Intensity of female preference quantified through playback setpoints: call frequency versus call rate in midwife toads

Behind the mask(ing): how frogs cope with noise

Albert Feng was a pioneer in the field of auditory neuroethology who used frogs to investigate the neural basis of spectral and temporal processing and directional hearing. Among his many contributions was connecting neural mechanisms for sound pattern recognition and localization to the problems of auditory masking that frogs encounter when communicating in noisy, real-world environments. Feng's neurophysiological studies of auditory processing foreshadowed and inspired subsequent behavioral investigations of auditory masking in frogs. For frogs, vocal communication frequently occurs in breeding choruses, where males form dense aggregations and produce loud species-specific advertisement calls to attract potential mates and repel competitive rivals. In this review, we aim to highlight how Feng's research advanced our understanding of how frogs cope with noise. We structure our narrative around three themes woven throughout Feng's research-spectral, temporal, and directional processing-to illustrate how frogs can mitigate problems of auditory masking by exploiting frequency separation between signals and noise, temporal fluctuations in noise amplitude, and spatial separation between signals and noise. We conclude by proposing future research that would build on Feng's considerable legacy to advance our understanding of hearing and sound communication in frogs and other vertebrates.

Anthropogenic substrate-borne vibrations impact anuran calling

Anthropogenic disturbance is a major cause of the biodiversity crisis. Nevertheless, the role of anthropogenic substrate vibrations in disrupting animal behavior is poorly understood. Amphibians comprise the terrestrial vertebrates most sensitive to vibrations, and since communication is crucial to their survival and reproduction, they are a suitable model for investigating this timely subject. Playback tests were used to assess the effects of substrate vibrations produced by two sources of anthropogenic activity– road traffic and wind turbines– on the calling activity of a naïve population of terrestrial toads. In their natural habitat, a buried tactile sound transducer was used to emit simulated traffic and wind turbine vibrations, and changes in the toads’ acoustic responses were analyzed by measuring parameters important for reproductive success: call rate, call duration and dominant frequency. Our results showed a significant call rate reduction by males of Alytes obstetricans in response to both seismic sources, whereas other parameters remained stable. Since females of several species prefer males with higher call rates, our results suggest that anthropogenically derived substrate-borne vibrations could reduce individual reproductive success. Our study demonstrates a clear negative effect of anthropogenic vibrations on anuran communication, and the urgent need for further investigation in this area.

Decision making and preferences for acoustic signals in choice situations by female crickets

For mate choice decisions usually multiple attributes have to be assessed. An efficient choice for the best mate is complicated if available cues are not positively correlated as is often the case during acoustic communication. Due to varying distances of signalers a female may be confronted with signals of diverse quality at different intensities. Here we examined how available cues are weighted for a decision by female crickets. Two songs with different temporal patterns and/or sound intensities were presented in a choice paradigm and compared to female responses from a no-choice test.

When both patterns were presented at equal intensity, preference functions became wider in choice situations as compared to a no-choice paradigm. When the stimuli in two-choice tests were presented at different intensities, this effect was counteracted as preference functions became narrower compared to choice tests with stimuli of equal intensity. The weighting of intensity differences depended on pattern quality and was therefore non-linear. A simple computational model based on pattern and intensity cues reliably predicted female decisions. A comparison of processing schemes suggested that the computations for pattern recognition and directionality are performed in a network with parallel topology. However, the computational flow of information corresponded to serial processing.

Variability in the sonic muscles of the Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus): acoustic signals may reflect individual quality

Animal vocalizations are good examples of signals that have been shaped by sexual selection and often contribute to resolve contests or the choice of mates. We relate the mass of the sound-producing muscles of a highly vocal fish species, the Lusitanian toadfish ( Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)), with the sender’s physical features, such as body size, and reproductive and body condition. In this species, both sexes are known to emit sounds during agonistic interactions and males rely on their mate attraction vocalizations to reproduce. Sonic muscles were highly variable among males (CV = 40%) and females (CV = 33%) and showed sexual dimorphism. Regression analysis showed that variability in the sonic muscles was best explained by total length and fish condition in males and females. Liver mass in both genders, and the mass of the testes accessory glands, also explained sonic muscle variability. These variables explained 96% and 91% of the sonic muscle mass variability in males and females, respectively. As in teleost fishes sonic muscle mass correlates to particular sound acoustic features, we propose that in the Lusitanian toadfish sounds can inform the receiver about the sender’s quality, such as body size and condition, which are critical information in contests and mate choice.

The role of nocturnal vision in mate choice: females prefer conspicuous males in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea)

Nocturnal frog species rely extensively on vocalization for reproduction. But recent studies provide evidence for an important, though long overlooked, role of visual communication. In many species, calling males exhibit a conspicuous pulsing vocal sac, a signal bearing visually important dynamic components. Here, we investigate female preference for male vocal sac coloration-a question hitherto unexplored-and male colour pattern in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea). Under nocturnal conditions, we conducted two-choice experiments involving video playbacks of calling males with identical calls and showing various naturally encountered colour signals, differing in their chromatic and brightness components. We adjusted video colours to match the frogs' visual perception, a crucial aspect not considered in previous experiments. Females prefer males with a colourful sac and a pronounced flank stripe. Both signals probably enhance male conspicuousness and facilitate detection and localization by females. This study provides the first experimental evidence of a preference for specific vocal sac spectral properties in a nocturnal anuran species. Vocal sac coloration is based on carotenoids and may convey information about male quality worthwhile for females to assess. The informative content of the flank stripe remains to be demonstrated.