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Lee JY, Cho YS. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal: proposal for a refined T-stage classification system. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023:10.1007/s00405-023-07876-3. [PMID: 36781438 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the external auditory canal (EAC) has a different pathophysiology from squamous cell carcinoma, the same staging system is used. The aim of this study was to propose a refined staging system, which is more suitable for ACC of the EAC. METHODS A total of 25 patients who were diagnosed with ACC of the EAC were reviewed. The modified Pittsburgh staging system (mPSS) that is universally used for temporal bone malignancy was refined for ACC (rPSS). The limited (< 0.5 cm) lateral soft tissue involvement was classified as T1 and extensive (≥ 0.5 cm) lateral soft tissue involvement as T2. The disease-free survival rate (DFSR) was assessed in the patients who underwent surgical treatment according to two staging systems; mPSS and rPSS. RESULTS When staging using mPSS, most patients (96.0%, n = 24) were classified as T4. However, when rPSS was used, T1, T2, T3, and T4 stage occupied 36.0% (n = 9), 40.0% (n = 10), 12.0% (n = 3), 12.0% (n = 3), respectively. There was no difference in DFSR according to the T stage using mPSS (p = 0.466). However, when rPSS was used, the DFSR showed significant correlation with the T stage (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Clinical T stage of mPSS was not sufficient to predict survival rate in ACC of the EAC, and we propose that the information on the lateral soft tissue involvement needs to be added to the existing staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yup Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Yang-Sun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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Kuramitsu S, Motomura K, Nakajima Y, Tsujiuchi T, Motomura A, Matsuo M, Fukaya N, Kageyama A, Kojima I, Ohno M, Saito R. Surgical management of brain metastasis as a part of systematic metastases from adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY: CASE LESSONS 2022; 3:CASE21673. [PMID: 36209406 PMCID: PMC9379622 DOI: 10.3171/case21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the external auditory canal (EAC) is a rare tumor that accounts for approximately 5% of all EAC tumors. ACC is generally known as a slow-growing tumor, but patients often experience recurrence or distant metastasis in the long clinical course. While the major pattern of recurrence is pulmonary metastasis, brain metastasis of ACC of the EAC is rare. OBSERVATIONS The authors describe the case of a 72-year-old male who was diagnosed with ACC of the EAC. Approximately 7 years later, brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intra-axial homogenously enhancing mass lesion that had no direct connection with the skull base in the left frontal lobe. The patient underwent tumor resection and histopathological examination revealed a mixture of cribriform and tubular patterns. The image and pathological characteristics of the tumor were similar to those of primary ACC or ACC from other sites of origin. LESSONS While patients with ACC of the EAC often experience recurrence or distant metastasis in the long clinical course, they survive for a relatively long period of time, even though an optimal treatment has not been established. The authors therefore recommend surgical resection for brain metastasis of ACC of the EAC to improve neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Motomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iori Kojima
- Pathology, Daido Hospital, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Masasuke Ohno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Zakhem GA, Pulavarty AN, Lester JC, Stevenson ML. Skin Cancer in People of Color: A Systematic Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23:137-151. [PMID: 34902111 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-021-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People of African, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, Pacific Islander, and Native Indian descent are considered people of color by the Skin of Color Society (SOCS). OBJECTIVES In this study, we assess incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, histopathology, treatment, and survival for skin malignancies in people of color as defined by the SOCS, by systematically reviewing the literature. METHODS An electronic literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases was performed. Articles published from 1 January 1990 through 12 December 2020 were included in the search. RESULTS We identified 2666 publications potentially meeting the study criteria. Titles and abstracts of these studies were reviewed and 2353 were excluded. The full text of 313 articles were evaluated and 251 were included in this review. CONCLUSION Differences in incidence, patterns, treatment, and survival exist among people of color for cutaneous malignancies. Further research and initiatives are needed to account for and mitigate these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Zakhem
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 222 East 41st Street, 24th Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Akshay N Pulavarty
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 222 East 41st Street, 24th Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Jenna C Lester
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Stevenson
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 222 East 41st Street, 24th Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
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Treatment and survival outcomes of ceruminous carcinomas of the external auditory canal: a SEER database analysis and literature review. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:583-591. [PMID: 34160677 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ceruminous carcinomas of the external auditory canal (EAC), encompassing adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), ceruminous adenocarcinoma (CA), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), are extremely rare with little known regarding the influence of demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment on survival. This study aimed to summarize existent data and describe prognostic factors affecting survival in ceruminous carcinoma. Cases of ceruminous carcinoma of the EAC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were analyzed to provide demographic, cancer-related, and treatment data and assess their influence on disease-specific and overall survival. A literature review was also performed. No significant difference in overall survival (OS) existed for localized versus regional disease, tumor type, or use of radiation therapy. In those with ACC, distant disease had a lower OS compared to regional disease. On review of the literature, local recurrence was a common finding with a low risk for nodal metastasis in ACC and CA. In conclusion, local recurrence was common despite aggressive surgical intervention (± radiation therapy); overall survival was unaffected by radiation therapy, tumor type, or local versus regional disease; and more cases of MEC are needed for analysis.
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Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Developed from the Parotid Gland to the Ear Lobe of a Young Woman. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3393. [PMID: 33680648 PMCID: PMC7929633 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a relatively rare malignant tumor. It is more common in women than in men and typically develops in the lacrimal, salivary, and breast glands. ACC of the external auditory canal (EAC) is exceedingly rare, and its invasion into the ear lobe is even more unusual. In this report, we present a case of ACC that presented as a mass on the surface of the ear lobe in a 28-year-old woman and was initially diagnosed as infected atheroma. For wide resection of the tumor, half of the entire auricula was resected and superficial parotidectomy was performed. After confirming no tumor cells on the surface of the facial nerve, the defect was reconstructed by the combination of platysma muscle flap to prevent Frey syndrome and free forearm flap for the ear lobe form. There was no recurrence or metastasis of the tumor, and Frey syndrome did not occur at 2 years and 8 months after surgery. The patient was satisfied with the result, oncologically and cosmetically. Even in young patients, comprehensive treatments (including diagnosis, resection, and reconstruction) are important in painful ear lobe masses.
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Zhai Z, Hu J, You Y, Yang X, Song Z. Tumor with slow-developing and recurring lumps of the external ear with skull base and lung metastasis: A case report. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1567-1572. [PMID: 32724398 PMCID: PMC7377094 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present case report describes a rare case of recurring lumps on the external ear in a 46-year-old Chinese male with a history of >10 years, who presented with large irregular red lumps on the right temple and with lung and skull base metastasis. The patient had a lesion in the right auricle and experienced recurrence following surgical resection. A thorough systemic evaluation revealed no other obvious abnormalities. The patient was diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), a slow-growing form of high-grade adenocarcinoma, and refused any further treatment at the present hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University). At 2 years post-follow-up, the patient had become more frail but was in good spirits. The present study indicated that ACC is a low-grade and commonly slow-developing malignancy that primarily arises from a salivary gland, with recurring and metastatic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yi You
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xichuan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Chen SL, Huang SF, Ho VWY, Chuang WY, Chan KC. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of adenoid cystic carcinoma in the external auditory canal. Biomed J 2020; 43:189-194. [PMID: 32389593 PMCID: PMC7283548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reviewed the clinical manifestations, pathological findings, and treatment outcomes of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) in the external auditory canal (EAC). METHODS This was a retrospective review of 12 patients with a diagnosis of ACC in the EAC seen in a single institution over a 30-year period. Data on the demographics, clinical presentation, treatment strategy, and outcome, as well as the pathological features of ACC, were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS The male-to-female ratio was 1:3 and the mean patient age was 55.9 years. The most common clinical presentation was otalgia (75%). Ten patients underwent surgical interventions, including radical mastoidectomy in five patients, wide excision in three, and lateral temporal bone resection in two. Adjuvant radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was performed in case of incomplete resection. Two patients underwent non-surgical treatments: radiotherapy in one and CCRT in the other. Microscopic perineural invasion was not associated with otalgia or histological subtype. The mean follow-up period was 84.6 months. Local recurrence occurred in 33% of patients. One-quarter of patients had distant metastasis, and all had lung metastasis. The 5-year overall survival rate for these patients was 82.5%. CONCLUSION EAC ACC should be included in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with otalgia and a mass in EAC for more than 6 months, particularly if the patient is a middle-aged female. Otalgia might not be associated with perineural invasion or histological subtype. The lung is the most common site of distant metastasis in patients with EAC ACC. Further studies should determine the optimal treatment protocol for this rare malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Lung Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Fu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Valerie Wai-Yee Ho
- Division of Head and Neck, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Yu Chuang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Shen W, Sakamoto N, Yang L. Model to Predict Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients with Head and Neck Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Competing Risk Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24:2129-2136. [PMID: 28424937 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-5861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of this study was to evaluate the cumulative incidence of cause-specific death and other causes of death for patients with head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). The secondary aim was to model the probability of cause-specific death and build a competing risk nomogram to predict cause-specific mortality for this disease. METHODS Data were extracted from the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-18 dataset. The study cohort included patients with a diagnosis of primary head and neck ACC during the period 2004-2013. We calculated the cumulative incidence function (CIF) for cause-specific death and other causes of death, and constructed the Fine and Gray's proportional subdistribution hazard model, as well as a competing-risk nomogram based on Fine and Gray's model, to predict the probability of cause-specific death for patients with head and neck ACC. RESULTS After data selection, 1435 cases were included for analysis. Five-year cumulative incidence of cause-specific death was 17.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.1-19.8%) and cumulative incidence of other causes of death was 5.8% (95% CI 4.4-7.4%). Predictors of cause-specific death for head and neck ACC included age, tumor size, advanced T stage, positive lymph node, distant metastasis, and surgery. The nomogram was well-calibrated, and had good discriminative ability. CONCLUSION The large sample allowed us to construct a reliable predictive model for rare malignancy. The model performance was good, with a concordance index of 0.79, and the nomogram can provide useful individualized predictive information for patients with head and neck ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Shen
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Naoko Sakamoto
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-0015, Japan
| | - Limin Yang
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
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