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Trinh QD, Pham NTK, Takada K, Ushijima H, Komine-Aizawa S, Hayakawa S. Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076489. [PMID: 37047462 PMCID: PMC10095195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-β1 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-β1 is abundant at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-β1 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-β1 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Duy Trinh
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Kim TH, Yeo SG, Byun JY. Role of Biomarkers as Prognostic Factors in Acute Peripheral Facial Palsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:307. [PMID: 35008742 PMCID: PMC8745072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute peripheral facial palsy (APFP), including Bell's palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome, is a disease that affects daily life through facial motor dysfunction, causing psychological problems. Various tests to evaluate prognosis have been studied; however, there are no validated predictive biomarkers to guide clinical decision making. Therefore, specific biomarkers that respond to treatment are required to understand prognostic outcomes. In this review, we discuss existing literature regarding the role of APFP biomarkers in prognosis and recovery. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant papers. Our screening identified relevant studies and biomarkers correlating with the identification of predictive biomarkers. Only studies published between January 2000 and October 2021 were included. Our search identified 5835 abstracts, of which 35 were selected. All biomarker samples were obtained from blood and were used in the evaluation of disease severity and prognosis associated with recovery. These biomarkers have been effective prognostic or predictive factors under various conditions. Finally, we classified them into five categories. There is no consensus in the literature on the correlation between outcomes and prognostic factors for APFP. Furthermore, the correlation between hematologic laboratory values and APFP prognosis remains unclear. However, it is important to identify new methods for improving the accuracy of facial paralysis prognosis prediction. Therefore, we systematically evaluated prognostic and potentially predictive APFP biomarkers. Unfortunately, a predictive biomarker validating APFP prognosis remains unknown. More prospective studies are required to reveal and identify promising biomarkers providing accurate prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae Yong Byun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea; (T.H.K.); (S.G.Y.)
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Corbacho-Zaldívar M, González-Sánchez E. Revisión sistemática sobre la prevalencia de la serología infecciosa en la parálisis facial periférica. REVISTA ORL 2020. [DOI: 10.14201/orl.23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción y objetivos. La parálisis facial periférica es una afección del Nervio Facial que suele cursar con dolor retroauricular, pródromos vitales y parálisis facial. Ante la falta de bibliografía sobre la etiología de dicha parálisis se propuso realizar una revisión sistemática orientada a conocer la prevalencia serológica de la parálisis facial periférica en los diferentes estudios publicados incluyendo el realizado en esta facultad el curso anterior. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemática y metanálisis de los estudios publicados sobre la confirmación de una parálisis facial periférica por serología positiva. Resultados. Un total de 628 pacientes fueron analizados, de los cuáles 76 tenían serología positiva (12,10%). El metanálisis muestra heterogeneidad entre los resultados y sesgo de publicación. Conclusiones. No se evidencia que haya una relación significativa entre una parálisis facial periférica y una serología positiva reciente por lo que no se obtendría beneficio con un tratamiento antiviral.
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Facial nerve palsy including Bell's palsy: Case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data. Vaccine 2016; 35:1972-1983. [PMID: 27235092 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effectiveness of antiviral agents for the treatment of Bell's palsy is uncertain. We evaluated whether a steroid with an antiviral agent (S + A group) provided better recovery outcomes than a steroid alone (S group) in patients with Bell's palsy. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN A total of 1342 patients diagnosed with Bell's palsy who visited the Kyung Hee Medical Center in Seoul, Korea, from 2002 to 2012 were included in this study. Patients in the S + A group were treated with prednisolone and antiviral agents (n = 569) and those in the S group with prednisolone alone (n = 773). Outcomes were measured using the House-Brackmann (HB) scale according to age, initial disease severity, electroneurography (ENoG) findings and underlying comorbidities. RESULTS The rate of recovery (HB grades I and II) with initially severe Bell's palsy (HB grades V and VI) was higher in the S + A than in the S group (P = 0.001). However, the rates of recovery were similar with initially moderate palsy (HB grades II-IV) (P = 0.502). In patients classified according to age and ENoG-determined severity of palsy, the overall recovery rate was higher in the S + A than in the S group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05 for both). The recovery rate without diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) was higher in the S + A group than in the S group (P = 0.031). But in the patients with HTN and DM, the difference in recovery rates between the S + A and S groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.805). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a steroid plus antiviral agent resulted in significantly higher recovery rates than steroid therapy alone in patients with initially severe Bell's palsy and without either HTN or DM, and a nonsignificant trend towards higher recovery rates in all patients with Bell's palsy in this study. Antiviral agents may therefore help in the treatment of Bell's palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Achour I, Chakroun A, Ayedi S, Ben Rhaiem Z, Mnejja M, Charfeddine I, Hammami B, Ghorbel A. [Idiopathic facial paralysis in children]. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22:476-9. [PMID: 25817175 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic facial palsy is the most common cause of facial nerve palsy in children. Controversy exists regarding treatment options. The objectives of this study were to review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as the outcome of idiopathic facial palsy in children to suggest appropriate treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on children with a diagnosis of idiopathic facial palsy from 2007 to 2012. RESULTS A total of 37 cases (13 males, 24 females) with a mean age of 13.9 years were included in this analysis. The mean duration between onset of Bell's palsy and consultation was 3 days. Of these patients, 78.3% had moderately severe (grade IV) or severe paralysis (grade V on the House and Brackmann grading). Twenty-seven patients were treated in an outpatient context, three patients were hospitalized, and seven patients were treated as outpatients and subsequently hospitalized. All patients received corticosteroids. Eight of them also received antiviral treatment. The complete recovery rate was 94.6% (35/37). The duration of complete recovery was 7.4 weeks. DISCUSSION Children with idiopathic facial palsy have a very good prognosis. The complete recovery rate exceeds 90%. However, controversy exists regarding treatment options. High-quality studies have been conducted on adult populations. Medical treatment based on corticosteroids alone or combined with antiviral treatment is certainly effective in improving facial function outcomes in adults. In children, the recommendation for prescription of steroids and antiviral drugs based on adult treatment appears to be justified. CONCLUSION Randomized controlled trials in the pediatric population are recommended to define a strategy for management of idiopathic facial paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Achour
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie.
| | - A Chakroun
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - S Ayedi
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Z Ben Rhaiem
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - M Mnejja
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - I Charfeddine
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - B Hammami
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
| | - A Ghorbel
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
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Li Y, Li J, Mao Y, Li X, Liu W, Xu L, Han Y, Wang H. The alteration of SHARPIN expression in the mouse brainstem during herpes simplex virus 1-induced facial palsy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 586:50-4. [PMID: 25484257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bell's palsy presents a unilateral weakness or paralysis of the face due to acute dysfunction of the peripheral facial nerve with no readily identifiable cause. Although data show that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may be the possible causative agent of Bell's palsy, the precise mechanism of the paralysis is still unknown. SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) is thought to play a role in the control of inflammatory responses. In order to clarify the molecular pathway of SHARPIN involved in the facial palsy caused by HSV-1 in mice and the inhibitory effect of corticosteroids, we used 4-week-old Balb/c mice inoculated with HSV-1 for experiments. The expression and location of SHARPIN in the facial nucleus of brainstem were detected respectively by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunofluorescence. Expression level of SHARPIN increased and peaked at 2 days and then decreased in the facial nucleus of brainstem after the manifestation of the facial paralysis. After the administration of MPSS, the protein expression of SHARPIN at the peak point was down-regulated. Our results suggest that SHRPIN were activated during the inflammatory reaction in the HSV-1-induced facial paralysis. MPSS can effectively inhibit the expression of SHARPIN that may contribute to attenuate HSV-1-mediated nervous system damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Mao
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Assaf BT, Knight HL, Miller AD. rhesus cytomegalovirus (macacine herpesvirus 3)-associated facial neuritis in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol 2014; 52:217-23. [PMID: 24686387 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814529313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies are common sequelae to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans and are due to a variety of mechanisms, including direct antiretroviral toxicity, HIV-mediated damage, immune-mediated disorders, and opportunistic viral infections. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain the most consistent animal model for unraveling the pathogenesis of lentiviral-associated disease and its associated opportunistic infections. Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) is the most common opportunistic viral infection in rhesus macaques infected with SIV and causes multiorgan pathology; however, its role in peripheral nerve pathology has not been explored. We have identified 115 coinfected cases with SIV and RhCMV, of which 10 cases of RhCMV-associated facial neuritis were found (8.7% prevalence). Histologic lesions were consistent in all cases and ranged from partial to complete obliteration of the nerves of the tongue, lacrimal gland, and other facial tissues with a mixed inflammatory population of neutrophils and macrophages, of which the latter commonly contained intranuclear inclusion bodies. Luxol fast blue staining and myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry confirmed the progressive myelin loss in the peripheral nerves. Bielschowsky silver stain revealed progressive loss of axons directly related to the severity of inflammation. Double immunohistochemistry with spectral imaging analysis revealed RhCMV-infected macrophages directly associated with the neuritis, and there was no evidence to support RhCMV infection of Schwann cells. These results suggest that peripheral nerve damage is a bystander effect secondary to inflammation rather than a direct infection of Schwann cells and warrants further investigations into the pathogenesis of RhCMV-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Assaf
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, MA, USA Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - H L Knight
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - A D Miller
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, MA, USA Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Ithaca, NY, USA
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El Sawy NA, Shahine EM, Alhadidi AS, Achmawi GA, Alhabashy NM. Cellular immune response in prognosis of Bell's palsy and its relation to clinical and electrophysiological findings. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. El Sawy
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine , Rheumatology, and Rehabitation, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Enas M. Shahine
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine , Rheumatology, and Rehabitation, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abir S. Alhadidi
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Achmawi
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nehal M. Alhabashy
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Alexandria, Egypt
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Kauffman MA, Gonzalez-Morón D, Garcea O, Villa AM. TNFRSF1A [corrected] R92Q mutation, autoinflammatory symptoms and multiple sclerosis in a cohort from Argentina. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:117-21. [PMID: 21567205 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases are genetic disorders characterized by seemingly unprovoked inflammation, without major involvement of the adaptive immune system. Among them it is recognized the TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) caused by mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene and characterized by symptoms such as recurrent high fevers, rash, abdominal pain, arthralgia and myalgia. Recent studies have recognized the potential role of TNFRSF1A mutations in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Our aim was to investigate the role of TNFRSF1A R92Q gene mutation in a cohort of 90 Argentinean MS patients, where we determined the frequency of the TNFRSF1A R92Q mutation. We also compared autoinflammatory symptoms, MS clinical characteristics and treatment response and tolerability in R92Q carriers and non-carriers. Also, we used a case-control study design to obtain the genotypes of 78 healthy controls and assess the role of this mutation as a risk factor for MS. We found that five patients (5.5%) carried the R92Q mutation, four reported autoinflammatory symptoms previous to MS onset. We found no differences in MS clinical features, treatment response and tolerability between carriers and non-carriers. R92Q mutation was more frequent in MS patients as compared to controls. This increases the risk to develop MS in about 4.5 times. The TNFRSF1A R92Q mutation is a common finding in Argentinean MS patients. This genetic variant might be a risk factor for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Kauffman
- Neurogenetics Clinic, Neurology Division, Hospital JM Ramos Mejia, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Neuroimmunology Unit, 609-1221, Urquiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kossowski M, Bordure P, Darrouzet V, Dubreuil C, Tran Ba Huy P. [Bell's palsy]. ANNALES D'OTO-LARYNGOLOGIE ET DE CHIRURGIE CERVICO FACIALE : BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE D'OTO-LARYNGOLOGIE DES HOPITAUX DE PARIS 2008; 125:323-327. [PMID: 18842253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aorl.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kossowski
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervicofaciale, hôpital d'Instruction des Armées-Percy, 101, avenue Henri-Barbusse, 92141 Clamart cedex, France.
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Kanerva M, Jääskeläinen AJ, Suvela M, Piiparinen H, Vaheri A, Pitkäranta A. Human herpesvirus-6 and -7 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of facial palsy patients. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:460-4. [PMID: 18368583 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701774990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Finding human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 and dual HHV-6A and -6B DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of two facial palsy (FP) patients is intriguing but does not allow etiologic conclusions as such. HHV-6 or -7 DNA was revealed in 10% of the CSF samples tested from 70 immunocompetent adolescents and adults; a highly unusual result. How these findings are associated with the diseases they accompany remains to be defined. OBJECTIVE To determine whether herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and -2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), HHV-6A, -6B, and -7, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA could be found in CSF of FP patients or controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In all, 33 peripheral FP patients (26 idiopathic, 5 with herpesvirus infection, 1 puerperal, 1 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome) (34 CSF samples) and 36 controls (16 nonidiopathic FP, 7 hearing loss, 6 vertigo, 5 headache, 2 other) previously tested for HSV-1, VZV, and HHV-6 DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were tested with highly sensitive multiplex-PCR and an oligonucleotide microarray method. RESULTS One FP patient had HHV-7 DNA and another had HHV-6A and -6B DNA simultaneously. In the control group, one HHV-7, one HHV-6A, and three HHV-6B DNA-positive specimens were found.
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Rath B, Linder T, Cornblath D, Hudson M, Fernandopulle R, Hartmann K, Heininger U, Izurieta H, Killion L, Kokotis P, Oleske J, Vajdy M, Wong V. “All that palsies is not Bell's [1]”—The need to define Bell's palsy as an adverse event following immunization. Vaccine 2007; 26:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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