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Le Bouquin S, Lucas C, Souillard R, Le Maréchal C, Petit K, Kooh P, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Meurens F, Guillier L, Mazuet C. Human and animal botulism surveillance in France from 2008 to 2019. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1003917. [PMID: 36504929 PMCID: PMC9730534 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a human and animal neurological disease caused by the action of bacterial neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) produced by bacteria from the genus Clostridium. This disease induces flaccid paralysis that can result in respiratory paralysis and heart failure. Due to its serious potential impact on public health, botulism is a closely monitored notifiable disease in France through a case-based passive surveillance system. In humans, this disease is rare, with an average of 10 outbreaks reported each year, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated foods. Type B and to a lesser extend type A are responsible for the majority of cases of foodborne botulism. Each year, an average of 30 outbreaks are recorded on poultry farms, about 20 cases in wild birds and about 10 outbreaks in cattle, involving a large number of animals. Mosaic forms C/D and D/C in birds and cattle, respectively, are the predominant types in animals in France. Types C and D have also been observed to a lesser extent in animals. With the exception of botulinum toxin E, which was exceptionally detected throughout the period in wild birds, the types of botulism found in animal outbreaks are different from those identified in human outbreaks over the last ten years in France and no human botulism outbreaks investigated have been linked to animal botulism. In line with the One Health concept, we present the first integrative approach to the routine surveillance of botulism in humans and animals in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Bouquin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France,*Correspondence: Sophie Le Bouquin
| | - Camille Lucas
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Rozenn Souillard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Karine Petit
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pauline Kooh
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva
- Sante Publique France (French Public Health Agency), Direction des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint Maurice, France
| | - François Meurens
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Oniris, Unit of Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health (BIOEPAR), Nantes, France,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Gao P, Wu C, Zhang J, Wang S, Huang Y, Dong Y, Liu T, Ye C, Xu X, Xin W. Evaluation and Optimization of Microdrop Digital PCR for Detection of Serotype A and B Clostridium botulinum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:860992. [PMID: 35615503 PMCID: PMC9125207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.860992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is the causative pathogen of botulism. Laboratory detection of C. botulinum is essential for clinical therapy treatment of botulism due to the difficulty in diagnosis, especially in infant botulism. The extreme toxicity of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) requires a sensitive detection method. Due to the detection limit of real-time quantitative PCR (q-PCR), a more sensitive detection method, micro-drop digital PCR (ddPCR) was applied in C. botulinum main serotypes A and B. The following performance criteria were evaluated by ddPCR: analytical sensitivity; repeatability; and diagnostic specificity. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.84 and 0.88 copies/μl for BoNT A and B genes, respectively, by ddPCR with high specificity, compared to 5.04×102 and 6.91×102 copies/μl by q-PCR. It was increased 10 times compared with q-PCR in spiked stool samples. This improvement in sensitivity was especially important in clinical samples as more positive samples were detected by digital PCR compared with q-PCR. Meanwhile, enrichment time for low bacteria content samples was shortened by four hours both in serotypes A and B C. botulinum by ddPCR compared with q-PCR, which are important for laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengya Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Changde Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Criminal Investigation School, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuefang Xu
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wenwen Xin
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Charan N, Wong JMJ, Chan WSD, Ho ZJM, Sim HCJ, Loh JP, Foo LY, Octavia S, Ang M, Thoon KC. Infant botulism in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2021; 61:165-166. [PMID: 32488271 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Charan
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ju-Ming Judith Wong
- Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Heng Chiak James Sim
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jin Phang Loh
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Ling Yann Foo
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore.,Chemical, Toxins, Radiological and Nuclear Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Sophie Octavia
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore
| | - Michelle Ang
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore
| | - Koh Cheng Thoon
- Paediatric Infectious Disease, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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Billenkamp F, Schnabel K, Hüther L, Frahm J, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Höper D, Beer M, Seyboldt C, Neubauer H, Dänicke S. No hints at glyphosate-induced ruminal dysbiosis in cows. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:30. [PMID: 33767196 PMCID: PMC7994389 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most used non-selective herbicides worldwide and inhibit synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Given the broad usage, controversies concerning potential effects of glyphosate on health and especially on gut microbiomes arose. For cattle, it has been proposed based on in vitro data that glyphosate has detrimental effects on the ruminal microbiome, which manifest as a specific inhibition of bacteria involved in fiber degradation and as an enrichment of specific pathogens. In the present study, glyphosate effects on the ruminal microbiome were analyzed in vivo using glyphosate contaminated feedstuffs with strong differences in dietary fiber and dietary energy content in order to reproduce the proposed detrimental glyphosate effects on the rumen microbiome. While significant impact of dietary factors on the ruminal microbiome and its products are pointed out, no adverse glyphosate effects on ruminal microbiome composition, diversity, and microbial metabolites are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Billenkamp
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Karina Schnabel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
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Kodilinye-Sims H, Daniel Parker C. Managing botulism outbreaks associated with poultry litter: balancing perceived animal welfare with disease prevention. Vet Rec 2021; 187:229-232. [PMID: 32948720 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Kodilinye-Sims
- Surrey Poultry Vet, Guildford, UKandSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Maize and Grass Silage Feeding to Dairy Cows Combined with Different Concentrate Feed Proportions with a Special Focus on Mycotoxins, Shiga Toxin (stx)-Forming Escherichia coli and Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Genes: Implications for Animal Health and Food Safety. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A feeding experiment was carried out with late-lactating cows over 12 weeks to evaluate the feeding value of a basic diet with maize and grass silage (MS, GS) when combined with varying portions of concentrate in the ration (20% and 60% on a dry matter basis) and to test the effects on health and performance, the transfer of important Fusarium toxins to blood and milk, the total and Shiga toxin (stx)-forming E. coli counts, and the presence of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) genes in rectal fecal samples. MS was contaminated by a broader spectrum of fungal and other metabolites compared to GS. MS contained higher concentrations of the important Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). Blood and milk levels of DON and ZEN residues generally reflected the differences in exposure at a low level. Feeding of MS with 60% concentrate feed induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) associated with a marked drop in dry matter intake, fat corrected milk yield and a fat to protein ratio in milk of lower than 1. The SARA-associated higher ruminal LPS concentration did not affect the circulating concentrations of haptoglobin as an indicator of systemic inflammation. Lower rumen pH values in both MS-fed groups were associated with lower pH values, higher absolute E. coli counts and increased proportions of stx-positive E. coli in rectal feces. BoNT genes A, B, C, D, E and F remained undetectable in any of the fecal samples suggesting that feedstuffs were virtually free of the corresponding C. botulinum strains. In conclusion, maize feedstuff (silage, grains, starch-containing byproducts)-dominated rations for dairy cows should be avoided to reduce adverse effects on health and food safety.
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Lemichez E, Popoff MR. Public Health Risk Associated with Botulism as Foodborne Zoonoses. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E17. [PMID: 31905908 PMCID: PMC7020394 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a rare but severe neurological disease in man and animals that is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum and atypical strains from other Clostridium and non-Clostridium species. BoNTs are divided into more than seven toxinotypes based on neutralization with specific corresponding antisera, and each toxinotype is subdivided into subtypes according to amino acid sequence variations. Animal species show variable sensitivity to the different BoNT toxinotypes. Thereby, naturally acquired animal botulism is mainly due to BoNT/C, D and the mosaic variants CD and DC, BoNT/CD being more prevalent in birds and BoNT/DC in cattle, whereas human botulism is more frequently in the types A, B and E, and to a lower extent, F. Botulism is not a contagious disease, since there is no direct transmission from diseased animals or man to a healthy subject. Botulism occurs via the environment, notably from food contaminated with C. botulinum spores and preserved in conditions favorable for C. botulinum growth and toxin production. The high prevalence of botulism types C, D and variants DC and CD in farmed and wild birds, and to a lower extent in cattle, raises the risk of transmission to human beings. However, human botulism is much rarer than animal botulism, and botulism types C and D are exceptional in humans. Only 15 cases or suspected cases of botulism type C and one outbreak of botulism type D have been reported in humans to date. In contrast, animal healthy carriers of C. botulinum group II, such as C. botulinum type E in fish of the northern hemisphere, and C. botulinum B4 in pigs, represent a more prevalent risk of botulism transmission to human subjects. Less common botulism types in animals but at risk of transmission to humans, can sporadically be observed, such as botulism type E in farmed chickens in France (1998-2002), botulism type B in cattle in The Netherlands (1977-1979), botulism types A and B in horses, or botulism type A in dairy cows (Egypt, 1976). In most cases, human and animal botulisms have distinct origins, and cross transmissions between animals and human beings are rather rare, accidental events. But, due to the severity of this disease, human and animal botulism requires a careful surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel R. Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, CNRS ERL6002, 75724 Paris, France; (C.R.-E.); (E.L.)
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Jensen KC, Frömke C, Schneider B, Do Duc P, Gundling F, Birnstiel K, Schönherr F, Scheu T, Kaiser-Wichern A, Woudstra S, Seyboldt C, Hoedemaker M, Campe A. Case-control study on factors associated with a decreased milk yield and a depressed health status of dairy herds in northern Germany. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:442. [PMID: 31805933 PMCID: PMC6896782 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past years, it became apparent that health status and performance differ considerably within dairy farms in Northern Germany. In order to obtain clues with respect to possible causes of these differences, a case-control study was performed. Case farms, which showed signs of health and performance problems, and control farms, which had none of these signs, were compared. Risk factors from different areas such as health management, housing, hygiene and nutrition were investigated as these are known to be highly influential. The aim of this study was to identify major factors within these areas that have the strongest association with health and performance problems of dairy herds in Northern Germany. RESULTS In the final model, a lower energy density in the roughage fraction of the diet, more pens with dirty lying areas and a low ratio of cows per watering spaces were associated with a higher risk for herd health problems. Moreover, case farms were affected by infections with intestinal parasites, lungworms, liver flukes and Johne's Disease numerically more often than control farms. Case farms more often had pens with raised cubicles compared to the deep bedded stalls or straw yards found in control farms. In general, the hygiene of the floors and beddings was worse in case farms. Concerning nutrition, the microbiological and sensory quality of the provided silages was often insufficient, even in control farms. Less roughage was provided to early lactating cows and the feed was pushed to the feeding fence less frequently in case farms than in control farms. CONCLUSIONS The results show that milk yield and health status were associated with various factors from different areas stressing the importance of all aspects of management for good animal health and performance. Moreover, this study confirmed well-known risk factors for health problems and performance losses. These should better be taken heed of in herd health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Charlotte Jensen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, and Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany. .,Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Frömke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: Faculty III, Department Information and Communication, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Schneider
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, and Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Phuong Do Duc
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frieder Gundling
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Birnstiel
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Schönherr
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Scheu
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, Muenchweiler a.d. Alsenz, Germany
| | - Anika Kaiser-Wichern
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: Lely Deutschland GmbH, Waldstetten, Germany
| | - Svenja Woudstra
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, and Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Botulisme : un cas peut en cacher tant d’autres. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13341-016-0670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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