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Garnacho-Montero J, Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A, Lopez-García I, Miranda JC, González-Galán V, Corcia-Palomo Y, Alonso-Araujo I, Martín-Villén L, Aznar-Martín J, Amaya-Villar R. Pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: no diagnostic and prognostic value of different quantitative tracheal aspirates thresholds. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 50:44-51. [PMID: 28776434 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1362110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of pneumonia in ventilated patients is challenging due to the lack of specific and definitive clinical symptoms, laboratory data or radiological abnormalities. METHODS Based on quantitative tracheal aspirate (QTA) results, three groups of patients were compared: <105 cfu/ml, ≥105 cfu/ml and <106 cfu/ml, and ≥106 cfu/ml. We recorded demographic variables, underlying diseases and severity of illness at ICU admission. On the day of pneumonia diagnosis, we registered temperature, leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS In 231 episodes, clinical presentation, laboratory data, severity of illness, CPIS, the presence of bacteremia and radiological score did not differ among the three groups. ICU and hospital mortalities were also similar in the three groups. Factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality were age, SOFA score and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy. The bacterial burden in the QTA was not included in the model. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of tracheal aspirate samples may not be necessary in ventilated patients clinically suspected of having nosocomial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garnacho-Montero
- a Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Sevilla , Spain.,b Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) , Seville , Spain
| | - A Gutiérrez-Pizarraya
- b Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) , Seville , Spain.,c Infectious Disease, Microbiology and Preventive medicine Clinical Unit , Virgen Macarena University Hospital , Seville , Spain
| | - I Lopez-García
- d Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
| | - J C Miranda
- d Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
| | - V González-Galán
- e Infectious Disease, Microbiology and Preventive medicine Clinical Unit , Virgen del Rocío University Hospital , Seville , Spain
| | - Y Corcia-Palomo
- d Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
| | - I Alonso-Araujo
- d Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
| | - L Martín-Villén
- d Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
| | - J Aznar-Martín
- e Infectious Disease, Microbiology and Preventive medicine Clinical Unit , Virgen del Rocío University Hospital , Seville , Spain
| | - R Amaya-Villar
- d Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos , Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
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Rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus in lower respiratory tract secretions from patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI assay. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:4095-7. [PMID: 22993185 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02409-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A preclinical evaluation was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Cepheid Xpert assay on 135 lower respiratory tract secretions for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus. Compared with the quantitative culture, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 99.0%, 72.2%, 90.7%, and 96.3%, respectively.
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Gupta D, Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Singh N, Mishra N, Khilnani GC, Samaria JK, Gaur SN, Jindal SK. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: Joint ICS/NCCP(I) recommendations. Lung India 2012; 29:S27-62. [PMID: 23019384 PMCID: PMC3458782 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.99248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Nath Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Narayan Mishra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indian Chest Society, India
| | - G. C. Khilnani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National College of Chest Physicians, India
| | - J. K. Samaria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indian Chest Society, India
| | - S. N. Gaur
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National College of Chest Physicians, India
| | - S. K. Jindal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - for the Pneumonia Guidelines Working Group
- Pneumonia Guidelines Working Group Collaborators (43) A. K. Janmeja, Chandigarh; Abhishek Goyal, Chandigarh; Aditya Jindal, Chandigarh; Ajay Handa, Bangalore; Aloke G. Ghoshal, Kolkata; Ashish Bhalla, Chandigarh; Bharat Gopal, Delhi; D. Behera, Delhi; D. Dadhwal, Chandigarh; D. J. Christopher, Vellore; Deepak Talwar, Noida; Dhruva Chaudhry, Rohtak; Dipesh Maskey, Chandigarh; George D’Souza, Bangalore; Honey Sawhney, Chandigarh; Inderpal Singh, Chandigarh; Jai Kishan, Chandigarh; K. B. Gupta, Rohtak; Mandeep Garg, Chandigarh; Navneet Sharma, Chandigarh; Nirmal K. Jain, Jaipur; Nusrat Shafiq, Chandigarh; P. Sarat, Chandigarh; Pranab Baruwa, Guwahati; R. S. Bedi, Patiala; Rajendra Prasad, Etawa; Randeep Guleria, Delhi; S. K. Chhabra, Delhi; S. K. Sharma, Delhi; Sabir Mohammed, Bikaner; Sahajal Dhooria, Chandigarh; Samir Malhotra, Chandigarh; Sanjay Jain, Chandigarh; Subhash Varma, Chandigarh; Sunil Sharma, Shimla; Surender Kashyap, Karnal; Surya Kant, Lucknow; U. P. S. Sidhu, Ludhiana; V. Nagarjun Mataru, Chandigarh; Vikas Gautam, Chandigarh; Vikram K. Jain, Jaipur; Vishal Chopra, Patiala; Vishwanath Gella, Chandigarh
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O'Horo JC, Thompson D, Safdar N. Is the gram stain useful in the microbiologic diagnosis of VAP? A meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:551-61. [PMID: 22677711 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a meta-analysis examining respiratory specimen Gram stain for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, absence of bacteria on Gram stain had a high negative predictive value, but a positive Gram stain correlated poorly with organisms recovered in culture. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major challenge and no generally accepted gold standard exists for VAP diagnosis. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the role of respiratory specimen Gram stain to diagnose VAP, and the correlation with final culture results. In 21 studies, pooled sensitivity of Gram stain for VAP was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], .77-0.81; P < .0001) and specificity was 0.75 (95% CI, .73-.78; P < .0001). Negative predictive value of Gram stain for a VAP prevalence of 20%-30% was 91%, suggesting that VAP is unlikely with a negative Gram stain but the positive predictive value of Gram stain was only 40%. Pooled kappa was 0.42 for gram-positive organisms and 0.34 for gram-negative organisms, suggesting fair concordance between organisms on Gram stain and recovery by culture. Therefore, a positive Gram stain should not be used to narrow anti-infective therapy until culture results become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C O'Horo
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, Aurora Healthcare Metro, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Patel CB, Gillespie TL, Goslar PW, Sindhwani M, Petersen SR. Trauma-associated pneumonia in adult ventilated patients. Am J Surg 2011; 202:66-70. [PMID: 21497790 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are 2 tools that have been validated to diagnose pneumonia in critically ill patients. However, the role of the CPIS in diagnosing trauma-associated pneumonia (TAP) remains in question. METHODS This prospective observational study included all trauma patients who were ventilated for longer than 48 hours from September 2008 to September 2009. The CPIS and quantitative culture results from the BAL were collected and used to define pneumonia. RESULTS A total of 162 patients were identified. In all, 58 (35.8%) and 104 (64.2%) had a CPIS greater than 5 and a CPIS of 5 or less, respectively. There were 95 (58.6%) patients who had a BAL completed regardless of CPIS. There were 65 patients who met the bacteriologic definition of pneumonia (≥10(4) colonies/mL), for an overall TAP incidence of 40.1%. CONCLUSIONS The CPIS is unreliable as a clinical tool to predict a positive BAL at 10(4) or 10(5) or higher threshold. Therefore, BAL should be used for the diagnosis of TAP based on clinical rationale and not the CPIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag B Patel
- Department of Trauma, Department of General Surgery, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fever is common in surgical patients. The list of potential causes is long and includes many noninfective etiologies. CAUSES Only about 40% of fever episodes in hospitalized patients are caused by infection. Any fever in a surgical patient is a cause for concern. New or continuing fever more than three days after surgery should raise a strong suspicion of persistent illness or a new complication. On rare occasions, these fevers can be attributed to potentially life-threatening occult infections, including acute cholecystitis, antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis, systemic candidiasis, or transfusion-related cytomegalovirus disease. A change in the microbiology of postoperative infections has also been noticed, characterized by a greater incidence of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, by polymicrobial flora, and by fungi. TREATMENT Control of nosocomial infections has become more challenging recently because of widespread bacterial resistance to antibiotics and to more frequent surgical indications in elderly patients at higher risk. Early recognition and appropriate treatment of these infections relieves anxiety, reduces hospital costs, and increases patient survival rates. CONCLUSIONS The workup and therapy for the individual patient may differ, depending on the underlying disease and clinical appearance and the clinician's suspicion for infection. Subsequent testing should be based on the clinical findings. Perhaps more money is wasted in the evaluation of early postoperative fever than on any other aspect of postoperative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Dionigi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Friedman ND, Russo PL, Richards MJ. Surveillance for ventilator-associated pneumonia: the challenges and pitfalls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/hi05122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bouza E, Torres MV, Burillo A. Aportación del laboratorio de microbiología al diagnóstico de la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005; 23 Suppl 3:2-9. [PMID: 16854335 DOI: 10.1157/13091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiologic diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) should be considered as a microbiological emergency due to its impact on morbidity and mortality. Sampling of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) must be performed before starting or modifying antimicrobial therapy. Surveillance cultures in patients without criteria of VAP are not recommended. There is no evidence of any superiority of bronchoscopic over non-bronchoscopic sampling procedures, but quantitative bacterial cultures are essential to allow colonization to be differentiated from true infection of the LRT. Under these conditions, negative cultures practically rule out bacterial infection or, at least, identify patients who will not benefit from antibiotic therapy or who will require a very short course of treatment. Given that identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms usually takes up to 3 or 4 days, rapid procedures that provide the clinician with useful information are essential. Rapid information, even if partial or less than perfect, is clearly better for the patient than a perfect but delayed report. Gram stain of LRT secretions is an immediate procedure that can guide management and it has a reasonable correlation with culture results. At present, new antibiogram procedures, performed on direct clinical samples, allow presumptive identification and information on susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics in less than 24 hours after sampling. The impact of using this procedure in clinical practice is currently under research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarises some of the notable papers on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) from January 2003 to October 2004. RECENT FINDINGS Ventilator-associated pneumonia remains an important drain on hospital resources. All population groups are affected, but patients with VAP are more likely to be older, sicker, and male, with invasive medical devices in situ. Early VAP diagnosis is desirable to reduce VAP mortality and to retard emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes. This may be possible using preliminary culture results or intracellular organism in polymorphonuclear cells. In most intensive care units, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii are the commonest organisms isolated in VAP. However, causative organisms vary between and within hospitals. Consequently, individual intensive care units should develop empirical antibiotic policies to target the pathogenic bacteria prevalent in their patient populations. Preventative strategies aimed at reducing aerodigestive tract colonisation by pathogenic organisms, and also their subsequent aspiration, are becoming increasingly important. Educating medical staff about these simple measures is therefore pertinent. To reduce the occurrence of multidrug-resistant organisms, limiting the duration of antibiotic treatment to 8 days and antimicrobial rotation should be contemplated. Empirical therapy with antipseudomonal penicillins plus beta-lactamase inhibitors should be considered. If methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus VAP is a possibility, linezolid may be better than vancomycin. SUMMARY Prevention remains the key to reducing VAP prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jan Shaw
- Department of Anaesthetics, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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Rozycki GS. What’s new in trauma and critical care. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 198:798-805. [PMID: 15110814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace S Rozycki
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, 69 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Room 302, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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