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Valencia-Aguilar A, Zamudio KR, Haddad CFB, Bogdanowicz SM, Prado CPA. Show me you care: female mate choice based on egg attendance rather than male or territorial traits. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Female mate choice is often based on male traits, including signals or behaviors, and/or the quality of a male’s territory. In species with obligate paternal care, where care directly affects offspring survival, females may also base their mate choices on the quality of a sire’s care. Here, we quantified male reproductive success in a natural population of the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium cappellei, a species with male parental care, to determine the influence of territory quality, male traits, and paternal care behaviors on female mate choice. We found that attending males have a higher chance of gaining new clutches than nonattending males. Our results indicate that females do not select males based only on body condition, calling persistence, or territory traits. Instead, our findings support the hypothesis that females choose males based on care status. Indeed, males already attending a clutch were 70% more likely to obtain another clutch, and the time to acquire an additional clutch was significantly shorter. We also found that males adjust their parental care effort in response to genetic relatedness by caring only for their own offspring; however, remaining close to unrelated clutches serves as a strategy to attract females and increase chances of successful mating. Thus, males that establish territories that already contain clutches benefit from the signal eggs provide to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyelet Valencia-Aguilar
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Steve M Bogdanowicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia P A Prado
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24 A, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
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2
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The good fathers: efficiency of male care and the protective role of foster parents in a Neotropical arachnid. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Ohba SY, Matsuo S, Huynh TTT, Kudo SI. Female mate preference for egg-caring males in the giant water bug Diplonychus rusticus (Heteroptera Belostomatidae). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2018.1438517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Ohba
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
- Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsuo
- Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Thi T. Trang Huynh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Zoonotics, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shin-ichi Kudo
- Department of Biology, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8502, Japan
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4
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Smith AN, Creighton JC, Belk MC. Why does it take two to tango? Lifetime fitness consequences of parental care in a burying beetle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186466. [PMID: 29088220 PMCID: PMC5663378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In species that require parental care, each parent can either care for their offspring or leave them in the care of the other parent. For each parent this creates three possible parental care strategies: biparental care, uniparental (male or female) care, and uniparental desertion by either the male or female. The burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis, typically exhibits biparental care of offspring, and thus provides a unique system that allows us to compare the fitness benefits of these parental care strategies in an unconfounded way. In this study, we assess the lifetime fitness of biparental care, uniparental care, and uniparental desertion strategies in both male and female N. orbicollis. Specifically, we tested for increased fitness of the biparental care strategy compared to uniparental care strategies. Second, we test for equality of fitness between uniparental care and uniparental desertion strategies. Surprisingly, biparental care yields lower lifetime fitness for both parents compared to the other two strategies. Also, uniparental care and uniparental desertion strategies yielded equal fitness. The evolution of biparental care in this system is not consistent with the expectation of a mutual fitness benefit. We discuss other potential explanations for the evolution of biparental care in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee N. Smith
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - J. Curtis Creighton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Belk
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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5
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Deal NDS, Gravolin I, Wong BBM. The Influence of Parental Status on Courtship Effort in a Paternal Caring Fish. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Gravolin
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Bob B. M. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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6
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Bose AP, Kou HH, Balshine S. Impacts of direct and indirect paternity cues on paternal care in a singing toadfish. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Ohba SY, Okuda N, Kudo SI. Sexual selection of male parental care in giant water bugs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150720. [PMID: 27293778 PMCID: PMC4892440 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Paternal care can be maintained under sexual selection, if it helps in attracting more mates. We tested the hypothesis in two giant water bug species, Appasus major and Appasus japonicus, that male parental care is sexually selected through female preference for caring males. Females were given an opportunity to choose between two males. In the first test of female mate choice, one male carried eggs on its back, while the other did not. The egg status was switched between these two males in the second test. The experiment revealed that females of both species preferred caring males (i.e. egg-bearing) to non-caring males. Nonetheless, the female mate preference for egg-bearing males was stronger in A. major than in A. japonicus. Our results suggest that sexual selection plays an important role in maintaining elaborate paternal care in giant water bugs, but the importance of egg-bearing by males in female mate choice varies among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Ohba
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Noboru Okuda
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kudo
- Department of Biology, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Tokushima 772-8502, Japan
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8
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Deal NDS, Wong BBM. How Mate Availability Influences Filial Cannibalism. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2016; 91:47-67. [DOI: 10.1086/685303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. The evolution of parental care in insects: A test of current hypotheses. Evolution 2015; 69:1255-70. [PMID: 25825047 PMCID: PMC4529740 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Which sex should care for offspring is a fundamental question in evolution. Invertebrates, and insects in particular, show some of the most diverse kinds of parental care of all animals, but to date there has been no broad comparative study of the evolution of parental care in this group. Here, we test existing hypotheses of insect parental care evolution using a literature-compiled phylogeny of over 2000 species. To address substantial uncertainty in the insect phylogeny, we use a brute force approach based on multiple random resolutions of uncertain nodes. The main transitions were between no care (the probable ancestral state) and female care. Male care evolved exclusively from no care, supporting models where mating opportunity costs for caring males are reduced—for example, by caring for multiple broods—but rejecting the “enhanced fecundity” hypothesis that male care is favored because it allows females to avoid care costs. Biparental care largely arose by males joining caring females, and was more labile in Holometabola than in Hemimetabola. Insect care evolution most closely resembled amphibian care in general trajectory. Integrating these findings with the wealth of life history and ecological data in insects will allow testing of a rich vein of existing hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom. .,School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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10
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Requena GS, Machado G. Effects of egg attendance on male mating success in a harvestman with exclusive paternal care. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Pereira AIA, Andrade GS, Zanuncio JC, Penteado-Dias AM, Serrão JE. A brief observation of morphological and behavioral similarities between the Ichneumonidae wasp Cryptanura sp. and its presumed mimic, Holymenia clavigera (Heteroptera: Coreidae), in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 73:903-9. [PMID: 24789409 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000400029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some insects use wasps as a model to mimic and previous studies showed cases of Batesian mimicry involving this insect group. However, this relation is poorly known between phytophagous bugs, such as coreids, and Cryptinae ichneumonids. We found in a seasonal secondary forest in Brazil two similar insects representing different orders. The mimic seems to be Holymenia clavigera (Herbst) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and its model, Cryptanura sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). This study therefore investigated similarities in morphological and behavioural aspects between H. clavigera and the wasp Cryptanura sp. Holymenia clavigera and its ichneumonid model are impressively similar in colour, size, foraging behaviour and sympatric range. The spanning movements of antennae by the coreid bug, which strongly resemble the foraging behaviour of the wasp, were observed frequently. The findings indicate strong evidences that H. clavigera is a mimic of the Ichneumonidae wasp, Cryptanura sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I A Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - G S Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - A M Penteado-Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - J E Serrão
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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12
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Mate availability accelerates male filial cannibalism in a nest brooding fish: effects of number and fecundity of females. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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de Jong K, Forsgren E, Sandvik H, Amundsen T. Measuring mating competition correctly: available evidence supports operational sex ratio theory. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCentral to sexual selection theory is the question of when individuals should compete for mates. Theory predicts that the sex ratio of ready-to-mate individuals (operational sex ratio; OSR) affects male and female mating competition. In accordance with this, the strength of mating competition, measured by agonistic behaviors and courtship displays, has been found to co-vary with the OSR in field populations of several species. However, laboratory experiments have often produced results that seemingly contradict OSR theory, especially for courtship behavior. We argue that this may be because experiments typically measure frequencies of competitive behaviors. Frequencies of courtship and agonistic behavior are not only affected by the level of mating competition, but also by the number of potential mates or competitors encountered. In contrast, the propensity to behave competitively at a given encounter represents a behavioral response, and thus directly reflects mating competition. We show in 2 simple models that 1) courtship frequency can be expected to respond differently from courtship propensity to changes in OSR and 2) an increase in frequency of agonistic behaviors could occur even if the propensity is not affected by the OSR. In a meta-analysis of studies on courtship competition, we show that frequency measures produced largely opposite results to propensity measures, as predicted by our model. Moreover, courtship propensity increased when the OSR became more biased toward competitors. This presents strong evidence that the OSR affects competition, in the form of courtship, as predicted by OSR theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen de Jong
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 7491 Trondheim, Norwayand
| | - Elisabet Forsgren
- The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanno Sandvik
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 7491 Trondheim, Norwayand
| | - Trond Amundsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 7491 Trondheim, Norwayand
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14
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Barreto FS, Avise JC. The genetic mating system of a sea spider with male-biased sexual size dimorphism: evidence for paternity skew despite random mating success. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011; 65:1595-1604. [PMID: 21874083 PMCID: PMC3134710 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Male-biased size dimorphism is usually expected to evolve in taxa with intense male-male competition for mates, and it is hence associated with high variances in male mating success. Most species of pycnogonid sea spiders exhibit female-biased size dimorphism, and are notable among arthropods for having exclusive male parental care of embryos. Relatively little, however, is known about their natural history, breeding ecology, and mating systems. Here we first show that Ammothella biunguiculata, a small intertidal sea spider, exhibits male-biased size dimorphism. Moreover, we combine genetic parentage analysis with quantitative measures of sexual selection to show that male body size does not appear to be under directional selection. Simulations of random mating revealed that mate acquisition in this species is largely driven by chance factors, although actual paternity success is likely non-randomly distributed. Finally, the opportunity for sexual selection (I(s)), an indirect metric for the potential strength of sexual selection, in A. biunguiculata males was less than half of that estimated in a sea spider with female-biased size dimorphism, suggesting the direction of size dimorphism may not be a reliable predictor of the intensity of sexual selection in this group. We highlight the suitability of pycnogonids as model systems for addressing questions relating parental investment and sexual selection, as well as the current lack of basic information on their natural history and breeding ecology. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1170-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Barreto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - John C. Avise
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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15
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Kudo SI, Akagi Y, Hiraoka S, Tanabe T, Morimoto G. Exclusive Male Egg Care and Determinants of Brooding Success in a Millipede. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. Parental care trade-offs and life-history relationships in insects. Am Nat 2010; 176:212-26. [PMID: 20528469 DOI: 10.1086/653661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Insect parental care is extensive and varied, but its life-history implications have never been comparatively tested. Using original and literature data, we tested predictions about egg size, egg number (lifetime fecundity), and body size under different parental care modes across a phylogeny of 287 insect species. Life-history theory and both comparative and intraspecific evidence from ectotherms suggest parental care should select for bigger, fewer eggs, but that allometric scaling of egg size and lifetime fecundity may depend on whether care consists of provisioning (density-dependent offspring survival) or merely guarding (density-independent offspring survival). Against expectation, egg size was indistinguishable among parental care modes, covarying only with body size. This refutes most theory of egg size evolution under parental care. Lifetime fecundity scaled differently depending on parental investment-positively under no care and guarding, as in most ectotherms, but negatively under provisioning. Reproductive allocation in provisioning insects resembled that in mammals and birds, also groups with obligate provisioning. We propose that the metabolic demands of multiple offspring must scale with species body size more steeply than the parent's provisioning capacity, resulting in larger females laying fewer eggs. These patterns lay the groundwork for a more general understanding of parental care and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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17
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Barry K. Influence of female nutritional status on mating dynamics in a sexually cannibalistic praying mantid. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Parga JA. Male Post-Ejaculatory Mounting in the Ring-Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta): A Behavior Solicited by Females? Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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de Jong K, Wacker S, Amundsen T, Forsgren E. Do operational sex ratio and density affect mating behaviour? An experiment on the two-spotted goby. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Requena GS, Buzatto BA, Munguía-Steyer R, Machado G. Efficiency of uniparental male and female care against egg predators in two closely related syntopic harvestmen. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Alonzo SH, Heckman KL. The unexpected but understandable dynamics of mating, paternity and paternal care in the ocellated wrasse. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:115-22. [PMID: 19812085 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although theory generally predicts that males should reduce paternal care in response to cues that predict increased sperm competition and decreased paternity, empirical patterns are equivocal. Some studies have found the predicted decrease in male care with increased sperm competition, while even more studies report no effect of paternity or sperm competition on male care. Here, we report the first example, to our knowledge, of paternal care increasing with the risk and intensity of sperm competition, in the ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus). Theory also predicts that if paternal care varies and is important to female fitness, female choice among males and male indicators traits of expected paternal care should evolve. Despite a non-random distribution of mating success among nests, we found no evidence for female choice among parental males. Finally, we document the highest published levels of extra-pair paternity for a species with exclusive and obligate male care: genetic paternity analyses revealed cuckoldry at 100 per cent of nests and 28 per cent of all offspring were not sired by the male caring for them. While not predicted by any existing theory, these unexpected reproductive patterns become understandable if we consider how male and female mating and parental care interact simultaneously in this and probably many other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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22
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Beal CA, Tallamy DW. A new record of amphisexual care in an insect with exclusive paternal care: Rhynocoris tristis (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). J ETHOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-005-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Denoël M, Hector MP, Poncin P. COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR IN THE ALPINE NEWT TRITURUS ALPESTRIS AT TWO DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF MALES. HERPETOLOGICA 2005. [DOI: 10.1655/04-55.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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