Endoscope-assisted intra-oral resection of the external thyroglossal duct cyst

Endoscopy-Assisted Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Resection: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVES

Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) are a common congenital mass in the cervical region. As the traditional surgical approach for TGDC removal, the Sistrunk procedure, often leaves a visible neck scar, the demand for improved cosmetic outcomes has increased. Emerging endoscopy-assisted approaches offer promise for addressing cosmetic concerns. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate the feasibility and safety of endoscopy-assisted TGDC surgery.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched from their respective inception dates to January 2023. Data on surgical approach, patient demographics, surgical procedure, and postoperative outcomes were extracted and analyzed. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.

RESULTS

The literature search yielded nine articles published between 2011 and 2022. Overall, 85 patients in these studies successfully underwent endoscopy-assisted TGDC surgery using various approaches, including areolar, axillo-breast, transoral-vestibular, and transoral-sublingual. The operative time varied across the studies, ranging from 50 to 480 min. TGDC sizes ranged from 1 to 3 cm in diameter. Complications, including infection, skin bruising, and dysarthria, were reported in seven patients (8%). No cases of conversion to open surgery or postoperative recurrences were reported.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopy-assisted surgery is a potential alternative for patients seeking TGDC resection with satisfactory aesthetic results while ensuring safety. However, existing evidence is insufficient to support the superior effectiveness of endoscopy-assisted TGDC surgery over the traditional Sistrunk procedure. Laryngoscope, 134:3038-3043, 2024.

Clinical Results Evaluation of Patients With Submental Mass Through Endoscopy-Assisted Transoral Surgery

BACKGROUND

Surgical resection through extraoral approach is the first choice for submental mass but leaves a visible scar. This study introduces an endoscopy-assisted transoral approach to resect submental mass and evaluates the clinical results.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From September 2018 to December 2019, 5 patients with submental mass underwent surgical resection through endoscopy-assisted transoral approach. The swallowing, speech, and appearance domains of the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire were assessed preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS

Each mass was completely removed without rupture. No patient developed any permanent postoperative complications. The function and aesthetic outcomes were excellent without recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscopy-assisted transoral approach for resection of submental mass is a reliable technique that achieves excellent postoperative aesthetics and functional results.

Removal of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst by a Submental Approach

BACKGROUND

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common congenital cyst in the neck and is removed by the Sistrunk procedure. This surgery involves a horizontal skin incision over the cyst that may leave a noticeable scar on the front of the neck. Therefore, this study examined the clinical outcomes and cosmetic benefits of the Sistrunk procedure by an incision in the submental area that is not easily visible from the front.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This observational study was performed on 152 patients who underwent the Sistrunk procedure by a submental approach to remove TGDC at a university medical center. Intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, subjective pain levels, and satisfaction with incision scars and neck and facial deformities, and recurrence were prospectively evaluated.

RESULTS

The length of the submental incision was about 3 cm and the median total operation time was 36 min. Postoperative complications were minimal. Hematoma occurred in two cases (1.3%), surgical site infection in 1 case (0.7%), and dysphagia for more than 1 week occurred in 1 case (0.7%). On a 0-10 visual analogue scale, the pain had a median value of 2 on the first day after surgery, and satisfaction with incision scars and neck and facial deformities showed median values of 8 and 10 at 6 months after surgery, respectively. Recurrence occurred in one patient (0.7%) during the median follow-up period of 68 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The submental approach for TGDC excision may be a reliable new surgical method that is safe and has cosmetic advantages. This observational study evaluated the clinical outcomes and cosmetic benefits of the Sistrunk procedure by a submental incision for thyroglossal duct cyst in 152 patients. The surgical procedure showed no increased operation time, no need for wide flap elevation, easy suprahyoid dissection, and an invisible scar in a natural position of the neck.

A new transoral modality for the treatment of lingual thyroglossal duct cyst with suspension laryngoscopy by plasma coblation

INTRODUCTION

Lingual thyroglossal duct cysts (LTGDC) are a rare kind of thyroglossal duct cyst. However, Sistrunk surgery is not very suitable for this type of cyst. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of transoral excision of LTGDC by plasma coblation.

METHODS

The present study reviewed 11 patients, comprising seven males and four females, who had been diagnosed with LTGDC preoperatively by computed tomography (CT) and fibre-optic electronic laryngoscopy. Of those patients, two had recurrence after surgery of epiglottic cysts. All these patients underwent transoral excision by plasma coblation. Then, we collected preoperative data of the patients, observed the effect of surgery, and analysed factors relevant to LTGDC, including the estimated bleeding amount, postoperative hospitalisation, complications and recurrence rates.

RESULTS

The connection between LTGDC and hyoid was tapered on sagittal images of CT, which was vital evidence for the diagnosis of LTGDC. Surgery was performed successfully for all 11 patients, and all recovered without complication. There was no evidence of recurrence after surgery, during follow up for 3-43 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Transoral surgery for LTGDC can be performed successfully by plasma coblation, which is an effective and safe surgical treatment. Fibre-optic electronic laryngoscopy and CT are essential to the diagnosis of LTGDC in order to avoid missing detection and misdiagnosis.

Management of Thyroglossal Cyst in Adults: A Single-Institution Experience

Objectives:

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is the most common congenital anterior neck mass in clinical practice. Due to its congenital origin, presentation in adulthood is uncommon with only 7% of cases presenting in this age group. Data are therefore limited on the management of TDC in adults, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study describes the pattern of the presentation and treatment outcomes, following the management of TDC in a series of adults in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.

Subjects and Methods:

A retrospective review of all adult patients with TDCs over a 5-year period was carried out. Sociodemographic data, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were obtained and presented as descriptive statistics.

Results:

Seven adult patients, including five males and two females, were managed during the period. Their ages ranged from 19 to 60 years, with a mean of 37 ± 16.4 years. All the patients presented with anterior neck swellings which had been present for a median duration of 3 years. Cysts were located in the infrahyoid position in all instances, and all had Sistrunk operation over a mean operative time of 78 ± 16 min. There were no intraoperative complications. The mean duration of the postoperative stay was 2 days. There was no recurrence after a median follow-up period of 15 months.

Conclusion:

This study highlights the rarity of TDC in adults and describes a single institution's experience with the management of adult cases of TDC using the classical Sistrunk operation.

Another Strategy for the Treatment of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst: Totally Endoscopic Surgery by Breast Approach

OBJECTIVE

Open surgery is the most common treatment of thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC), but it leaves obvious neck scarring. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and strategy of total endoscopic procedure by breast approach to avoid such scarring on the neck.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study reviewed 13 patients who underwent endoscopic resection of TGDC and 15 patients who underwent open resection of TGDC. We compared and analyzed factors including operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative hospitalization, complications, and cosmetic effect.

RESULTS

The surgery by the endoscopic approach was successfully completed in 13 cases and no one was converted to an open procedure. Another 15 cases were successfully performed by an open procedure. There were no significant differences between the 2 procedures in the mean cyst size, drainage time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay. The cosmetic effect was better and the operative time was longer in the endoscopic approach. Two cases had swallowing discomfort after surgery in the endoscopic approach, whereas one case developed this complication in the open approach. On patient treated with each approach developed infection. One patient developed skin bruise and one patient developed subcutaneous hydros in the endoscopic approach, whereas no complications developed in the open approach. There were no incidences of uncontrolled bleeding, tracheal injury, dysphagia, salivary fistula, or asphyxia/dyspnea in both approaches, nor were there any deaths or recurrences of TGDC during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION

With strict indications, the total endoscopic breast procedure is feasible and effective for selected patients. This procedure can be another choice for patients who wish to avoid neck scarring when undergoing treatment for TGDC.

Bilateral areolar endoscopic Sistrunk operation: a novel technique for thyroglossal duct cyst surgery

BACKGROUND

Sistrunk operation of the thyroglossal duct is a procedure for the removal of a cyst, the middle part of the hyoid bone and tract towards the foramen caecum. Unavoidably, this procedure results in a scar on the skin in the neck area. By performing a bilateral areolar endoscopic Sistrunk operation, this study is the first to develop a procedure that can solve the aesthetic problem. This operation results in both an excellent cosmetic result and the successful treatment of TGDC.

METHODS

A three-port technique was performed in this operation: 10-mm port for 30°, 10-mm laparoscope, 5-mm port for the instrument at the left circumareolar area and 5-mm port located at the right circumareolar area. Insufflation pressure of CO₂ gas was set at 6 mm Hg. The surgical working space was located over the breast tissue and pectoralis muscles, towards the anterior neck to the hyoid bone. The steps employed for resection were similar to a conventional Sistrunk operation using standard laparoscopic instruments and hook scissors.

RESULTS

A series of 11 patients were successfully treated using this novel technique with neither conversion to open surgery nor surgical complications. Average operative time was 88.54 min (ranging from 60 to 130 min). Average blood loss was 35 mL. (ranging from 15 to 67 mL). Patients were discharged in an average of 2.36 days after the procedure (ranging from 2 to 3 days).

CONCLUSION

This novel technique for TGDC Sistrunk surgery using an areolar approach is feasible, safe and effective. The benefit of this technique is the cosmetic result, which leaves no scarring on the neck after wound healing and may provide a new method for optimal aesthetic results.

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Surgery of Thyroglossal Duct Cysts

PURPOSE

Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) may cause cosmetic defects or more serious impairments if left untreated. Our study was designed to examine the potential advantage of endoscopic surgery performed on TGDCs, especially the ability to completely resect the branches and to affect the cosmetic appearance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty-two patients from Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China, diagnosed with TGDCs were selected. Seventeen patients with TGDCs underwent traditional Sistrunk's surgery, and 15 patients underwent endoscopic cystectomy.

RESULTS

All patients had complete resection and were followed up from 6 months to 4 years. None had a recurrence after endoscopic resection. However, patients in the traditional surgery group had a 5.9% (1/17) rate of recurrence. The incision length was approximately 2.1 cm in the endoscopic group compared with 5.2 cm in the traditional group. The mean time for the endoscopic operation was 97.7 minutes compared with 51.6 minutes in the traditional surgical procedure. The average length of hospital stay was 6.7 days in the endoscopic group compared with 9.7 days in the traditional group.

CONCLUSIONS

Endoscope-assisted small-incision thyroglossal duct cystectomy is an efficient method. It causes fewer cosmetic defects and also decreases operative time. It will likely become the new standard procedure for patients with TGDCs.

Perioperative difficulties and early postoperative complications of transoral approach in mouth base surgery

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to discuss perioperative difficulties and temporary or permanent complications that can be seen at early postoperative period in cases undergoing transoral surgical approach for disorders of mouth base.

STUDY DESIGN

The study included 19 patients undergoing transoral surgical approach between September 2011 and January 2013 who were retrospectively evaluated. Exclusion criteria were patients with malign submandibular gland tumor or other suspected tumors at mouth base, those with a benign solid mass larger than 10 × 10 cm, and those who did not accept the transoral approach.

RESULTS

Mean age was 28.47 ± 17.89 years (range, 8-76 years) in 19 patients included (9 male and 10 female subjects). Of these, submandibular gland excision was performed in 9 cases, whereas thyroglossal duct cyst excision was performed in 3 (2 transfrenulum approach and 1 lateral lingual approach), lymphangioma excision in 1, diagnostic lymph node excision at the posterior of submandibular gland in 3 cases, and dermoid cyst excision (2 with midline and 1 with left submandibular localization) in 3 cases. Perioperative difficulties included dissection problems due to adhesion, partial adhesion between Wharton canal and lingual nerve, fragmented dissection of the gland, capsule rupture of submandibular adenoma, and facial artery rupture. While visualization of surgical field and retraction of mouth base muscles are an important issue in midline approaches, resection of hyoid bone corpus is challenging in lateral approaches. Early postoperative complications included edema at mouth base, lingual ecchymosis, and postoperative temporary abnormal tongue sensation.

CONCLUSIONS

Transoral mouth base surgery is a safe approach in selected patients. Permanent injuries of neural structures are rarely encountered, which is considered as a concern by head and neck surgeons. Temporary complications are at a level that can be tolerated by patients.

Bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) endoscopic Sistrunk operation in patients with thyroglossal duct cyst: technical report of the novel endoscopic Sistrunk operation

BACKGROUND

A traditional Sistrunk operation for thyroglossal duct cyst inevitably results in an external scar. We developed an endoscopic Sistrunk operation using a bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) to obtain good postoperative and excellent cosmetic outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A 23-year-old woman and a 52-year-woman with thyroglossal duct cyst were selected. All surgical procedures were performed in concordance with the traditional Sistrunk operation and we used ultrasonic shears (Harmonic), hook scissors, and metal clips for that.

RESULTS

All procedures were technically successful with no skin incisions on the neck. The total operation time was 120 and 140 minutes and the total blood loss was 100 and 80 mL, respectively. The operative scars by BABA endoscopic method became inconspicuous in a few weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

The BABA endoscopic Sistrunk operation is technically feasible, safe, and effective. This new technique can be a good alternative option, particularly for young female patients.

Thyroglossal duct cysts: 20 years' experience (1992-2011)

The objective of the present study is to report on the clinical course and management of thyroglossal duct cysts. Retrospective review of all patients who underwent surgery for thyroglossal duct cysts between 2000 and 2013 at a tertiary referral center was carried out. The operations were performed using a modification of the Sistrunk operation: transcervical cystectomy, partial dissection of the hyoid bone, and dissection of all tracts identified during surgery. A total of 352 patients (176 men, 176 women) underwent surgery for a cyst (n = 282) or discharging sinus (n = 70). The mean age for the incidence of cysts was 26 years. Four of the patients (1.4 %) had a papillary thyroid carcinoma in the epithelium of the cyst. The follow-up period ranged from 7 months to 10 years. The overall recurrence rate was 4.5 %. Resection is often regarded as an elective surgical procedure in patients with thyroglossal duct cysts, but surgery should always be considered. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in the epithelium of the cyst is a rare but possible differential diagnosis. Dissection of all tracts found is recommended and partial dissection of the hyoid bone is mandatory. Dissection of the foramen cecum is not imperative. The recurrence rates with this approach are comparable to more extensive methods such as those described by Sistrunk.

Endoscope-assisted intraoral removal of ectopic thyroid tissue using a frenotomy incision

BACKGROUND

Ectopic thyroid tissue is a relatively rare condition and a developmental anomaly characterized by the aggregation of thyroid tissue. Usually, it occurs along the path of descent of the developing thyroid primordium from the foramen caecum, the most common being in the anterior midline of the neck at or below the level of the hyoid bone. Surgical removal of ectopic thyroid tissue is usually accomplished through an external incision in the neck. However, this procedure inevitably results in a neck scar.

METHODS

We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with ectopic thyroid tissue. We implemented a modified approach to ectopic thyroid tissue removal through a frenotomy incision of the mouth using an endoscope system.

RESULTS

A modified approach to ectopic thyroid tissue removal was used in this patient. The total operative time was 50 minutes, and the patient remains free of disease 15 months after excision.

CONCLUSION

Resection of ectopic thyroid tissue can be performed by a transoral endoscope-assisted approach through a frenotomy incision of the mouth.

Intraoral removal of a thyroglossal duct cyst using a frenotomy incision

BACKGROUND

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is one of the most common causes of anterior neck swelling close to the midline. Surgical removal of a TGDC is usually accomplished through an external neck incision, including the removal of the middle part of hyoid bone and a block of tissues extending to the foramen cecum. However, this procedure inevitably results in a neck scar.

METHODS

We report the case of a 20-year-old woman with TGDC. We implemented a modified approach to TGDC removal through a frenotomy incision of the mouth using an endoscope system.

RESULTS

The patient received a modified approach to TGDC removal. The total operative time was 60 minutes. She remains free of disease 12 months after her surgery.

CONCLUSION

We describe, in a single patient, a procedure in detail for endoscope-assisted transoral TGDC excision using an intraoral frenotomy incision. The advantage of this approach is the avoidance of a neck scar. Our experience with this patient indicates that resection of a TGDC appears to be feasible through a transoral endoscope-assisted approach using a frenotomy incision in the mouth. Further experience with this procedure is required.