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Bolat Kucukzeybek B, Dere Y, Akder Sari A, Ocal I, Avcu E, Dere O, Orgen Calli A, Dinckal C, Tunakan M, Kucukzeybek Y. The prognostic significance of CD117-positive mast cells and microvessel density in colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38997. [PMID: 39029054 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of angiogenesis has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. However, in colorectal cancer (CRC), there are conflicting results regarding the relationship between angiogenesis and clinical-histopathological prognostic factors. Mast cells are immune system cells found in the inflammatory microenvironment; their role in carcinogenesis and prognosis remains unclear although they are considered to cause cancer development and progression. The present study aims to evaluate the prognostic significance of mast cell accumulation and angiogenesis assessed by microvessel density (MVD) in patients with CRC. Patients who underwent curative resection and who were not treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included. The anti-CD34 antibody and anti-CD117 antibody were utilized for the immunohistochemical assessment of MVD and the mast cell count (MCC) in the tissue samples, respectively. The relationship between MCC, MVD, survival and clinical-histopathological prognostic factors were evaluated. A total of 94 patients were enrolled to the study. In a median 49-month follow-up, 65 patients (69.1%) died. The 5-year disease-free survival was 61.1% and 31.3% for the group with CD34 < 18.3% and CD34 > 18.3%, respectively (P = .001). The same groups presented 5-year overall survival rates of 77, 1% and 51, 4%, respectively (P, .012). The MVD was found to be associated with the pathological T stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < .05). Although the MCC was positively correlated with MVD, there was no association between the MCC and clinical-histopathological prognostic factors. MVD-assessed angiogenesis was significantly related to survival and the clinical-histopathological prognostic factors in patients diagnosed with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Bolat Kucukzeybek
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yelda Dere
- Department of Pathology, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Akder Sari
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Irfan Ocal
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emel Avcu
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Dere
- Department of Surgery, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Aylin Orgen Calli
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Dinckal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Tunakan
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yuksel Kucukzeybek
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Haji J, Ilias M. Mesenchymal and Vascular Dissemination Markers, Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene Homolog (ERG) and Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), in Colorectal Cancer and Adjacent Tissue, Pericytes or Microvascular Density. Cureus 2023; 15:e50059. [PMID: 38186453 PMCID: PMC10769144 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The harmony between malignant cells and the adjacent microenvironment is a sophisticated subject; however, it seems to play an important role in cancer evolution. This study aimed to assess the microvascular density (MVD) and the mean pericyte number in the tumor and adjacent tissue, and to correlate the results with special histopathological prognostic variables of the tumor. The study included 48 colorectal cancer (CRC) cases diagnosed in the central lab of Duhok. The immunohistochemical (IHC) expressions of the mesenchymal and vascular dissemination markers, erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for microvascular density and pericytes, were assessed in tumor cells and in adjacent tissue around the tumor and then correlated to clinicopathological variables with a special concentration on inflammatory reaction, tumor budding, tumor deposition, and lymphovascular invasion. The results showed that the MVD was significantly higher outside the tumor in T1 and T2 compared with T3 and T4. Moreover, it was significantly higher in grade I when compared to grades II and III within the tumor. However, no correlation was found between the MVD and the special histopathological variables that had been studied. On the other hand, the low mean pericyte showed multiple significant associations outside tumor areas, with special histopathological features including a severe inflammatory reaction, a positive tumor deposit, and a negative lymphovascular invasion. These findings may indicate that defective or transformed pericytes around the tumor can participate in the development of the tumor and, subsequently, the outcome and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Haji
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, IRQ
| | - Mayada Ilias
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, IRQ
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Zhang R, Chen J, Wang S, Zhang W, Zheng Q, Cai R. Ferroptosis in Cancer Progression. Cells 2023; 12:1820. [PMID: 37508485 PMCID: PMC10378139 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by phospholipid peroxidation and associated with processes including iron overload, lipid peroxidation, and dysfunction of cellular antioxidant systems. Ferroptosis is found to be closely related to many diseases, including cancer at every stage. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in malignant tumors that originate from epithelia promotes cancer-cell migration, invasion, and metastasis by disrupting cell-cell and cell-cell matrix junctions, cell polarity, etc. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis appears to share multiple initiators and overlapping pathways with EMT in cancers and identify ferroptosis as a potential predictor of various cancer grades and prognoses. Cancer metastasis involves multiple steps, including local invasion of cancer cells, intravasation, survival in circulation, arrest at a distant organ site, extravasation and adaptation to foreign tissue microenvironments, angiogenesis, and the formation of "premetastatic niche". Numerous studies have revealed that ferroptosis is closely associated with cancer metastasis. From the cellular perspective, ferroptosis has been implicated in the regulation of cancer metastasis. From the molecular perspective, the signaling pathways activated during the two events interweave. This review briefly introduces the mechanisms of ferroptosis and discusses how ferroptosis is involved in cancer progression, including EMT, cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Saiyang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Quan Zheng
- Center for Singl-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Kampoli K, Foukas PG, Ntavatzikos A, Arkadopoulos N, Koumarianou A. Interrogating the interplay of angiogenesis and immunity in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Methodol 2022; 12:43-53. [PMID: 35117981 PMCID: PMC8790311 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy and the fifth most frequent cause of death from neoplastic disease worldwide. At the time of diagnosis, more than 20% of patients already have metastatic disease. In the last 20 years, the natural course of the disease has changed due to major changes in the management of metastatic disease such as the advent of novel surgical and local therapy approaches as well as the introduction of novel chemotherapy drugs and targeted agents such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor, anti-BRAF and antiangiogenics. Angiogenesis is a complex biological process of new vessel formation from existing ones and is an integral component of tumor progression supporting cancer cells to grow, proliferate and metastasize. Many molecules are involved in this proangiogenic process, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors on endothelial cells. A well-standardized methodology that is applied to assess angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment is microvascular density by using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against endothelial CD31, CD34 and CD105 antigens. Even smaller molecules, such as the microRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs, are being studied for their usefulness as surrogate biomarkers of angiogenesis and prognosis. In this review, we will discuss recent advances regarding the investigation of angiogenesis, the crosstalk between elements of the immune microenvironment and angiogenesis and how a disorganized tumor vessel network affects the trafficking of CD8+ T cells in the tumor bed. Furthermore, we will present recent data from clinical trials that combine antiangiogenic therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kampoli
- Hematology Oncology Unit, The Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Haidari 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- The Second Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Haidari 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ntavatzikos
- Hematology Oncology Unit, The Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Haidari 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Arkadopoulos
- The Fourth Surgical Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Haidari 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Koumarianou
- Hematology Oncology Unit, The Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Haidari 12462, Athens, Greece
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Feng J. The p53 Pathway Related Genes Predict the Prognosis of Colon Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:169-177. [PMID: 35023955 PMCID: PMC8747760 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s346280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy. This study aimed to explore the relationship between p53 pathway-related genes and prognosis of colon cancer. Methods The mRNA datasets of colon cancer and adjacent tissues were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the differential expression of genes in two groups was analyzed. Then, P53 pathway-related genes were intersected with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to obtain P53 pathway-related differentially expressed genes. Then, overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free survival (PFS) in clusters were compared by consistent cluster analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of DEGs was performed to obtain survival-related DEGs. Risk scores were calculated for each sample based on survival-related DEGs, and patients were divided into high/low risk scores. Prognostic differences, tumor immune cell infiltration levels, and immune pathway activation status were compared between the two groups. Results We identified 28 DEGs and two clusters. There are significant differences in PFS between the two clusters (P=0.011), and no significant difference between OS and DSS. We obtained 3 DEGs (CDKN2A, BAK1, BTG1) that were significantly related to PFS, and CDKN2A was considered an independent prognostic factor. PFS showed statistically significant difference between high/low risk score groups (P=0.015). There were significant differences in immune cell infiltration level and immune pathway activity between two groups. Conclusion The p53 pathway-related genes are significantly related to PFS in colon cancer patients and play an important role in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggao Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Yongzhou, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, 425100, People's Republic of China
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