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The Current Pediatric Surgery Job Market: A Perspective of Recent Fellowship Graduates. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:1133-1138. [PMID: 36914464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the job market from the perspective of recent pediatric surgery graduates. METHODS An anonymous survey was circulated to the 137 pediatric surgeons who graduated from fellowships 2019-2021. RESULTS The survey response rate was 49%. The majority of respondents were women (52%), Caucasian (72%), and had a median student debt burden of $225,000. Considering job opportunities, respondents strongly emphasized camaraderie (93%), mentorship (93%), case mix (85%), geography (67%), faculty reputation (62%), spousal employment (57%), compensation (51%), and call frequency (45%). 30% were satisfied with the employment opportunities available, and 21% felt strongly prepared to negotiate for their first job. All respondents were able to secure a job. Most jobs were university-based (70%) or hospital employed (18%) positions where surgeons covered median of two hospitals. 49% wanted protected research time, and 12% of respondents were able to secure substantial, protected research time. The median compensation for university-based jobs was $12,583 below the median AAMC benchmark for assistant professors for the corresponding year of graduation. CONCLUSION These data highlight the ongoing need for assessment of the pediatric surgery workforce and for professional societies and training programs to further assist graduating fellows in preparing to negotiate their first job. TYPE OF STUDY Survey LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.
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Golisch KB, Sanders JM, Rzhetsky A, Tatebe LC. Addressing Surgeon Burnout Through a Multi-level Approach: A National Call to Action. CURRENT TRAUMA REPORTS 2023; 9:28-39. [PMID: 36688090 PMCID: PMC9843106 DOI: 10.1007/s40719-022-00249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Physician burnout is an epidemic and there are unique aspects of surgery that dictate rates of burnout among general surgeons and surgical trainees. This review characterizes the scope of burnout and its drivers within the field of surgery and advocates for strategies to address burnout at the individual, institutional, and national levels. Recent Findings Rates of burnout in surgery are increasing with higher numbers of young and female surgeons affected. Contributing factors are generally related to work-life balance, longer hours, and mistreatment in the workplace. Attempts have been made at implementing structured initiatives in an effort to combat work dissatisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Still, rates of burnout continue to increase. Summary General surgeons and trainees are at high risk for burnout with resulting attrition, depression, and suicidal ideation. The solution to burnout must be addressed at individual, institutional, and national levels. Further research into the factors leading to surgeon burnout and enactment of effective strategies to mitigate burnout must be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B. Golisch
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jes M. Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Leah C. Tatebe
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
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Gupta S, Jackson JE, Shindorf ML, Arthur LG, Chandler N, Danielson P, Downard C, Ehrlich P, Gaines B, Gray B, Javid P, Lallier M, Nwomeh B, Tagge E, Weiss R, Mak G, Garrison AP. Success in pediatric surgery: An updated survey of Program Directors 2020. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:438-444. [PMID: 34865831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most competitive surgical sub-specialty fellowships remains Pediatric Surgery (PS), which requires candidates to develop a strong and research-oriented curriculum vitae. Although some objective factors of matriculation are known, factors for the interview selection and ranking per the program directors (PDs) have not been reviewed in over a decade. METHODS A web-based survey of US and Canadian PS program directors (PDs) (n = 58) was used to evaluate a comprehensive list of factors in the selection criteria for PS fellowships. A mix of dichotomous, ranking, five-point Likert scale, and open-ended questions evaluated applicant characteristics, ABSITE scores, research productivity, interview day, and rank order criteria. RESULTS Fifty-five programs responded to the survey for a 95% participation rate. PDs desired an average of two years in dedicated research and weighted first authorship and total number of publications heavily. Only 38% of programs used an ABSITE score cutoff for offering interviews; however, the majority agreed that an overall upward trend was important. Quality letters of recommendation, especially from known colleagues, carried weight when deciding to offer interviews. Interview performance, being a team player, observed interpersonal interactions, perceived operative skills and patient care, and leadership were some of the notable factors when finalizing rank lists. CONCLUSIONS A multitude of factors define a successful matriculant, including quality of letters of recommendation, quality and quantity of publications, supportive phone calls, observed interactions, interview performance, perceptions of being team player with leadership skills as well as perceptions of good operative skills and patient care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Type II. TYPE OF STUDY Prognostic (retrospective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Gupta
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jordan E Jackson
- East Bay Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - L Grier Arthur
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic Surgery, St Christopher's Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicole Chandler
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Paul Danielson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Cynthia Downard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Peter Ehrlich
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Barbara Gaines
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian Gray
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Patrick Javid
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michel Lallier
- CHU- Sainte-Justine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benedict Nwomeh
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Edward Tagge
- Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Richard Weiss
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Grace Mak
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron P Garrison
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, United States.
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Sauder M, Zagales I, Zagales R, Das S, Sen-Crowe B, Bilski T, Kornblith L, Elkbuli A. Comprehensive Assessment of Burnout Among Surgical Trainees and Practicing Surgeons: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2022; 79:1188-1205. [PMID: 35624025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgeon burnout has received increasing attention due to evidence of high prevalence across specialties. We aimed to (1) systematically characterize existing definitions of burnout, (2) evaluate tools to measure burnout, and (3) determine risk factors of surgical burnout. DESIGN PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases were searched to identify burnout rates and tools used to measure the quality of life (QoL) published from January 2000-December 2021. PARTICIPANTS Surgical Trainees and Practicing Surgeons. RESULTS We identified 39 studies that defined surgical burnout, with 9 separate tools used to measure QoL. Surgeon burnout rates were found to be highest among general surgery trainees (20%-95%). Burnout among general surgery attendings ranged from 25% to 44%. Those most likely to experience burnout were younger and female. High rates of surgeon burnout were reported among all surgical specialties; however, these rates were lower than those of general surgeons. CONCLUSION Definitions of burnout vary throughout the surgical literature, but are consistently characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. The most utilized tool to measure surgical burnout has been the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Across specialties, there are high rates of burnout in both surgical trainees and attendings, indicating that this is a systemic issue within the field of surgery. Given the wide-scale nature of the problem, it is recommended that institutions provide support to surgical trainees and attending surgeons and that individual surgeons take steps toward mitigating burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sauder
- Dr. Kiran.C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, NSU NOVA Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Israel Zagales
- Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) Escuela de Medicina, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Ruth Zagales
- Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Snigdha Das
- Dr. Kiran.C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, NSU NOVA Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Brendon Sen-Crowe
- Dr. Kiran.C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, NSU NOVA Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Tracy Bilski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida; Department of Surgical Education, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida
| | - Lucy Kornblith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adel Elkbuli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida; Department of Surgical Education, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida.
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Commentary: If you can't do it, simulate it! JTCVS OPEN 2022; 9:187-188. [PMID: 36003468 PMCID: PMC9390129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vaysburg DM, Morris C, Kassam AF, Delman AM, Ammann AM, Cortez AR, Van Haren RM, Quillin RC. Who is Committed to Education? An Analysis of Surgical Education Research Publications. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:e93-e99. [PMID: 34353761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advances in surgical training have led to the recent emergence of surgical education research. While the importance of surgical education research is well recognized, not all surgical journals are publishing these works. The objective of this study was to analyze the volume and types of surgical education publications in general surgery and surgical subspecialty journals. DESIGN A PubMed search string was developed to identify surgical education publications in general surgery (GS, n = 10) and surgical subspecialty (SS, n = 16) journals from 2015 to 2019. Publications were catalogued into 7 categories: curriculum and/or teaching, trainee assessment, program evaluation, wellness and/or burnout, resident research, case outcomes with resident involvement, and other. Journals were also categorized by impact factor into 3 groups. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression and Wilcoxon rank-sum to analyze differences in education publication number and percent between GS and SS journals, as well as between different impact factor groups. RESULTS The median proportion of surgical education publications was 1.2% (IQR 0.3-2.8%) of total publications for journals queried. The highest proportion of surgical education publications by a journal was 13.9%. All other journals had median ≤ 5.5%. GS journals had a significantly higher median percent of surgical education publications than SS journals (2.9% [IQR 1.7-4.8%] vs 0.5% [IQR 0.0-1.4%] p < 0.01). Additionally, no significant differences were found for number of surgical education publications when journals were categorized by IF (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Education research is an important component of the surgical literature, with similar publication rates among journals of different impact factors. Publication volume is higher among general surgery than surgical subspecialty journals. With the ever-changing paradigm of surgical training, a rigorous scientific approach is needed to ensure effective training of future surgeons. Subspecialty journals should promote surgical education research to further understand and develop training in their field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Vaysburg
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher Morris
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Al-Faraaz Kassam
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aaron M Delman
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Allison M Ammann
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alexander R Cortez
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert M Van Haren
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ralph C Quillin
- Cincinnati Research on Education in Surgical Training (CREST), Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Azoulay D, Eshkenazy R, Pery R, Cordoba M, Haviv Y, Inbar Y, Zisman E, Lahat E, Salloum C, Lim C. The Impact of Establishing a Dedicated Liver Surgery Program at a University-affiliated Hospital on Workforce, Workload, Surgical Outcomes, and Trainee Surgical Autonomy and Academic Output. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2021; 2:e066. [PMID: 37636559 PMCID: PMC10455269 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To detail the implementation of a dedicated liver surgery program at a university-affiliated hospital and to analyze its impact on the community, workforce, workload, complexity of cases, the short-term outcomes, and residents and young faculties progression toward technical autonomy and academic production. Background Due to the increased burden of liver tumors worldwide, there is an increased need for liver centers to better serve the community and facilitate the education of trainees in this field. Methods The implementation of the program is described. The 3 domains of workload, research, and teaching were compared between 2-year periods before and after the implementation of the new program. The severity of disease, complexity of procedures, and subsequent morbidity and mortality were compared. Results Compared with the 2-year period before the implementation of the new program, the number of liver resections increased by 36% within 2 years. The number of highly complex resections, the number of liver resections performed by residents and young faculties, and the number of publications increased 5.5-, 40-, and 6-fold, respectively. This was achieved by operating on more severe patients and performing more complex procedures, at the cost of a significant increase in morbidity but not mortality. Nevertheless, operations during the second period did not emerge as an independent predictor of severe morbidity. Conclusions A new liver surgery program can fill the gap between the demand for and supply of liver surgeries, benefiting the community and the development of the next generation of liver surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Azoulay
- From the Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of General Surgery B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Rony Eshkenazy
- Department of General Surgery B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Intensive Care Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ron Pery
- Department of General Surgery B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mordechai Cordoba
- Department of General Surgery B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yael Haviv
- Intensive Care Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yael Inbar
- Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eliyahu Zisman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eylon Lahat
- Department of General Surgery B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Chady Salloum
- From the Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Universitaire Paul Brousse, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Chetana Lim
- Department of HPB and Liver Transplantation, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Lu Y, Juo YY, Martin MJ, Dan AG, Banerjee A, Jones DB, Dakin GF, Jain-Spangler K, Chen Y. Analysis of Early Job Market Experiences and Perceptions Among Bariatric Surgery Fellowship Graduates and Bariatric Surgery Program Directors. Obes Surg 2021; 31:1561-1571. [PMID: 33405180 PMCID: PMC7786144 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the past decade, an increasing number of bariatric surgeons are trained in fellowships annually despite only a modest increase in nationwide bariatric surgery volume. The study surveys the bariatric surgery job market trend in order to inform better career-choice decisions for trainees interested in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS A national retrospective cohort survey over an 11-year period was conducted. Bariatric surgery fellowship graduates from 2008 to 2019 and program directors (PDs) were surveyed electronically. Univariate analysis was performed comparing responses between earlier (2008-2016) and recent graduates (2017-2019). RESULTS We identified a total of 996 graduates and 143 PDs. Response rates were 9% and 20% respectively (n = 88, 29). Sixty-eight percent of graduates felt there are not enough bariatric jobs for new graduates. Seventy-nine percent of PDs felt that it is more difficult to find a bariatric job for their fellows now than 5-10 years ago. Forty-eight percent of PDs felt that we are training too many bariatric fellows. Seventy-seven percent of all graduates want the majority of their practice to be comprised bariatric cases; however, only 42% of them reported achieving this. In the univariate analysis, recent graduates were less likely to be currently employed as a bariatric surgeon (64% vs. 86%, p = 0.02) and were less satisfied with their current case volume (42% vs. 66%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The temporal increase in bariatric fellowship graduates over the past decade has resulted in a significant decline in the likelihood of employment in a full-time bariatric surgical practice and a decline in surgeons' bariatric case volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave. 72-227 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yen-Yi Juo
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 407 Crutchfield St, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Matthew J Martin
- Department of Surgery, Scripps Mercy Hospital, 4077 5th Avenue, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Adrian G Dan
- Department of Surgery, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Summa Health System, 95 Arch St #240, Akron, OH, 44304, USA
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 11725 N Illinois St, Suite 350, Carmel, IN, 46032, USA
| | - Daniel B Jones
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gregory F Dakin
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 525 E 68th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kunoor Jain-Spangler
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, 407 Crutchfield St, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave. 72-227 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Chow OS, Sudarshan M, Maxfield MW, Seese LM, Watkins AA, Fleishman A, Gangadharan SP. National Survey of Burnout and Distress Among Cardiothoracic Surgery Trainees. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:2066-2071. [PMID: 32866478 PMCID: PMC7455231 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout has been linked to poor job satisfaction and increased medical errors, and is prevalent among health care professionals. We sought to characterize burnout and distress among US cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) trainees. METHODS A 19-question survey was sent to CTS trainees in collaboration with the Thoracic Surgery Residents Association. We queried sociodemographic variables, balance/quality of life, and indicators of depression and regret. We included questions along the emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. RESULTS The survey was sent to 531 CTS trainees across 76 institutions and there were 108 responses (20.3%). More than 50% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with balance in their professional life and more than 40% screened positively for signs of depression. More than 25% of respondents (n = 28) would not complete CTS training again, given a choice. More than half met criteria for burnout on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales. The CTS residents with children were more likely to express regret toward pursuing CTS training. A greater proportion of women than men reported poor levels of balance/quality of life during training as measured by missed health appointments, negative impact on relationships, and self-perception. Similarly, those in the final 3 years of training were more likely to report poor levels of balance/quality of life. CONCLUSIONS High rates of burnout, regret, and depression are present among US CTS trainees. Efforts to promote trainee well-being and implement interventions that support those at high risk for burnout are warranted, to benefit trainees as well as the patients they serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Chow
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, New York, New York.
| | - Monisha Sudarshan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark W Maxfield
- Department of Surgery, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Seese
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ammara A Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Fleishman
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sidhu P Gangadharan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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