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Hart KA, Kimura S. Pharmacologic Interventions to Immunologic and Immune-Mediated Conditions in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:307-339. [PMID: 38852015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators can stimulate, suppress, or regulate one or many aspects of the immune response. Use of a variety of immunostimulants, immunosuppressors, and anti-inflammatory drugs are described in horses, but the evidence supporting their efficacy is variable. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the best characterized immunomodulators in horses, but further study is needed to fully define their ideal dosing protocols and indications and to characterize the efficacy of other immunomodulators in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Shune Kimura
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Junita AR, Hamid F, Budu B, Natzir R, Hala Y, Alam G, Agus R, Bahar B, Syukri A, Primaguna MR, Dwiyanti R, Febrianti A, Sabir M, Azhar A, Hatta M. A potential mechanism of miana ( Coleus scutellariodes) and quercetin via NF-κB in Salmonella typhi infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22327. [PMID: 38058621 PMCID: PMC10696054 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To prove the effect of Miana (M), Quercetin (Q), and the combination as an anti-inflammatory agent and Cefixime (C) as an antibiotic in Balb/c mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and related to the dynamics of NF-κB mRNA expression and NF-κB protein levels. Methods A cohort study on male Balb/c mice with subjects consisted of 8 groups with 5 each group by administration of M, Q, M + Q, M + C, Q + C, M + Q + C, C only and sterile distilled water group as negative control. The statistical significance of the difference group was defined as P values less than 0.05. Results Decreased mRNA expression of NF-κB, NF-κB protein levels, and bacterial load after administration of M + C, Q + C, or M + Q + C showed significant differences when compared to the negative control. The decline in NF-κB was stronger when M + Q + C was given compared to M, Q, M + Q, or C only. Conclusion The effects of NF-κB suppression appear to be the same between the administration of M, Q and the M + Q when C added. However, the suppression of NF-κB was not significant without adding C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ade Rifka Junita
- Postgraduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Firdaus Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Budu Budu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rosdiana Natzir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yusmina Hala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, State University of Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Gemini Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rosana Agus
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Burhanuddin Bahar
- Department of Biostatistic, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Syukri
- Postgraduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Reza Primaguna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ressy Dwiyanti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
- Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Andini Febrianti
- Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
| | - Azhar Azhar
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Wang XX, Dai J, Wang Q, Deng HW, Liu Y, He GF, Guo HJ, Li YL. Intravenous lidocaine improves postoperative cognition in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:243. [PMID: 37474933 PMCID: PMC10360258 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD) in laparoscopic surgery should not be overlooked. Intravenous lidocaine can reduce perioperative inflammatory response in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, while the effect of intraoperative intravenous lidocaine on postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery has not been well studied. We investigated whether intraoperative lidocaine improves postoperative cognitive function after laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized double blinded controlled trial to investigate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on rapid postoperative recovery in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous lidocaine or saline. The primary outcome was cognitive dysfunction defined by a decrease from pre- to postoperative ≥ 2 of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, at the 3rd and the 7th postoperative days. Secondary outcomes were the MMSE raw score and parameters of the patients' postoperative recovery such as agitation and length of stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU), length of hospital stay, markers of inflammation (white blood cell count and CRP), and incidence of complications. RESULTS Seventy-three patients in the lidocaine group and 77 patients in the control group completed the trial. The rate of cognitive dysfunction was lower in the lidocaine group than that in the control group, both at the 3rd (18.57% vs. 63.64% for each group respectively; RR = 0.26, 95%CI = 0.19-0.32; p < 0.0001) and at the 7th postoperative day (12.33% vs. 53.25% for each group respectively; RR = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.22-0.35; P < 0.001). The postoperative MMSE scores were also higher in the lidocaine group than in the control group both at the 3rd (median 25 vs. 24 respectively) and at the 7th postoperative day (26 vs. 24 respectively). Also, patients in the lidocaine group displayed a lower white blood cell count than the control group at the 1st postoperative day (8.5 ± 2.7 vs. 10.4 ± 3.3; p < 0. 001). No differences were evidenced for the other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine can significantly improve postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (16/1/2022, registration number: ChiCTR2200055683).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xue Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Hui-Wei Deng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Gui-Fan He
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hua-Jing Guo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Ya-Lan Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Anese M, Alongi M, Cervantes-Flores M, Simental-Mendía LE, Martínez-Aguilar G, Valenzuela-Ramírez AA, Rojas-Contreras JA, Guerrero-Romero F, Gamboa-Gómez CI. Influence of coffee roasting degree on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in high-fructose and saturated fat-fed rats. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112530. [PMID: 36869534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of roasting coffee degree on inflammatory (NF-kβ F-6 and TNF-α) and stress oxidative markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) end product concentrations, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in high-fructose and saturated fat (HFSFD)-fed rats. Roasting was performed using hot air circulation (200 °C) for 45 and 60 min, obtaining dark and very dark coffee, respectively. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive a) unroasted coffee, b) dark coffee, c) very dark coffee, or distilled water for the control group (n = 8). Coffee brews (7.4 mL/per day equivalent to 75 mL/day in humans) were given by gavage for sixteen weeks. All treated groups significantly decreased NF-kβ F-6 (∼30 % for unroasted, ∼50 % for dark, and ∼ 75 % for very dark group) and TNF-α in the liver compared with the control group. Additionally, TNF-α showed a significant reduction in all treatment groups (∼26 % for unroasted and dark groups, and ∼ 39 % for very dark group) in adipose tissue (AT) compared with the negative control. Regarding oxidative stress makers, all coffee brews exerted antioxidant effects in serum, AT, liver, kidney, and heart. Our results revealed that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of coffee vary according to the roasting degree in HFSFD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Anese
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marilisa Alongi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Maribel Cervantes-Flores
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Veterinaria S/N. Col. Valle del Sur. C.P. 34120, Durango, Mexico
| | - Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute at Durango, Canoas 100. Col. Los Ángeles CP 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar
- Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute at Durango, Canoas 100. Col. Los Ángeles CP 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | | | - Juan A Rojas-Contreras
- TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., 34080 Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Fernando Guerrero-Romero
- Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute at Durango, Canoas 100. Col. Los Ángeles CP 34067, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Claudia I Gamboa-Gómez
- Biomedical Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute at Durango, Canoas 100. Col. Los Ángeles CP 34067, Durango, Mexico.
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Hamed RS, Naser AI, Al-Allaf LI, Taqa GA. The impact of Lidocaine gel on TNF-α expression in surgically induced oral mucosal ulcers: an immunohistochemical analysis in rabbits. JOURNAL OF ORAL MEDICINE AND ORAL SURGERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/mbcb/2023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Besides being a local anesthetic agent lidocaine is a promising anti-inflammatory agent with limited studies on its effect on the mucosa. Aim: Assess the anti-inflammatory effect of lidocaine following surgical induction wound in the oral mucosa as assessed by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 32 albino rabbits that were categorized into 2 equal groups of 16 rabbits: In the control group an oral wound was surgically induced and left without treatment and in the treatment group an oral wound was surgically induced and received topical Lidocaine gel. Euthanasia of animals was carried out on days 1, 3, 7, and 10, and sample sites were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical staining for TNF-α. Results: In the histological observations, it was noticed that the healing process was more rapid and convenient in the test group compared to the control group. For Immunohistochemical assessment, the TNF-α started to express clearly at 1 day and gradually decreased and disappeared at 10 days with a superior effect of the lidocaine group over the control group. Conclusion: Lidocaine seems to have anti-inflammatory reactions by lowering TNF-α levels and preventing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Fatimah, Massi MN, Febriani ADB, Hatta M, Karuniawati A, Rauf S, Wahyuni S, Hamid F, Alasiry E, Patellongi I, Permatasari TAE, Farsida. The role of exclusive breastfeeding on sIgA and lactoferrin levels in toddlers suffering from Acute Respiratory Infection: A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 77:103644. [PMID: 35638033 PMCID: PMC9142618 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Karnina R, Rahmadani S, Faruk M. Incidence of Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting with Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarean Section Patient. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cesarean section is performed through an open abdominal incision (laparotomy) and an incision through the uterus (hysterotomy). Generally, cesarean section is performed with regional anesthesia techniques, with spinal anesthesia being the primary choice. Complications that often occur after the administration of spinal anesthesia include hypotension, bradycardia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. The aim of this study was thus to identify the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting caused by spinal anesthesia during cesarean section procedures.
Methods. This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive, quantitative design. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients undergoing cesarean section procedures. Univariate analysis was performed to analyze data using IBM SPSS software version 28.
Results. Univariate results showed that of the 297 samples, the incidence of hypotension based on mean arterial pressure was 1.7%, the incidence of bradycardia was 0.7%, and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 3%.
Conclusions. There was a 1.7% incidence of hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section after spinal anesthesia, with 98.3% not experiencing hypotension. The incidence of bradycardia was 0.7% in cesarean section patients after spinal anesthesia, with 99.3% not experiencing bradycardia. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 3% in cesarean section patients after spinal anesthesia, with 97% not experiencing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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Syukri A, Budu, Hatta M, Amir M, Rohman MS, Mappangara I, Kaelan C, Wahyuni S, Bukhari A, Junita AR, Primaguna MR, Dwiyanti R, Febrianti A. Doxorubicin induced immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses via HMGB1, HIF1-α and VEGF pathway in progressive of cardiovascular damage. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 76:103501. [PMID: 35340325 PMCID: PMC8943401 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used treatment for cancer and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyocyte damage in cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), strong induce proinflammatory cytokines via damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which its interaction with the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), that affect cytokine release, and angiogenesis via the role of HMBG1, HIF-1α and VEGF as an important regulator in these cardiac failure processes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is plays an important role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells and VEGF is an angiogenic factor and can stimulate cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells will be described Objective The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the role of HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in DOX-induced Cardiovascular Disease and its molecular mechanisms. Methods The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject headings (MeSH) of “HMGB1”, “HIF-1 α”, “VEGF”, “DOX” and “Cardiovascular disease” and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article. Results Several articles were revealed that molecular mechanisms of the DOX in cardiomyocyte damage and related to HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF and may potential treatment and prevention to cardiovascular disease in DOX intervention. Conclusion HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF has a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage and predominantly acts through different pathways. The role of HMGB1 in DOX-induced myocardial damage suggests that HMGB1 is a mediator of DOX-induced damage. In addition, DOX can inhibit HIF-1α activity where DOX can decrease HIF-1α expression and HIF-1α is also responsible for upregulation of several angiogenic factors, including VEGF. VEGF plays an important role in angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and reduces the side effects of DOX markedly. In addition, the administration of anti-angiogenesis will show an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis mediated by the VEGF signaling pathway and triggered by DOX in cells. The effect of Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiovascular damage via several pathways. Cardiovascular damage can involve HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF. HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF as a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage. HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in cardiovascular diseases will be predominantly acting through different pathways.
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Effect of breastfeeding on children's health and its relationship to NRAMP1 expression: A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 71:103017. [PMID: 34840765 PMCID: PMC8606844 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toddlers with exclusive breastfeeding can increase immunity in preventing infectious diseases such as Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI). The body's resistance to disease is controlled by Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1). NRAMP1 contributes to the pathophysiology of several intercellular infections, including ARI. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breastfeeding on children's health and its relationship to NRAMP1 expression. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 124 toddlers in October 2020–June 2021. Toddlers were selected purposively from three Community Health Centers in Central Jakarta. The first group (n = 62) was exclusive breastfeeding and the second group (n = 62) was not exclusive breastfeeding. The characteristics of mothers and toddlers were collected using a structured questionnaire supported by medical record data. Meanwhile, NRAMP1 expression and NRAMP1 protein levels were obtained from the examination of blood samples. Examination of NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression by real-time PCR method and serum NRAMP1 protein levels by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. The results obtained that the average mRNA expression of NRAMP1 gene and protein levels of NRAMP1 in infants who were not exclusive breastfeeding were 6.88 fold change (FC) and 315.02 pg/ml compared to those who received exclusive breastfeeding of 11.36 FC and 1087.74 pg./ml. Parity, immunization history, exclusive breastfeeding, and frequency of ARI were significantly associated with NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels (P < 0.05). Maternal and under-five age, gender, and nutritional status were not significantly related (P > 0.05). Exclusive breastfeeding was the dominant factor influencing NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression (OR: 4268) and NRAMP1 protein content (OR: 737,362). Antibodies obtained from exclusive breastfeeding in synergy with the NRAMP1 gene form the body's immunity in infants suffering from ARI. Breast milk contains antibodies that work in synergy with the NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels to form body immunity in children with ARI. Exclusive breastfeeding significantly increased the NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels. Immunization can significantly increase NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels. Exclusive breastfeeding can increase NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression, and NRAMP1 protein levels improved children's health.
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Karnina R, Arif SK, Hatta M, Bukhari A. Molecular mechanisms of lidocaine. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 69:102733. [PMID: 34457261 PMCID: PMC8379473 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lidocaine is an amide-class local anesthetic used clinically to inhibit pain sensations. Systemic administration of lidocaine has antinociceptive, antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Lidocaine exerts these effects under both acute and chronic pain conditions and acute respiratory distress syndrome through mechanisms that can be independent of its primary mechanism of action, sodium channel inhibition. Here we review the pathophysiological underpinnings of lidocaine's role as an anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR) and nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-kβ) signalling pathways and downstream cytokine effectors high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Resiana Karnina
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Syafri Kamsul Arif
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Agussalim Bukhari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
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