1
|
Hisamoto T, Hirabayashi M, Nakatani M, Akiyama Y, Takehana A, Jikuya S, Nakashima C, Shimoyama H, Kuwano Y. Subcutaneous abscess in the shoulder caused by Prevotella bivia infection. Anaerobe 2022; 76:102609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
2
|
Mathias F, Kabri Y, Okdah L, Di Giorgio C, Rolain JM, Spitz C, Crozet MD, Vanelle P. An Efficient One-Pot Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,4-Disubstituted 5-Nitroimidazoles Displaying Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081278. [PMID: 28771219 PMCID: PMC6152245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-pot regioselective bis-Suzuki-Miyaura or Suzuki-Miyaura/Sonogashira reaction on 2,4-dibromo-1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole under microwave heating was developed. This method is applicable to a wide range of (hetero)arylboronic acids and terminal alkynes. Additionally, this approach provides a simple and efficient way to synthesize 2,4-disubstituted 5-nitroimidazole derivatives with antibacterial and antiparasitic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mathias
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Youssef Kabri
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Liliane Okdah
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, URMITE UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, URMITE UMR 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Cédric Spitz
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Maxime D Crozet
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR CNRS 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spitz C, Mathias F, Giuglio-Tonolo AG, Terme T, Vanelle P. Practical and Metal-Free Synthesis of Novel Enantiopure Amides Containing the Potentially Bioactive 5-Nitroimidazole Moiety. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111472. [PMID: 27827934 PMCID: PMC6273685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a practical and metal-free synthesis of novel enantiopure amides containing the drug-like 5-nitroimidazole scaffold. The first step was a metal-free diastereoselective addition of 4-(4-(chloromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole to enantiomerically pure N-tert-butanesulfinimine. Then, the N-tert-butanesulfinyl–protected amine was easily deprotected under acidic conditions. Finally, the primary amine was coupled with different acid chlorides or acids to give the corresponding amides. The mild reaction conditions and high tolerance for various substitutions make this approach attractive for constructing pharmacologically interesting 5-nitroimidazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Spitz
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Fanny Mathias
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Alain Gamal Giuglio-Tonolo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS 30064, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Development of microbial trigger based oral formulation of Tinidazole and its Gamma Scintigraphy Evaluation: A promising tool against anaerobic microbes associated GI problems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 89:94-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
First single electron transfer reaction on propargylic chloride in 5-nitroimidazole series. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Citron DM. Pre-molecular identification – Ignorance was Bliss? Anaerobe 2012; 18:189-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Li Y, Lenaghan SC, Zhang M. A data-driven predictive approach for drug delivery using machine learning techniques. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31724. [PMID: 22384063 PMCID: PMC3285649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug delivery, there is often a trade-off between effective killing of the pathogen, and harmful side effects associated with the treatment. Due to the difficulty in testing every dosing scenario experimentally, a computational approach will be helpful to assist with the prediction of effective drug delivery methods. In this paper, we have developed a data-driven predictive system, using machine learning techniques, to determine, in silico, the effectiveness of drug dosing. The system framework is scalable, autonomous, robust, and has the ability to predict the effectiveness of the current drug treatment and the subsequent drug-pathogen dynamics. The system consists of a dynamic model incorporating both the drug concentration and pathogen population into distinct states. These states are then analyzed using a temporal model to describe the drug-cell interactions over time. The dynamic drug-cell interactions are learned in an adaptive fashion and used to make sequential predictions on the effectiveness of the dosing strategy. Incorporated into the system is the ability to adjust the sensitivity and specificity of the learned models based on a threshold level determined by the operator for the specific application. As a proof-of-concept, the system was validated experimentally using the pathogen Giardia lamblia and the drug metronidazole in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zink L, Crozet MD, Terme T, Vanelle P. Long distance-SRN1 in nitroimidazole series favored by temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Hedge DD, Strain JD, Heins JR, Farver DK. New advances in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 4:949-64. [PMID: 19209277 PMCID: PMC2621401 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) have increased in frequency throughout the world. In addition to an increase in frequency, recent CDI epidemics have been linked to a hypervirulent C. difficile strain resulting in greater severity of disease. Although most mild to moderate cases of CDI continue to respond to metronidazole or vancomycin, refractory and recurrent cases of CDI may require alternative therapies. This review provides a brief overview of CDI and summarizes studies involving alternative antibiotics, toxin binders, probiotics, and immunological therapies that can be considered for treatment of acute and recurrent CDI in severe and refractory situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis D Hedge
- South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
A new, hypervirulent strain of Clostridium difficile, called NAP1/BI/027, has been implicated in C. difficile outbreaks associated with increased morbidity and mortality since the early 2000s. The epidemic strain is resistant to fluoroquinolones in vitro, which was infrequent prior to 2001. The name of this strain reflects its characteristics, demonstrated by different typing methods: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (NAP1), restriction endonuclease analysis (BI) and polymerase chain reaction (027). In 2004 and 2005, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasized that the risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is increased, not only by the usual factors, including antibiotic exposure, but also gastrointestinal surgery/manipulation, prolonged length of stay in a healthcare setting, serious underlying illness, immune-compromising conditions, and aging. Patients on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have an elevated risk, as do peripartum women and heart transplant recipients. Before 2002, toxic megacolon in C. difficile-associated colitis (CDAC), was rare, but its incidence has increased dramatically. Up to two-thirds of hospitalized patients may be infected with C. difficile. Asymptomatic carriers admitted to healthcare facilities can transmit the organism to other susceptible patients, thereby becoming vectors. Fulminant colitis is reported more frequently during outbreaks of C. difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). C. difficile infection with IBD carries a higher mortality than without underlying IBD. This article reviews the latest information on C. difficile infection, including presentation, vulnerable hosts and choice of antibiotics, alternative therapies, and probiotics and immunotherapy. We review contact precautions for patients with known or suspected C. difficile-associated disease. Healthcare institutions require accurate and rapid diagnosis for early detection of possible outbreaks, to initiate specific therapy and implement effective control measures. A comprehensive C. difficile infection control management rapid response team (RRT) is recommended for each health care facility. A communication network between RRTs is recommended, in coordination with each country’s department of health. Our aim is to convey a comprehensive source of information and to guide healthcare professionals in the difficult decisions that they face when caring for these oftentimes very ill patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hsu GJ, Chen CR, Lai MC, Luh SP. Chest wall abscess due to Prevotella bivia. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:233-6. [PMID: 19283879 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella bivia is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. A 77-year-old man developed a rapidly growing chest wall abscess due to P. bivia within days. He underwent surgical resection of the infected area; his postoperative course was uneventful. This is the first case of chest wall abscess due to P. bivia infection. Its correct diagnosis cannot be underestimated because fulminant infections can occur in aged or immunocompromised patients if treated incorrectly. Prompt, appropriate surgical management, and antibiotic therapy affect treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-jong Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City 60002, Taiwan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhat A, Athar F, Van Zyl R, Chen CT, Azam A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 4-Substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-Triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene}thiosemicarbazides as New Class of Potential Antiprotozoal Agents. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:764-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
Gerding DN, Muto CA, Owens RC. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 Suppl 1:S32-42. [PMID: 18177219 DOI: 10.1086/521860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in North America have been due to a more virulent, possibly more resistant strain that causes more-severe disease, making prompt recognition of cases and optimal management of infection essential for a successful therapeutic outcome. Treatment algorithms are presented to help guide the management of patients with CDI. Metronidazole has been recommended as initial therapy since the late 1990s and continues to be the first choice for all but seriously ill patients and those with complicated or fulminant infections or multiple recurrences of CDI, for whom vancomycin is recommended. Other options for recurrent CDI, such as probiotics and currently available anion-exchange resins, have limited efficacy and are potentially harmful. Intravenous immunoglobulin may benefit patients with refractory, recurrent, or severe disease, but no controlled data are available. Two antimicrobials available in the United States for other indications, nitazoxanide and rifaximin, have been used successfully for CDI treatment but, like metronidazole, lack United States Food and Drug Administration approval for this indication. Experimental treatments currently in clinical development include a toxin-binding polymer, tolevamer; 2 poorly absorbed antimicrobials, OPT-80 (formerly known as Difimicin) and ramoplanin; monoclonal antibodies; and a C. difficile vaccine.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stepan C, Surawicz CM. Treatment strategies for recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 1:295-305. [PMID: 19072422 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.1.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile, the most common nosocomial infection of the GI tract, has become a bigger threat with the emergence of a hypervirulent strain. C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is usually a consequence of antibiotic therapy or chemotherapy, but sporadic cases occur, and an increase in severe sporadic cases is of great concern. Epidemics of CDAD with high morbidity and mortality have been documented in the USA, Canada and Europe, making accurate diagnosis, effective therapy and strategies for prevention more important than ever. Treatment of refractory and recurrent CDAD remain therapeutic challenges. Improved treatments are needed; several new drugs are currently in trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crenguta Stepan
- University of Washington, Gastroenterology, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359773 Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Durai R. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of Clostridium difficile infection. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:2958-62. [PMID: 17404858 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection is an important health problem worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly population. Antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum, often trigger the infection; hence the use of unnecessary antibiotics should be avoided. Mild to moderate cases respond to metronidazole or vancomycin. Severe cases may require bowel resection. Chronic relapsing cases require a prolonged course of antibiotics, immunoglobulin, probiotics, and, occasionally, feces enema. This review provides a comprehensive update on pathogenesis and management of Clostridium difficile infection for health professionals all over the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajaraman Durai
- Department of Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Hecht DW, Galang MA, Sambol SP, Osmolski JR, Johnson S, Gerding DN. In vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 110 toxigenic clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 1983 to 2004. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2716-9. [PMID: 17517836 PMCID: PMC1932509 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01623-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is increasing, and standard treatment is not always effective. Therefore, more-effective antimicrobial agents and treatment strategies are needed. We used the agar dilution method to determine the in vitro susceptibility of the following antimicrobials against 110 toxigenic clinical isolates of C. difficile from 1983 to 2004, primarily from the United States: doripenem, meropenem, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, OPT-80, ramoplanin, rifalazil, rifaximin, nitazoxanide, tizoxanide, tigecycline, vancomycin, tinidazole, and metronidazole. Included among the isolates tested were six strains of the toxinotype III, NAP1/BI/027 group implicated in recent U.S., Canadian, and European outbreaks. The most active agents in vitro were rifaximin, rifalazil, tizoxanide, nitazoxanide, and OPT-80 with MICs at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited (MIC(50)) and MIC(90) values of 0.0075 and 0.015 microg/ml, 0.0075 and 0.03 microg/ml, 0.06 and 0.125 microg/ml, 0.06 and 0.125 microg/ml, 0.125 and 0.125 microg/ml, respectively. However, for three isolates the rifalazil and rifaximin MICs were very high (MIC of >256 microg/ml). Ramoplanin, vancomycin, doripenem, and meropenem were also very active in vitro with narrow MIC(50) and MIC(90) ranges. None of the isolates were resistant to metronidazole, the only agent for which there are breakpoints, with tinidazole showing nearly identical results. These in vitro susceptibility results are encouraging and support continued evaluation of selected antimicrobials in clinical trials of treatment for CDAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Hecht
- Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is increasingly being reported in many regions throughout the world. The reasons for this are unknown, are likely to be multifactorial, and are the subject of several current investigations. In addition to the upsurge in frequency of CDAD, an increased rate of relapse/recurrence, disease severity and refractoriness to traditional treatment have also been noted. Moreover, severe disease has been reported in non-traditional hosts (e.g. younger age, seemingly healthy, non-institutionalised individuals residing in the community, and some without apparent antimicrobial exposure). A previously uncommon and more virulent strain of C. difficile has been reported at the centre of multiple transcontinental outbreaks. The appearance of this more virulent strain, in association with certain environmental and antimicrobial exposure factors, may be combining to create the 'perfect storm'. It is human nature to be reactive; however, the successful control of C. difficile will require healthcare systems (including administrators, and leadership within several departments such as environmental services, infection control, infectious diseases, gastroenterology, surgery, microbiology and nursing), clinicians, long-term care and rehabilitation facilities, and patients themselves to be proactive in a collaborative effort. Guidelines for the management of CDAD were last published over a decade ago, with the next iteration due in the fall (autumn) of 2007. Several newer therapies are under investigation but it is unclear whether they will be superior to current treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Owens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Services, Division of Infectious Diseases, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine 04102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Austin MN, Meyn LA, Hillier SL. Susceptibility of vaginal bacteria to metronidazole and tinidazole. Anaerobe 2006; 12:227-30. [PMID: 16893662 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 470 vaginal isolates from women with bacterial vaginosis and three species of Lactobacillus, to metronidazole and tinidazole using the agar dilution method. There was no significant difference observed in the inhibitory activity of either drug to any of the isolates tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M N Austin
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|