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Bartonička T, Křemenová J, Balvín O, Šimek Z, Otti O. Age-related mating rates among ecologically distinct lineages of bedbugs, Cimex lectularius. Front Zool 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 37507793 PMCID: PMC10375771 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how many mates an animal has in its lifetime is a critical factor in sexual selection. At the same time, differences in an organism's ecology, such as the quantity and quality of food, could be reflected in different mating rates. Mating rate had a significant effect on female net fitness (i.e., lifetime offspring production), however, laboratory measurements cannot well mirror the situation in wild. The common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) is a well-established model for studying traumatic insemination and sexual conflict. The species comprises two host lineages that feed on bats (BL) or humans (HL). HL can constantly feed on human hosts throughout the year, while BLs feed only during summer months when their bat hosts occupy the roosts. Because mating in female bedbugs is closely linked to foraging, this system provides a valuable model to study mating variation in the field. We established a new method for estimating age-dependent mating rates of females in the wild by relating the fluorescent pigment accumulation in the eyes of females to the number of mating scars that manifest as melanized spots caused by the injection of sperm through the wall of the female abdomen by the male into the spermalege. In addition, using laboratory bedbugs we found that three and a half observed matings on average lead to one observed melanized mating scar. Although young BL and HL females (with low pteridine concentrations) did not differ in the number of matings, the mating rate increased with age only in HL but not in BL females. We sampled on average older BL than HL females. The lack of access to food (bat blood) during winter could explain the lack of increase in the number of scars with age in BL. In species where mating leaves visible marks, using fluorescent pigments to determine female age (applicable to most arthropods) could be an important tool to study sexual selection and mating rate in the wild. The method can help formulate sustainable and biologically lucid approaches for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Křemenová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Balvín
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šimek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Belkina EG, Seleznev DG, Sorokina SY, Kulikov AM, Lazebny OE. The Effect of Chromosomes on Courtship Behavior in Sibling Species of the Drosophila virilis Group. INSECTS 2023; 14:609. [PMID: 37504615 PMCID: PMC10380318 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Prezygotic isolation mechanisms, particularly courtship behavior, play a significant role in the formation of reproductive barriers. The action of these mechanisms leads to the coexistence of numerous closely related insect species with specific adaptations in a shared or adjacent territory. The genetic basis of these mechanisms has been studied using closely related Drosophila species, such as the D. virilis group. However, the investigation of individual courtship behavior elements has been limited until recently, and the effect of genotype on the species-specific features of courtship as a whole has not been thoroughly examined. It should be noted that courtship behavior is not a typical quantitative trait that can be easily measured or quantified in both females and males, similar to traits like wing length or bristle number. Each courtship element involves the participation of both female and male partners, making the genetic analysis of this behavior complex. As a result, the traditional approach of genetic analysis for quantitative traits, which involves variance decomposition in a set of crosses, including parental species, F1 and F2 hybrids, and backcrosses of F1 to parental species, is not suitable for analyzing courtship behavior. To address this, we employed a modified design by introducing what we refer to as 'reference partners' during the testing of hybrid individuals from F1, F2, and backcrosses. These reference partners represented one of the parental species. This approach allowed us to categorize all possible test combinations into four groups based on the reference partner's sex (female or male) and their constant genotype towards one of the parental species (D. virilis or D. americana). The genotype of the second partner in the within-group test combinations varied from completely conspecific to completely heterospecific, based on the parental chromosomal sets. To assess the contribution of partner genotypes to the variability of courtship-element parameters, we employed structural equation modeling (SEM) instead of the traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA). SEM enabled us to estimate the regression of the proportion of chromosomes of a specific species type on the value of each courtship-element parameter in partners with varying genotypes across different test combinations. The aim of the current study was to analyze the involvement of sex chromosomes and autosomes in the formation of courtship structure in D. virilis and D. americana. The genetic analysis was complemented by video recording and formalization of courtship-ritual elements. D. virilis was found to be more sensitive to mate stimuli compared to D. americana. The majority of species-specific parameters, such as latency and duration of courtship elements (e.g., male and female song, following, licking, and circling), were shown to be influenced by the D. virilis genotype. However, not all of these parameters significantly impact copulation success, with the male song, licking, and following being the most significant. In females, the female song was found to have a significant relationship only with copulation duration. The influence of the female genotype on the species-specific parameters of courtship elements is primarily related to autosomes, while the male genotype is associated with the X chromosomes. The study suggests that sexual selection primarily occurs through acoustic and chemoreceptor channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Belkina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G Seleznev
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Rybinsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Sorokina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex M Kulikov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg E Lazebny
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Shultzaberger RK, Johnson SJ, Wagner J, Ha K, Markow TA, Greenspan RJ. Conservation of the behavioral and transcriptional response to social experience among Drosophilids. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12487. [PMID: 29797548 PMCID: PMC7379240 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
While social experience has been shown to significantly alter behaviors in a wide range of species, comparative studies that uniformly measure the impact of a single experience across multiple species have been lacking, limiting our understanding of how plastic traits evolve. To address this, we quantified variations in social feeding behaviors across 10 species of Drosophilids, tested the effect of altering rearing context on these behaviors (reared in groups or in isolation) and correlated observed behavioral shifts to accompanying transcriptional changes in the heads of these flies. We observed significant variability in the extent of aggressiveness, the utilization of social cues during food search, and social space preferences across species. The sensitivity of these behaviors to rearing experience also varied: socially naive flies were more aggressive than their socialized conspecifics in some species, and more reserved or identical in others. Despite these differences, the mechanism of socialization appeared to be conserved within the melanogaster subgroup as species could cross‐socialize each other, and the transcriptional response to social exposure was significantly conserved. The expression levels of chemosensory‐perception genes often varied between species and rearing conditions, supporting a growing body of evidence that behavioral evolution is driven by the differential regulation of this class of genes. The clear differences in behavioral responses to socialization observed in Drosophilids make this an ideal system for continued studies on the genetic basis and evolution of socialization and behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Shultzaberger
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - S J Johnson
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - J Wagner
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - K Ha
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - T A Markow
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica de la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - R J Greenspan
- Kavli Institute of Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Olivero PA, Mattoni CI, Peretti AV. Differences in mating behavior between two allopatric populations of a Neotropical scorpion. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:71-78. [PMID: 28811167 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Courtship and mating behavior generally evolve rapidly in diverging populations and species. The adaptation to different environments may cause behavioral divergence in characteristics involved in mate choice. Our objective in this study was to compare the sexual behavior of two distant populations of the scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis. This species has a broad distribution in South America, inhabiting Central Argentina, Uruguay and south-eastern Brazil. It is known that in this species there is a divergence in morphological patterns (body size, coloration, allometry and fluctuating asymmetry indexes) among distant populations. Considering the differences in environmental conditions between localities, we compare the sexual behavior in intra-population and inter-population matings from Central Argentina and southern Uruguay populations. We found significant differences in mating patterns, including differences in the frequency and duration of important stimulatory courtship behaviors. In addition, most inter-population matings were unsuccessful. In this framework, the differences in reproductive behavior could indicate reproductive isolation between these populations, which coincides with their already known morphological differences. This is the first study comparing the sexual behavior of allopatric populations of scorpions; it provides new data about the degree of intraspecific geographical divergence in the sexual behavior of B. bonariensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Olivero
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, CP X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Camilo I Mattoni
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, CP X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alfredo V Peretti
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, CP X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
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Belkina EG, Lazebny OE, Vedenina VY. The role of acoustic signals in courtship behavior of Drosophila virilis. BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Veltsos P, Gregson E, Morrissey B, Slate J, Hoikkala A, Butlin RK, Ritchie MG. The genetic architecture of sexually selected traits in two natural populations of Drosophila montana. Heredity (Edinb) 2015. [PMID: 26198076 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic architecture of courtship song and cuticular hydrocarbon traits in two phygenetically distinct populations of Drosophila montana. To study natural variation in these two important traits, we analysed within-population crosses among individuals sampled from the wild. Hence, the genetic variation analysed should represent that available for natural and sexual selection to act upon. In contrast to previous between-population crosses in this species, no major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected, perhaps because the between-population QTLs were due to fixed differences between the populations. Partitioning the trait variation to chromosomes suggested a broadly polygenic genetic architecture of within-population variation, although some chromosomes explained more variation in one population compared with the other. Studies of natural variation provide an important contrast to crosses between species or divergent lines, but our analysis highlights recent concerns that segregating variation within populations for important quantitative ecological traits may largely consist of small effect alleles, difficult to detect with studies of moderate power.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veltsos
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - E Gregson
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK
| | - B Morrissey
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Slate
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R K Butlin
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK.,Sven Lovén Centre-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - M G Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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González M, Peretti AV, Costa FG. Reproductive isolation between two populations ofAglaoctenus lagotis, a funnel-web wolf spider. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena González
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva; y Evolución Cátedra de Diversidad Animal I; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Vélez Sarsfield 299 CP: 5000 Córdoba Capital Argentina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA); CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Clemente Estable Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Alfredo V. Peretti
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva; y Evolución Cátedra de Diversidad Animal I; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Vélez Sarsfield 299 CP: 5000 Córdoba Capital Argentina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA); CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Fernando G. Costa
- Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Clemente Estable Montevideo Uruguay
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Differences in sexual behavior of two distant populations of the funnel-web wolf spider Aglaoctenus lagotis. J ETHOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-013-0365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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ARBUTHNOTT D, ELLIOT MG, McPEEK MA, CRESPI BJ. Divergent patterns of diversification in courtship and genitalic characters of Timema walking-sticks. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1399-411. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Arbuthnott D, Crespi BJ. Courtship and mate discrimination within and between species of Timema walking-sticks. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Nickel D, Civetta A. An X chromosome effect responsible for asymmetric reproductive isolation between male Drosophila virilis and heterospecific females. Genome 2009; 52:49-56. [PMID: 19132071 DOI: 10.1139/g08-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive isolation between closely related species is expressed through uncoordinated courtship, failed fertilization, and (or) postzygotic barriers. Behavioural components of mating often form an initial barrier to hybridization between species. In many animals, females are responsible for mating discrimination in both intra- and interspecific crosses; males of Drosophila virilis group represent an exception to this trend. Using overall productivity tests, we show that a lower proportion of D. virilis males sire progeny when paired with a heterospecific female (Drosophila novamexicana or Drosophila americana texana) for 2 weeks. This suggests male mate discrimination or some other kind of asymmetrical incompatibility in courtship and mating or early zygote mortality. We used males from D. virilis-D. novamexicana and from D. virilis-D. a. texana backcross populations to map chromosome effects responsible for male reproductive isolation. Results from the analysis of both backcross male populations indicate a major X chromosome effect. Further, we conduct a male behavioural analysis to show that D. virilis males significantly fail to continue courtship after the first step of courtship, when they tap heterospecific females. The combined results of a major X chromosome effect and the observation that D. virilis males walk away from females after tapping suggest that future studies should concentrate on the identification of X-linked genes affecting the ability of males to recognize conspecific females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Nickel
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B2E9, Canada
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The genetic architecture of insect courtship behavior and premating isolation. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 103:15-22. [PMID: 19259113 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture underlying reproductively isolating traits may have substantial impacts on the likelihood and pace of speciation. Recent studies of a key premating barrier, courtship, provide sufficient data to assess the degree to which behaviorally isolating traits are controlled by many or few loci, and help to investigate whether the same loci underlie both intraspecific and interspecific behavioral differences. Of the behavioral courtship traits examined, 69% (25 of 36) were found to be mediated by few loci of relatively large effect. This apparent prevalence of major loci suggests that changes in courtship behavior may often evolve quickly, which in turn may drive rapid speciation through premating isolation. Although both intraspecific and interspecific courtship differences are commonly controlled by major loci, intraspecific and interspecific differences usually involve different loci or traits. This finding provides evidence that different sets of processes and genetic changes characterize microevolutionary change in courtship-related traits, in contrast to change during speciation.
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13
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DINGLE C, HALFWERK W, SLABBEKOORN H. Habitat-dependent song divergence at subspecies level in the grey-breasted wood-wren. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1079-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Variation in Male Courtship Song Traits in Drosophila virilis: The Effects of Selection and Drift on Song Divergence at the Intraspecific Level. Behav Genet 2007; 38:82-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-007-9173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mirol PM, Schäfer MA, Orsini L, Routtu J, Schlötterer C, Hoikkala A, Butlin RK. Phylogeographic patterns in Drosophila montana. Mol Ecol 2006; 16:1085-97. [PMID: 17305862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila virilis species group offers valuable opportunities for studying the roles of chromosomal re-arrangements and mating signals in speciation. The 13 species are divided into two subgroups, the montana and virilis 'phylads'. There is greater differentiation among species within the montana phylad in both karyotype and acoustic signals than exists among members of the virilis phylad. Drosophila montana is a divergent species which is included in the montana phylad. Here, we analyse the phylogeography of D. montana to provide a framework for understanding divergence of acoustic signals among populations. We analysed mitochondrial sequences corresponding to the cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome oxidase II genes, as well as 16 microsatellite loci, from 108 lines of D. montana covering most of the species' range. The species shows a clear genetic differentiation between North American and Scandinavian populations. Microsatellite allele frequencies and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes gave significant FST values between populations from Canada, USA and Finland. A Bayesian analysis of population structure based on the microsatellite frequencies showed four genetically distinct groups, corresponding to these three populations plus a small sample from Japan. A network based on mitochondrial haplotypes showed two Finnish clades of very different shape and variability, and another clade with all sequences from North America and Japan. All D. montana populations showed evidence of demographic expansion but the patterns inferred by coalescent analysis differed between populations. The divergence times between Scandinavian and North American clades were estimated to range from 450,000 to 900,000 years with populations in Canada and the USA possibly representing descendants of different refugial populations. Long-term separation of D. montana populations could have provided the opportunity for differentiation observed in male signal traits, especially carrier frequency of the song, but relaxation of sexual selection during population expansion may have been necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Mirol
- School of Biology, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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