidirectional associations of T2D and glycemic traits with serum urate concentrations and gout using a Mendelian randomization approach.

METHODS

Summary statistics from the large-scale genomewide association studies conducted for T2D (Ncase = 62 892, Ncontrol = 596 424), fasting glucose (N = 133 010), fasting insulin (N = 133 010), hemoglobin A1c (N = 123 665), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (N = 46 186), urate (N = 110 347), and gout (Ncase = 2115, Ncontrol = 67 259) among participants of European ancestry were analyzed. For each trait of interest, independent genomewide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected as instrumental variables. The inverse-variance weighted method was used for the primary analyses.

RESULTS

Genetic predisposition to higher risk of T2D [beta = 0.042; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.016-0.068; P = 0.002] and higher levels of fasting insulin (beta = 0.756; 95% CI = 0.408-1.102; P = 1.96e-05) were significantly associated with increased serum urate concentrations. Moreover, we found suggestively significant evidence supporting a causal role of fasting insulin on risk of developing gout (odds ratio = 3.06; 95% CI = 0.88-10.61; P = 0.078). In the reverse direction analysis, genetic predisposition to both urate and gout were not associated with T2D or any of 4 glycemic traits being investigated.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides supportive evidence on causal associations of T2D and fasting insulin with serum urate concentrations and a suggestive association of fasting insulin with risk of gout. Future research is required to examine the underlying biological mechanisms on such relationships.

Identification of the urine and serum metabolomics signature of gout

OBJECTIVE

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis and the worldwide incidence is increasing. By revealing the metabolic alterations in serum and urine of gout patients, the first aim of our study was to discover novel molecular biomarkers allowing for early diagnosis. We also aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenic pathways.

METHODS

Serum and urine samples from gout patients (n = 30) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 30) were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to screen the differential metabolites and construct a diagnostic model. Next, the model was verified and optimized in the second validation cohort (n = 100). The pathways were illustrated to understand the underlying pathogenesis of gout.

RESULTS

In general, serum metabolomics demonstrated a clearer distinction than urine metabolomics. In the discovery cohort, 40 differential serum metabolites were identified that could distinguish gout patients from healthy controls. Among them, eight serum metabolites were verified in the validation cohort. Through regression analysis, the final model consisted of three serum metabolites-pyroglutamic acid, 2-methylbutyryl carnitine and Phe-Phe-that presented optimal diagnostic power. The three proposed metabolites produced an area under the curve of 0.956 (95% CI 0.911, 1.000). Additionally, the proposed metabolic pathways were primarily involved in purine metabolism, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, bile secretion and arachidonic acid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

The metabolomics signatures could serve as an efficient tool for early diagnosis and provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of gout.

Effect modification of hyperlipidemia and hypertension on the association between type 2 diabetes and gout

AIMS

We evaluated the association between type 2 diabetes and gout by a retrospective cohort study.

METHODS

Data of 17,259 male and 18,318 female patients with type 2 diabetes were retrieved for the 1998-2010 period. These patients were matched to a comparison group (n=34,518 and n=36,636, respectively) in a 1:2 ratio by age and region.

RESULTS

We found that patients with type 2 diabetes after adjustment for hyperlipidemia and hypertension had a lower risk of incident gout than the matched population (incidence rate ratio, men: 0.39 [95% CI: 0.36-0.42]; women: 0.78 [0.72-0.84]). Specifically, type 2 diabetes alone without hyperlipidemia and hypertension was associated with a reduced risk of incident gout in men (adjusted relative risk [RR]: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.22-0.39), but not in women (0.86, 95% CI: 0.55-1.36). We found that insulin users with hyperlipidemia and hypertension associated with risk of incident gout and no sex-specific differences were noted (adjusted RR, men: 1.28 [95% CI: 1.11-1.48]; women: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.14-1.53]). Specifically, insulin users alone without hyperlipidemia and hypertension were not statistically significantly associated with gout risk (P≥.0954).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicated that hyperlipidemia and hypertension modified the association between type 2 diabetes and gout.

Allopurinol use and type 2 diabetes incidence among patients with gout: A VA retrospective cohort study

To assess the impact of allopurinol on diabetes in a retrospective cohort of Veterans' Affairs patients with gout.The New York Harbor VA computerized patient record system was searched to identify patients with an ICD-9 code for gout meeting at least 4 modified 1977 American Rheumatology Association gout diagnostic criteria. Patients were divided into subgroups based on >30 continuous days of allopurinol, versus no allopurinol. New diagnoses of diabetes, defined according to American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria or clinical documentation explicitly stating a new diagnosis of diabetes, were identified during an observation period from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2015.Six hundred six gout patients used allopurinol >30 continuous days, and 478 patients never used allopurinol. Over an average 7.9 ± 4.8 years of follow-up, there was no significant difference in diabetes incidence between the allopurinol and non-allopurinol groups (11.7/1000 person-years vs 10.0/1000 person-years, P = .27). A lower diabetes incidence in the longest versus shortest quartiles of allopurinol use (6.3 per 1000 person-years vs 19.4 per 1000 person-years, P<.0001) was attributable to longer duration of medical follow-up.In this study, allopurinol use was not associated with decreased diabetes incidence. Prospective studies may further elucidate the relationship between hyperuricemia, gout, xanthine oxidase activity, and diabetes, and the potential impact of gout treatments on diabetes incidence.

Association between Gout, Urate-Lowering Therapy, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis in adults. Although the link between gout and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been documented, our understanding of the association between urate-lowering therapy (ULT) among gout patients and T2DM development remains poor. We included 69,326 patients with new-onset gout in 2000-2011. Each case was matched randomly with 1 patient without gout during the study period, and 69,326 patients were recognized as the comparison cohort. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze differences in the risk of T2DM development between patients with and without gout after considering related comorbidities. After adjusting for potential confounders, the case group had a higher risk of T2DM than the control cohort (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.30, 95%confidence interval (CI) = 1.24-1.38; P < 0.001). Gout patients without appropriate ULT had significantly higher risk of T2DM development than the control cohort (aHR = 1.39; 95%CI = 1.30-1.48; P < 0.001). Among gout patients, those receiving ULT excluding probenecid (aHR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.64-1.00), all had significantly lower risk of T2DM than gout patients without ULT (all aHR < 0.90; all P < 0.001). In this study, we found that gout increased the risk of T2DM; however, patients with any ULT exhibited a lower risk of T2DM than gout patients without any ULT (all aHR < 0.90, P < 0.001; excluding probenecid).

Sex Differences in the Clinical Profile Among Patients With Gout: Cross-sectional Analyses of an Observational Study

OBJECTIVE

Research findings in gout result predominantly from studies about men and might not be generalizable to women. To improve insight into sex differences in gout, our study compared clinical characteristics and comorbidities of female and male patients with gout, and explored the influence of menopause on these differences.

METHODS

Data from patients referred to 2 rheumatology clinics and diagnosed with gout were used. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities of each sex were compared univariately. Sex difference in comorbidities were further explored in multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption in both the total group and in those with gout onset ≥ 55 years (as a surrogate for menopausal state).

RESULTS

There were 954 patients, including 793 (83%) men, included. Women were on average older (65 vs 62 yrs), were more often obese (54% vs 36%), had a higher serum uric acid (sUA) level (0.53 vs 0.49 mmol/L), used diuretics more often (60% vs 30%), and consumed alcohol less frequently (47% vs 72%). Additionally, women more frequently had reduced renal function (64% vs 31%), hypertension (78% vs 56%), heart failure (23% vs 12%), and type 2 diabetes (39% vs 17%; all P < 0.05). In those with gout onset ≥ 55 years, differences in comorbidities were less pronounced and disappeared after adjusting for lifestyle.

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed sex differences in clinical characteristics and comorbidities among newly diagnosed patients with gout, and revealed that sex differences in comorbidities among those with gout onset beyond the age of female menopause were strongly attenuated and fully explained by lifestyle.

[Advantages of therapy with sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with hyperuricemia and gout]

Currently, only two drugs for reducing uric acid (UA), allopurinol and febuxostat, are registered in the Russian Federation, but their use does not allow to achieve the target level of UA in all cases. According to the results of numerous randomized trials, hyperuricemia and gout are associated with the corresponding components of the metabolic syndrome, including diabetes mellitus. The influence of factors is due to the need to search for new drugs that have a complex effect on several components of metabolic syndrome at once. Potentially attractive in this regard is a new group of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter of type 2, which, in addition to the main hypoglycemic actions, showed positive effects on the cardiovascular system, kidneys, as well as lowering UA.

Blood glucose fluctuations detected by continuous glucose monitoring system in gout patients with normal glucose tolerance and the effect of urate-lowering therapy

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are blood glucose fluctuations in gout patients with hyperuricemia and normal glucose tolerance, and the effect of urate-lowering therapy on blood glucose fluctuations.

METHODS

Thirty patients with newly diagnosed gout, hyperuricemia and normal glucose tolerance were enrolled in our study. Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was used to detect the blood glucose fluctuations of these gout patients. Changes in blood glucose fluctuations after allopurinol therapy were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Compared with the reference values of blood glucose fluctuation parameters in China, gout patients had greater glycemic fluctuations including higher mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE) (4.65 vs 1.94 mmol/L, P < .001), higher largest amplitude of blood glucose excursions (LAGE) (4.99 vs 3.72 mmol/L, P < .001) and higher standard deviations of blood glucose (SDBG) (1.36 vs 0.79 mmol/L, P < .001). MAGE was significantly correlated with uric acid (β = .007, P = .024) and HOMA-insulin resistance (IR) (β = .508, P = .03). Allopurinol treatment significantly reduced MAGE (4.16 vs 4.65 mmol/L, P < .001), SDBG (0.99 vs 1.36 mmol/L, P < .001) and HOMA-IR (2.26 vs 3.01, P < .001) in gout patients.

CONCLUSION

Blood glucose fluctuation increased even in the stage of normal glucose tolerance among gout patients. Blood glucose fluctuations in gout patients were associated with the level of serum uric acid and allopurinol could decrease blood glucose fluctuation as well as IR.

Gout and risk of diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of observational studies

To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in people with gout, and investigate the relationship between gout and the occurrence of DM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Data sources: MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and CINAHL databases, hand-searched reference lists, citation history and contact with authors. Eligibility criteria: cohort, case-control or cross-sectional studies which examined the occurrence of DM amongst adults with gout (with or without gout group) in primary care or general population samples. Prevalence and risk estimate meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. A total of 23 identified studies matched the inclusion criteria, reporting on a total of 575 284 gout patients. Meta-analyses revealed that the prevalence of DM in gout patients was 16% (95% CI, 14-18%, I² = 99.8%) according to clinical interviews. In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence of DM was higher in the female population (18%, 95%CI 2.7-33.3%) than the male population (12.6%, 95%CI 8.2-17.1%). As age increased, the incidence of diabetes in gout population increased. DM is commonly found among patients with gout. Patients with gout should be actively screened for DM and its consequences.

Relationship between Gout and Diabetes Mellitus after Acute Pancreatitis: A Nationwide Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

After acute pancreatitis, individuals often have low-grade inflammation, and subsequently develop metabolic sequelae such as post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM). Although numerous studies have investigated the relationship between gout and type 2 diabetes, little is known about the relationship between gout and PPDM. The aim was to investigate the associations between gout and PPDM.

METHODS

Using nationwide pharmaceutical dispensing data linked to hospital discharge data in New Zealand, gout and PPDM were identified among individuals after first episode of acute pancreatitis between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, social deprivation index, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, comorbidities, medications (glucocorticoids, statins, and estrogens), and characteristics of acute pancreatitis.

RESULTS

A total of 10,117 individuals were included in the analysis of risk for gout and 9471 in the analysis of risk for PPDM. PPDM was significantly associated with a higher risk of gout in the overall cohort (adjusted HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.15-3.06) and women (2.72, 95% CI 1.31-5.65), but not in men (1.42, 95% CI 0.73-2.78). Preexisting gout was significantly associated with a higher risk of PPDM in the overall cohort (adjusted HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04-2.41) and women (2.66, 95% CI 1.29-5.49), but not in men (1.31, 95% CI 0.78-2.20).

CONCLUSION

The relationship between gout and PPDM is bidirectional in the post-pancreatitis setting. A history of gout is a risk factor of PPDM, particularly in women.

Gout is associated with elevated risk of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Previous studies investigating the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) among patients with gout have produced inconsistent evidence. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the relationship between gout and the risk of ED. The Embase, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for all studies assessing the risk of ED in patients with gout. Relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adopted to estimate the association between gout and the risk of ED. Sensitivity analyses were applied to evaluate the robustness of results. Overall, 355,761 participants were included from 8 studies (3 cross-sectional and 5 cohort studies). Of these, 85,067 were patients with gout. Synthesis results showed patients with gout had a 1.2-fold higher risk of ED than individual without gout (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.10-1.31, P < 0.001). The results of sensitivity analysis are consistent with the trend of synthesis results. The present meta-analysis revealed that the risk of ED in patients with gout was dramatically increased when compared with the general population, which suggests that clinicians should assess erectile function when treating an individual who suffers from gout.

Effectiveness of Statins as Primary Prevention in People With Gout: A Population-Based Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular guidelines do not give firm recommendations on statin therapy in patients with gout because evidence is lacking.

AIM

To analyze the effectiveness of statin therapy in primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke (IS), and all-cause mortality in a population with gout.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study (July 2006 to December 2017) based on Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP^Q), a research-quality database of electronic medical records, included primary care patients (aged 35-85 years) without previous cardiovascular disease (CVD). Participants were categorized as nonusers or new users of statins (defined as receiving statins for the first time during the study period). Index date was first statin invoicing for new users and randomly assigned to nonusers. The groups were compared for the incidence of CHD, IS, and all-cause mortality, using Cox proportional hazards modeling adjusted for propensity score.

RESULTS

Between July 2006 and December 2008, 8018 individuals were included; 736 (9.1%) were new users of statins. Median follow-up was 9.8 years. Crude incidence of CHD was 8.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.25-10.65) and 6.56 (95% CI: 5.85-7.36) events per 1000 person-years in new users and nonusers, respectively. Hazard ratios were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.60-1.19) for CHD, 0.68 (0.44-1.05) for IS, and 0.87 (0.67-1.12) for all-cause mortality. Hazard for diabetes was 1.27 (0.99-1.63).

CONCLUSIONS

Statin therapy was not associated with a clinically significant decrease in CHD. Despite higher risk of CVD in gout populations compared to general population, patients with gout from a primary prevention population with a low-to-intermediate incidence of CHD should be evaluated according to their cardiovascular risk assessment, lifestyle recommendations, and preferences, in line with recent European League Against Rheumatism recommendations.

Risk of incident benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with gout: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

This retrospective cohort study evaluated the association between gout and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia among men by using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.

METHODS

Population-based representative insurance (outpatient and inpatient) claims data of 29,269 patients with gout and 29,269 matched patients without gout (1:1 ratio) for the period of 1997-2010 in Taiwan were identified. The association between gout and benign prostatic hyperplasia was evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. The associations of age by gout and gout phenotypes with benign prostatic hyperplasia risk were estimated.

RESULTS

Patients with gout had a higher incidence rate of benign prostatic hyperplasia than those in the matched gout-free group (19.62 vs. 10.11 events per 1000 person-years). Compared with the gout-free group, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for benign prostatic hyperplasia were 1.30 (1.24-1.36). The gout-to-benign prostatic hyperplasia association was modified by age (P_interaction < 0.0001) in gout patients the age groups of 20-40 years (adjusted HR 2.74, P < 0.0001) and 41-60 years (adjusted HR 1.39, P < 0.0001) but not in the age group of >60 years (adjusted HR 1.07, P = 0.063). Compared with gouty tophi, a higher risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia was noted in gouty nephropathy (adjusted HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.50).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that male gout is positively related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, particularly in young gout patients and those with gouty nephropathy.