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Yadav JP, Kaur S, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Bedi JS. Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Clostridium perfringens from India: A scoping review. Anaerobe 2022; 77:102639. [PMID: 36108893 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that causes histotoxic diseases and intestinal infections in both humans and animals. The present scoping review has been designed to analyze the literature published during 2000-2021 from India on the prevalence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial resistance profile of C. perfringens isolates recovered from humans, animals, animal-based foods, and associated environmental samples. The peer-reviewed articles retrieved from four electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) were assessed using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A total of 32 studies from India were selected on the basis of their relevance and inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of C. perfringens among domestic animals having history of clinical symptoms and among healthy animals was found to be 65.8% (508/772) and 42.8% (493/1152), respectively. The pathogen was also detected in clinically affected wild animals (75%), healthy wild animals (35.4%), and captive birds (24.5%). The detection of C. perfringens among poultry having necrotic enteritis and among healthy birds was found to be 66.8% (321/480) and 25.6% (80/312), respectively. The detection of pathogen among animal-based foods (i.e., meat, milk, and fish and their products) and environmental samples depicted a prevalence of 20.8% (325/1562) and 30.2% (23/76), respectively. However, the prevalence of C. perfringens among humans having history of diarrhea and among healthy humans was found to be 25% (70/280) and 23.2% (36/155), respectively. The genotyping of C. perfringens isolates revealed that toxin type A was found to be the most prevalent genotype. Along with the alpha toxin gene (cpa), beta (cpb), epsilon (etx), iota (itx), enterotoxin (cpe), beta-2 toxin (cpb2), and NetB (netB) toxins were also detected in different combinations. Antimicrobial resistance profile of C. perfringens isolates recovered from different sources demonstrated that the highest resistance was detected against sulphonamides (76.8%) and tetracycline (41.3%) by phenotypic and genotypic detection methods, respectively. Comprehensive scientific studies covering different geographical areas at the human-animal-environment interface are crucial to generalize the real magnitude of C. perfringens-associated problem in India and for establishing a reliable database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, India.
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, 680651, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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Toxinotyping and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium perfringens isolated from different sources of livestock and poultry. Anaerobe 2020; 67:102298. [PMID: 33220406 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to understand the presence of antimicrobial resistance among the prevalent toxinotypes of Clostridium perfringens recovered from different animals of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 75 (10.76%) C. perfringens were isolated from 697 multi-species fecal and intestinal content samples. C. perfringens type A (90.67%), type C (2.67%), type D (4%) and type F (2.67%) were recovered. Maximum number of isolates were recovered from dog (n = 20, 24.10%) followed by chicken (n = 19, 5.88%). Recovered isolates were resistant to gentamicin (44.00%), erythromycin (40.00%), bacitracin (40.00%), and tetracycline (26.67%), phenotypically and most of the isolates were found to be resistant to multiple antimicrobials. Genotypic characterization revealed that tetracycline (41.33%), erythromycin (34.66%) and bacitracin (17.33%) resistant genes were present individually or in combination among the isolates. Combined results of phenotypic and genotypic characterization showed the highest percentage of erythromycin resistance (26.66%) among the isolates. None of the isolates showed amplification for lincomycin resistance genes. The correlation matrix analysis of genotypic resistance showed a weak positive relationship between the tetracycline and bacitracin resistance while a weak negative relationship between the tetracycline and erythromycin resistance. The present study thus reports the presence of multiple-resistance genes among C. perfringens isolates that may be involved in the dissemination of resistance to other bacteria present across species. Further insights into the genome can help to understand the mechanism involved in gene transfer so that measures can be taken to prevent the AMR spread.
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Regan SB, Anwar Z, Miraflor P, Williams LB, Shetty S, Sepulveda J, Moreh J, Bogdanov S, Haigh S, Lustig A, Gaehde S, Vartanian A, Rubin N, Linden JR. Identification of epsilon toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens strains in American retail food. Anaerobe 2018; 54:124-127. [PMID: 30170047 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Food samples (n = 216) from New York city were tested for the presence of C. perfringens via PCR for specific toxin genes. Thirty-four (16%) samples were positive for C. perfringens. Of these 34, 31 (91.2%) were type A or E, one (2.9%) was type B, and two (5.9%) were type D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Regan
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Zuha Anwar
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Miraflor
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Libra B Williams
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Shetty
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Juan Sepulveda
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Jake Moreh
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Sam Bogdanov
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Sylvia Haigh
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Lustig
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Steffi Gaehde
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Vartanian
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Noah Rubin
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer R Linden
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, 10065, NY, USA.
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