Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents 60 minutes of warm mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Effect of ethanolic extracts from Piperaceae leaves on the reduction of skin necrosis and wound healing in an animal model of degloving injuries

PURPOSE

To assess the effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of three species of plants from the Piperaceae family on reducing necrosis and enhancing wound healing in an animal model of degloving injuries.

METHODS

The animals were divided into six groups, each consisting of six animals: sham, negative control, EEPA (Piper amalago ethanolic extract), EEPG (Piper glabratum ethanolic extract), EEPV (Piper vicosanum ethanolic extract), and positive control receiving hyperbaric oxygenation. The animals underwent surgery to induce excision wounds, and the extent of cutaneous necrosis was evaluated using graphic software, while wound healing was assessed through histopathology.

RESULTS

Skin necrosis percentage area was: sham group = 62.84% 6.38; negative control group = 63.03% 4.11; P. vicosanum = 40.80% 4.76 p < 0.05; P. glabratum 32.97% 4.01 p < 0.01; P. amalago = 32.40% 4.61 p < 0.01; hyperbaric oxygenation = 33.21% 4.29 p < 0.01. All treated groups showed higher collagen deposition and less intense, plus predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, suggesting improved healing process.

CONCLUSIONS

The three tested extracts demonstrated efficacy in reducing the extent of cutaneous necrosis caused by degloving injuries and also showed evidence of improvement in the wound healing process.

Consumption of Anacardium Occidentale L. (Cashew Nuts) Inhibits Oxidative Stress through Modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-kB Pathways

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a severe disorder associated with a high mortality. Several antioxidant and pharmacological properties of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) and its metabolites from different countries have recently been described. It is a medicinal plant with important therapeutic effects. This study aimed to verify the effect of an oral administration of cashew nuts in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Adult male rats were subjected to intestinal I/R injury by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and then allowing animals to 1 h of reperfusion. Rats subjected to I/R of the gut showed a significant increase in different biochemical markers. In particular, we evaluated lipid peroxidation, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, protein carbonyl content, reactive oxygen species generation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Western blot analysis showed the activation of the NRF2 and NF-kB pathways. Increased immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine, PARP, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 was observed in the ileum of rats subjected to I/R. Administration of cashew nuts (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the mortality rate, the fall in arterial blood pressure, and oxidative stress and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities by a mechanism involving both NRF2 and NF-kB pathways. Cashew nuts treatments reduced cytokines plasma levels, nitrotyrosine, and PARP expression as well as adhesion molecules expressions. Additionally, cashew nuts decreased the intestinal barrier dysfunction and mucosal damage, the translocation of toxins and bacteria, which leads to systemic inflammation and associated organs injuries in particular of liver and kidney. Our study demonstrates that cashew nuts administration exerts antioxidant and pharmacological protective effects in superior mesenteric artery occlusion–reperfusion shock.

Topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: effectiveness against ultraviolet B irradiation-induced injury of hairless mouse skin

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effects of a topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (EcPDTC) in skin oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (dose of 4.14 J/cm² ).

METHODS

Hairless mouse received treatment with 0.5 g of EcPDTC or control emulsion (CTRLE) on the dorsal surface skin 12 h, 6 h and 5 min before and 6 h after the irradiation. Oxidative stress was evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging capacity, reduced glutathione quantitation, catalase activity, superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation products. Inflammation parameters were as follows: skin oedema, myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil marker), matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine production.

KEY FINDINGS

Topical treatment with EcPDTC protected from UVB-induced skin injury by maintaining the antioxidant capacity levels similar to non-irradiated control group. Furthermore, EcPDTC inhibited UVB irradiation-induced superoxide anion production, lipid peroxidation and reduced skin inflammation by inhibiting skin oedema, neutrophil recruitment, metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) production.

CONCLUSIONS

Topical treatment with EcPDTC improves antioxidant systems and inhibits inflammation, protecting the skin from the damaging effects of UVB irradiation.

Antioxidant potential of Himanthalia elongata for protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the small bowel

BACKGROUND

Seaweed has been associated with the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases related to oxidative stress because of its antioxidant activity. We investigated the protective potential of extract of Himanthalia elongata against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the intestine of rats.

METHODS

Seventy-two (72) male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into 12 groups as follows: sham, I/R only, I/R plus vehicle at 3 time points, and I/R plus extract at 3 time points. The degree of intestinal injury was determined by oxidative stress using lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion. A histological study was also performed.

RESULTS

The algae extract helps to maintain normal enzymatic levels because, for all the studied parameters, groups treated with the extract showed significant differences (P < .05) compared with the I/R groups, and there were no differences compared with the sham group. The histological study showed that damage to the intestinal mucosa was less severe in animals treated with extract of H elongata after up to 24 hours of reperfusion compared with the I/R group.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the extract of H elongata can protect intestinal tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The Effect of Curcumin on an Animal Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Model for Bacterial Translocation and Inflammatory Response

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of the intestine is a major problem in abdominal pathological condition and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of curcumin on the bacterial translocation incidence and inflammatory response in rats submitted to bowel ischemia reperfusion injury. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats with a weight of 200 to 250 g were used in the study. They were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10 for each group): sham only operated group(group I); IR group (group II); and IR + curcumin treatment group (group III). Curcumin (curcumin from Curcuma longa) 20 mg/kg/day was given orally to the curcumin group. All animals were given 109 E. Coli by orogastric intubation 12 hours before sampling. Seventy-two hours after the first operation, mesenteric lymph node and blood samples were obtained and cultured. Blood samples of 2 mL were obtained for a polymerase chain reaction study. A piece of terminal ileum was also sampled for histopathologic examination. Mesenteric lymph node and blood cultures of all control animals were positive for microbiological growth, and polymerase chain reaction results were positive in seven of the eight rats. Histopathologically, edema, vasodilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration were found to be less in the other groups in comparison to the control group. Curcumin reduced bacterial translocation in blood, hepatocellular damage, and plasma cytokine levels. Curcumin reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation in intestinal I/R. rats. These results suggest that Curcumin would be clinically useful in the treatment of intestinal I/R injury.

The effect of 17-methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furanchalcone on NF-κB and the inflammatory response during myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 17-methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furanchalcone (MHBFC) on nuclear factor-kappa-binding (NF-κB) and the inflammatory response in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups, and the rat MI/RI model was established by the ligation of the left anterior descending for 30 minutes followed by ligation release for 1 hour. Areas of myocardial infarction were measured using Evans blue-2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and total superoxide dismutase were assessed. Release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NF-κBp65 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein expression and caspase-3 and adenine nucleotide translocator-1 messenger RNA expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Pretreatment with MHBFC decreased the infarction areas, the malondialdehyde, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, the expression of caspase-3, NF-κBp65, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Further, MHBFC increased total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, the release of IL-10, and the expression of adenine nucleotide translocator-1 messenger RNA compared with the results of the model group. The experiment showed that MHBFC protected the heart against MI/RI possibly by reducing lipid peroxidation damage while inhibiting the activity of NF-κBp65 and the inflammatory response.

Protective effects of the nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on experimental testicular torsion and detorsion injury

Testicular torsion results with the damage of the testis and it is a surgical emergency. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a low-molecular-weight antioxidant and potent inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PDTC to testicular torsion-detorsion (T/D) injury. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups. A sham operation was performed in group I. In group II, torsion is performed 2 hours by 720 degree extravaginally testis. In group III, 4 h reperfusion of the testis was performed after 2 h of testicular torsion. In group IV, after performing the same surgical procedures as in group III, PDTC (100 mg/kg, intravenous's) was administered before 30 min of detorsion. The testes tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) level was evaluated. Histological evaluations were performed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Testicular tissue MDA levels were the highest in the T/D groups compared with treatment group. Administration of PDTC prevented a further increase in MDA levels. Significant decrease occurred in CAT and SOD levels in treatment group compared with the control group. The rats in the treatment group had normal testicular architecture. The results suggest that PDTC can be a potential protective agent for preventing the biochemical and histological changes related to oxidative stress in testicular injury caused by testis torsion.

Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates intestinal ischemia reperfusion induced renal injury by activating Nrf2/ARE pathway

Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) is a serious clinical condition associated with simultaneous multiple organ dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on IIR induced renal injury in mice. An intestinal ischemia reperfusion mouse model was established by superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. IIR induced renal injury characterized by increase of BUN, Cr and NGAL in serum, MDA levels and decrease of SOD levels in the renal tissues. Ginsenoside Rb1 (30, 60 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally before reperfusion attennuated renal injury, which was associated with decrease of BUN, Cr and NGAL in serum, MDA levels and increase of SOD levels in the renal tissues. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry and Western blot data showed that ginsenoside Rb1 dramatically reversed IIR induced renal injury, associated with upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in renal tissues. Our data suggests that ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates acute renal injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway.

The effects of apelin on mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion damage in an experimental rat model

OBJECTIVE

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. There is ongoing research to find an effective preventive or treatment agent. We aimed to evaluate the effects of apelin 13 (AP) on intestinal I/R injury in a rat model.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6-8 weeks and weighing 280±20 g were equally divided into three groups (control, I/R and I/R+AP). The control group underwent superior mesenteric artery (SMA) mobilization alone without any clamping. In the I/R and I/R+AP groups, an atraumatic microvascular bulldog clamp was placed across the SMA at its point of origin from the aorta. In the I/R+AP group, 2 μg/kg/d apelin was administered intraperitoneally. After 60 minutes of ischemia, relaparotomy was performed to remove the microvascular clamp on the SMA for 3 hours of reperfusion. After 3 hours, tissue samples were obtained for biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels] and histopathological analyses.

RESULTS

MDA levels were significantly higher in the I/R group compared to the control group. Although MDA levels were lower in the I/R+AP group compared tothe I/R group, the difference was not statistically significant. There was also no significant difference between the I/R+AP and I/R groups regarding GSH levels. The median histopathological grade was significantly lower in the I/R+AP group compared to the I/R group (p=0.001).

CONCLUSION

Apelin appeared to have a positive effect on oxidative injury; this did not reach statistical significance. Thus, the role of apelin and associated findings in the initial treatment of intestinal ischemia needs further large-scale animal studies before human use.

Protective effects of L-carnitine on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model

BACKGROUND

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of the intestine is a major problem in abdominal pathological condition and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the L-carnitine can prevent the harmful effects of small intestinal IR injury in rats.

METHODS

Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Sham operated group (S), for shamoperated, the IR group for rats submitted to 45-minute of intestinal ischemia and 2-hour reperfusion, and IR+L group for those IR group treated with L-carnitine before reperfusion. All the rats were given EmGFP labelled E. coli DH5α through gavage 2-hour before the operative procedure. Afterwards the bacterial translocation (BT) from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen, lung and portal vein blood were detected. And the colony forming units/g (CFU/g) were counted. The TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in serum were measured by ELISA. The morphometric study was measured by Chius classification.

RESULTS

The levels of BT were higher in the IR group than IR+L group (P < 0.05). The E. coli DH5α was hardly detected in the S group. The IR+L rats had enhancement of IL-10 and suppressed production of serum TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, compared to IR group rats (P < 0.05). The degree of pathological impairment in small intestine was lighter in IR+L than IR group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The L-carnitine pretreatment has a positive effect on reducing levels of BT, on inhibiting secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and on lessening intestinal mucosa injury during small intestinal IR injury.

KEYWORDS

L-carnitine; Ischemia/reperfusion injury; Intestine.

Antioxidative protection of dietary bilberry, chokeberry and Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL19 in mice subjected to intestinal oxidative stress by ischemia-reperfusion

Background

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in the intestines is an inflammatory condition which activates leukocytes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Bilberry and chokeberry fruits are rich sources of polyphenols which may act as antioxidants and prevent lipid peroxidation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may improve microbial status in the intestines and increase the metabolic activity towards polyphenolic degradation. The aim of the study was to clarify antioxidative effects of bilberry and chokeberry fruits alone and with addition of a LAB-strain, Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL19, in an I/R-model in mice.

Methods

Male BALB/cJ mice were fed the experimental diets for 10 days. Diets consisted of standard chow supplemented with either bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) or chokeberry (Aronia × prunifolia) powder alone or in combination with the LAB-strain Lactobacillus plantarum HEAL19. I/R-injury was induced by holding superior mesenteric artery clamped for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 240 minutes. Thereafter, colonic and caecal tissues and contents were collected. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as indicator of lipid peroxidation and was measured by a calorimetric assay, lactobacilli were cultured on Rogosa agar plates and Enterobacteriaceae on VRBG agar plates, anthocyanins and phenolic acids were analysed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn.

Results

MDA was significantly decreased in the colon of groups fed bilberry alone (p = 0.030) and in combination with L. plantarum HEAL19 (p = 0.021) compared to the IR-control but not in chokeberry-fed groups. Supplementation with bilberry or chokeberry alone reduced the total number of lactobacilli on the mucosa. Higher concentrations of anthocyanins were found in the colon than in the caecum content of mice. A more varied composition of different anthocyanins was also observed in the colon content compared to the caecum of bilberry-fed mice. Phenolic acids formed by microbial degradation of the dietary polyphenols in the gut could be detected. More phenolic metabolites were found in the intestines of bilberry-fed mice than in the chokeberry-fed ones.

Conclusions

Bilberry alone and in combination with L. plantarum HEAL19 exerts a better protection against lipid peroxidation than chokeberry. These dietary supplements may be used to prevent or suppress oxidative stress.

Protective effects of green tea on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE

The intestinal mucosa is known to be adversely affected by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Previously we showed that green tea protects the intestinal mucosa from fasting-induced damage. The aim of this study is to determine whether green tea has any protective role in I/R of the intestine.

METHODS

Three groups of male rats were used in this study. Group I (I/R) underwent I/R of the intestine (30 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion). Group II (green tea + I/R) was given green tea for 2 wk before inducing I/R. Group III (control) had sham I/R. After the experiments, the jejunum was removed and the tissues were processed for histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis for cell proliferation markers and antioxidant enzymes.

RESULTS

The intestinal mucosa in group II was preserved compared with that in group I. The expressions of cellular proliferation markers (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67) and cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in group II were similar to those in group III and much less than in group I, reflecting the protective effects of green tea in group II animals.

CONCLUSION

In this animal model, administration of green tea before inducing I/R protects the intestinal mucosa from injury.

Resveratrol, a natural antioxidant, attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

The intestine is highly susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Splanchnic ischemia is the initial event that releases injurious factors, leading to systemic disorders with high morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress mediators are believed to contribute to the intestinal I/R injury. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes, is shown to be a strong antioxidant in various tissues, with a property of an estrogen-receptor agonist. Therefore, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on oxidative injury in the intestine. Female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 8, each). The sham group was only subjected to surgical procedures, while other animals were subjected to intestinal ischemia (60 min) and subsequent reperfusion (60 min). One group received resveratrol (15 mg/kg, 0.3 ml/day intraperitoneally) for both 5 days before surgery and 15 min before ischemia, while the other was treated intraperitoneally with 0.5% ethyl alcohol as vehicle (0.3 ml/day). In the I/R rat intestines, we detected severe tissue injuries (p < 0.001), the significant increases in the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (p < 0.001), and the decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.001), compared to the sham control. Resveratrol significantly ameliorated the intestinal injury, decreased MDA, NO and MPO levels to the sham control levels, and decreased bacterial translocation in mesentery lymph nodes, liver and spleen (p < 0.001). Resveratrol also restored the SOD activity. These results suggest that resveratrol could protect intestinal tissue against I/R injury with its potent antioxidant properties.