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Cunrath O, Palmer JD. An overview of Salmonella enterica metal homeostasis pathways during infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:uqab001. [PMID: 34250489 PMCID: PMC8264917 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a powerful strategy at the core of the battlefield between host survival and pathogen proliferation. A host can prevent pathogens from accessing biological metals such as Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co or Ni, or actively intoxicate them with metal overload. While the importance of metal homeostasis for the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica Typhimurium was demonstrated many decades ago, inconsistent results across various mouse models, diverse Salmonella genotypes, and differing infection routes challenge aspects of our understanding of this phenomenon. With expanding access to CRISPR-Cas9 for host genome manipulation, it is now pertinent to re-visit past results in the context of specific mouse models, identify gaps and incongruities in current knowledge landscape of Salmonella homeostasis, and recommend a straight path forward towards a more universal understanding of this historic host-microbe relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cunrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, UK OX1 3SZ
| | - Jacob D Palmer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, UK OX1 3SZ
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Božić A, Anderson RC, Arzola-Alvarez C, Ruiz-Barrera O, Corral-Luna A, Castillo-Castillo Y, Arzola-Rubio A, Poole TL, Harvey RB, Hume ME, Beier RC, Nisbet DJ. Inhibition of multidrug-resistant Staphylococci by sodium chlorate and select nitro- and medium chain fatty acid compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1508-1518. [PMID: 30803130 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Determine the antimicrobial effects of 5 μmol ml-1 sodium chlorate, 9 μmol ml-1 nitroethane or 2-nitropropanol as well as lauric acid, myristic acid and the glycerol ester of lauric acid Lauricidin® , each at 5 mg ml-1 , against representative methicillin-resistant staphylococci, important mastitis- and opportunistic dermal-pathogens of humans and livestock. METHODS AND RESULTS Three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and two methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were cultured at 39°C in 5 μmol ml-1 nitrate-supplemented half-strength Brain Heart Infusion broth treated without or with the potential inhibitors. Results revealed that 2-nitropropanol was the most potent and persistent of all compounds tested, achieving 58-99% decreases in mean specific growth rates and maximum optical densities when compared with untreated controls. Growth inhibition did not persist by cultures treated solely with chlorate or nitroethane, with adaptation occurring by different mechanisms after 7 h. Adaptation did not occur in cultures co-treated with nitroethane and chlorate. The medium chain fatty acid compounds had modest effects on all the staphylococci tested except the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis strain NKR1. CONCLUSIONS The antimicrobial activity of nitrocompounds, chlorate and medium chain fatty acid compounds against different methicillin-resistant staphylococci varied in potency. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results suggest that differential antimicrobial activities exhibited by mechanistically dissimilar inhibitors against methicillin-resistant staphylococci may yield potential opportunities to combine the treatments to overcome their individual limitations and broaden their activity against other mastitis and dermal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Božić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - R C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C Arzola-Alvarez
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - O Ruiz-Barrera
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - A Corral-Luna
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Y Castillo-Castillo
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - A Arzola-Rubio
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - T L Poole
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R B Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M E Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R C Beier
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - D J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, USA
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Ruiz-Barrera O, Anderson RC, Hume ME, Corrales-Millan J, Castillo-Castillo Y, Corral-Luna A, Guevara-Valdez JL, Salinas-Chavira J, Rodriguez-Muela C, Arzola-Alvarez C. Short chain nitrocompounds as a treatment of layer hen manure and litter; effects on in vitro survivability of Salmonella, generic E. coli and nitrogen metabolism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:23-29. [PMID: 27628961 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1224698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to assess the bactericidal effectiveness of several nitrocompounds against pathogens in layer hen manure and litter. Evidence from an initial study indicated that treatment of layer hen manure with 12 mM nitroethane decreased populations of generic E. coli and total coliforms by 0.7 and 2.2 log10 colony forming units (CFU) g-1, respectively, after 24 h aerobic incubation at ambient temperature when compared to untreated populations. Salmonella concentrations were unaffected by nitroethane in this study. In a follow-up experiment, treatment of 6-month-old layer hen litter (mixed with 0.4 mL water g-1) with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol or ethyl nitroacetate decreased an inoculated Salmonella typhimurium strain from its initial concentration (3 log10 CFU g-1) by 0.7 to 1.7 log10 CFU g-1 after 6 h incubation at 37°C in covered containers. After 24 h incubation, populations of the inoculated S. Typhmiurium in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate or nitroethane were decreased more than 3.2 log10 CFU g-1 compared to populations in untreated control litter. Treatment of litter with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate decreased rates of ammonia accumulation more than 70% compared to untreated controls (0.167 µmol mL-1 h-1) and loses of uric acid (< 1 µmol mL-1) were observed only in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitropropanol, indicating that some of these nitrocompounds may help prevent loss of nitrogen in treated litter. Results warrant further research to determine if these nitrocompounds can be developed into an environmentally sustainable and safe strategy to eliminate pathogens from poultry litter, while preserving its nitrogen content as a nutritionally valuable crude protein source for ruminants.
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Li YJ, Hu B. Establishment of Multi-Site Infection Model in Zebrafish Larvae for Studying Staphylococcus aureus Infectious Disease. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:521-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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