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Machado G, Burns M. Reproductive biology of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones): a review of a rapidly evolving research field. Curr Zool 2024; 70:115-135. [PMID: 38476141 PMCID: PMC10926269 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Harvestmen are a major arachnid order that has experienced a dramatic increase in biological knowledge in the 21st century. The publication of the book Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones in 2007 stimulated the development of many behavioral studies. Although the book is relatively recent, our understanding of the reproductive biology of harvestmen is already outdated due to the fast accumulation of new data. Our goal is to provide an updated review of the subject to serve as a benchmark for the following years. In the pre-copulatory phase, we explore the evolution of facultative parthenogenesis, the factors that may affect the types of mating system, and the role of nuptial gifts in courtship. Regarding the copulatory phase, harvestmen are unique arachnids because they have aflagellate spermatozoa and a penis with complex morphology. We discuss the implications of these two features for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. In the post-copulatory phase, we connect oviposition site selection and climate conditions to the widespread occurrence of resource defense polygyny, alternative reproductive tactics, and sexual dimorphism in several clades of tropical harvestmen. Finally, we present the different forms of parental care in the order, and discuss the benefits and costs of this behavior, which can be performed either by females or males. Throughout the review, we indicate gaps in our knowledge and subjects that deserve further studies. Hopefully, the information synthesized here will stimulate researchers worldwide to embrace harvestmen as a study system and to improve our effort to unravel the mysteries of their reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Machado G, Macedo-Rego RC. Benefits and costs of female and male care in amphibians: a meta-analytical approach. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231759. [PMID: 37935362 PMCID: PMC10645127 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of parental care is a central question in evolutionary biology, and understating the evolution of this behaviour requires quantifying benefits and costs. To address this subject, we conducted a meta-analysis on amphibians, a group in which parental care has evolved multiple times. We found that both male and female parents increase egg survival, regardless of whether the breeding site is concealed or exposed. Parental care also increases survival and growth of tadpoles and juveniles, independent of the caring sex. However, parental care reduces parental body condition, particularly when parents remain stationary near the offspring. Females tend to experience higher reproductive costs, but sample size is restricted to few species. In some frog species, paternal care increases male reproductive success because females prefer caring males. The benefits of parental care in amphibians resembles those reported for arthropods but differ from fish, in which parental care does not improve offspring survival. Moreover, the decrease in body condition, which is not found in fish, is influenced by the form of parental care, suggesting a trade-off between caring and foraging, as already reported for certain arthropods. Finally, the reproductive costs of parental care for both sexes remain unexplored and deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato C. Macedo-Rego
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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3
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IGLESIAS PATRICIAP, PEREYRA MARTÍNO, STANLEY ESTEFANÍA, TOSCANO-GADEA CARLOSA, PÉREZ-GONZÁLEZ ABEL. Different environment, different reproductive strategies? Unexpected field observations in the harvestmen Discocyrtus prospicuus (Laniatores: Gonyleptidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201082. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - ABEL PÉREZ-GONZÁLEZ
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” – CONICET, Argentina
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Chaves-Acuña W, Salazar-Zúñiga JA, Chaves G. Egg Clutch Survival under Prolonged Paternal Care in a Glass Frog, Hyalinobatrachium talamancae. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-19-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Chaves-Acuña
- Escuela de Biología & Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica, 11501-2060; (WCA) ; (JASZ) ; and (GC) . Send reprint requests to WCA
| | - José A. Salazar-Zúñiga
- Escuela de Biología & Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica, 11501-2060; (WCA) ; (JASZ) ; and (GC) . Send reprint requests to WCA
| | - Gerardo Chaves
- Escuela de Biología & Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica, 11501-2060; (WCA) ; (JASZ) ; and (GC) . Send reprint requests to WCA
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Silva NFDS, Pagoti GF, Willemart RH. Water locomotion and survival under water in a riparian harvestman (Opiliones, Arachnida). Behav Processes 2020; 179:104220. [PMID: 32791201 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animals that live by rivers may benefit from being able to cross them, but behavioral adaptations are needed. Additionally, being able to remain submerged is also important if the animal moves under water. Here we asked whether the harvestman Heteromitobates discolor (Opiliones), that lives by rivers, (a) can propel itself across the water surface, (b) moves onto the water if disturbed and (c) can survive for long periods when submerged. Heteromitobates discolor exhibited two gaits on water, whereas a strictly terrestrial species was not able to propel itself. When experimentally submitted to simulated predator attack on a rock on the river, H. discolor walked onto the water, while a strictly terrestrial species did not. Finally, it was able to survive for 6 h under water, presumably due to the conspicuous air film that formed around its body, which was also observed in a strictly terrestrial species. Altogether, these observations suggest that the aquatic environment is not a barrier for regular activity and can be used as an extension of the terrestrial environment for H. discolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norton Felipe Dos Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Sistemas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Tecidual e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ferreira Pagoti
- Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, Travessa 14, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hirata Willemart
- Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, Travessa 14, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua Professor Artur Riedel 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil.
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Delia J, Bravo‐Valencia L, Warkentin KM. The evolution of extended parental care in glassfrogs: Do egg‐clutch phenotypes mediate coevolution between the sexes? ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Delia
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston 02214 Massachusetts USA
| | - Laura Bravo‐Valencia
- Profesional equipo de fauna silvestre Corantioquia Santa Fe de Antioquia Colombia
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston 02214 Massachusetts USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá 0843-03092 República de Panamá
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The good fathers: efficiency of male care and the protective role of foster parents in a Neotropical arachnid. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Van Meyel S, Devers S, Meunier J. Love them all: mothers provide care to foreign eggs in the European earwig Forficula auricularia. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Meyel
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Séverine Devers
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
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9
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Saitoh F, Choh Y. Do intraguild prey protect their eggs from intraguild predators that share their oviposition site? Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Silva NFDS, Fowler-Finn K, Ribeiro Mortara S, Hirata Willemart R. A Neotropical armored harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones) uses proprioception and vision for homing. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animals use external and/or internal cues to navigate and can show flexibility in cue use if one type of cue is unavailable. We studied the homing ability of the harvestman Heteromitobates discolor (Arachnida, Opiliones) by moving egg-guarding females from their clutches. We tested the importance of vision, proprioception, and olfaction. We predicted that homing would be negatively affected in the absence of these cues, with success being measured by the return of females to their clutches. We restricted proprioception by not allowing females to walk, removed vision by painting the eyes, and removed the odours by removing the clutch and cleaning its surroundings. We found that vision is important for homing, and in the absence of visual cues, proprioception is important. Finally, we found increased homing when eggs were present, and that the time of the day also influenced homing. We highlight vision as a previously overlooked sensory modality in Opiliones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norton Felipe dos Santos Silva
- aLaboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Arlindo Béttio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
- bPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua Professor Artur Riedel. 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Kasey Fowler-Finn
- cDepartment of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sara Ribeiro Mortara
- dPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, Travessa 14, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hirata Willemart
- aLaboratório de Ecologia Sensorial e Comportamento de Artrópodes, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Arlindo Béttio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
- bPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Rua Professor Artur Riedel. 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
- ePrograma de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 101, Travessa 14, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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11
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Moura RR, Vasconcellos-Neto J, Gonzaga MDO. Extended male care in Manogea porracea (Araneae: Araneidae): the exceptional case of a spider with amphisexual care. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Benavides LR, Giribet G, Hormiga G. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of “pirate spiders” (Araneae, Mimetidae) with the description of a new African genus and the first report of maternal care in the family. Cladistics 2016; 33:375-405. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ligia R. Benavides
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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13
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Santos ESA, Bueno PP, Gilbert JDJ, Machado G. Macroecology of parental care in arthropods: higher mortality risk leads to higher benefits of offspring protection in tropical climates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1688-1701. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S. A. Santos
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão, travessa 14, n° 101, Cid. Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
- BECO do Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão, travessa 14, n° 101, Cid. Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pedro P. Bueno
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão, travessa 14, n° 101, Cid. Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão, travessa 14, n° 101, Cid. Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo Brazil
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14
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Machado G, Buzatto BA, García-Hernández S, Macías-Ordóñez R. Macroecology of Sexual Selection: A Predictive Conceptual Framework for Large-Scale Variation in Reproductive Traits. Am Nat 2016; 188 Suppl 1:S8-S27. [DOI: 10.1086/687575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Consolmagno RC, Requena GS, Machado G, Brasileiro CA. Costs and benefits of temporary egg desertion in a rocky shore frog with male-only care. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Poo S, Evans TA, Tan MK, Bickford DP. Dynamic switching in predator attack and maternal defence of prey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinlan Poo
- Sakaerat Environmental Research Station; 1 Moo 9, Udom Sab Subdistrict Wang Nam Khieo District Nakhon Ratchasima Province 30370 Thailand
| | - Theodore A. Evans
- School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ming Kai Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Block S3 117543 Singapore
| | - David P. Bickford
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Block S3 117543 Singapore
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17
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Paquet M, Smiseth PT. Maternal effects as a mechanism for manipulating male care and resolving sexual conflict over care. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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De Gasperin O, Duarte A, Kilner RM. Interspecific interactions explain variation in the duration of paternal care in the burying beetle. Anim Behav 2015; 109:199-207. [PMID: 26778845 PMCID: PMC4686539 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Why is there so much variation within species in the extent to which males contribute to offspring care? Answers to this question commonly focus on intraspecific sources of variation in the relative costs and benefits of supplying paternal investment. With experiments in the laboratory on the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, and its phoretic mite Poecilochirus carabi, we investigated whether interactions with a second species might also account for intraspecific variation in the extent of paternal care, and whether this variation is due to adaptation or constraint. In our first experiment we bred beetles in the presence or absence of phoretic mites, using a breeding box that mimicked natural conditions by allowing parents to leave the breeding attempt at a time of their choosing. We found that males abandoned their brood sooner when breeding alongside mites than when breeding in their absence. Female patterns of care were unchanged by the mites. Nevertheless, in this experiment, no correlates of beetle fitness were affected by the presence of the mites during reproduction (neither paternal life span after reproduction nor brood size or average larval mass). In a second experiment, we again bred beetles with or without mites but this time we prevented parents from abandoning the brood. This time we found that both parents and the brood suffered fitness costs when breeding alongside mites, compared with families breeding in the absence of mites. We conclude that males adaptively reduce their contributions to care when mites are present, so as to defend their offspring's fitness and their own residual fitness. Interspecific interactions thus account for intraspecific variation in the duration of paternal care. The extent of paternal care varies greatly within species. Some of this variation might be due to interspecific interactions. We investigated how mites influence paternal care in the burying beetle. We found that males leave their brood earlier when mites are present. We show that this is adaptive because it enhances offspring fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Duarte
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. The evolution of parental care in insects: A test of current hypotheses. Evolution 2015; 69:1255-70. [PMID: 25825047 PMCID: PMC4529740 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Which sex should care for offspring is a fundamental question in evolution. Invertebrates, and insects in particular, show some of the most diverse kinds of parental care of all animals, but to date there has been no broad comparative study of the evolution of parental care in this group. Here, we test existing hypotheses of insect parental care evolution using a literature-compiled phylogeny of over 2000 species. To address substantial uncertainty in the insect phylogeny, we use a brute force approach based on multiple random resolutions of uncertain nodes. The main transitions were between no care (the probable ancestral state) and female care. Male care evolved exclusively from no care, supporting models where mating opportunity costs for caring males are reduced—for example, by caring for multiple broods—but rejecting the “enhanced fecundity” hypothesis that male care is favored because it allows females to avoid care costs. Biparental care largely arose by males joining caring females, and was more labile in Holometabola than in Hemimetabola. Insect care evolution most closely resembled amphibian care in general trajectory. Integrating these findings with the wealth of life history and ecological data in insects will allow testing of a rich vein of existing hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom. .,School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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Requena GS, Machado G. Effects of egg attendance on male mating success in a harvestman with exclusive paternal care. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Murayama G, Willemart R. Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care. J NAT HIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Chelini MC, Machado G. Multiple Lines of Egg Defense in a Neotropical Arachnid with Temporary Brood Desertion. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Chelini
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Glauco Machado
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
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23
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Choh Y, Takabayashi J, Sabelis MW, Janssen A. Witnessing predation can affect strength of counterattack in phytoseiids with ontogenetic predator–prey role reversal. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Klug H, Bonsall MB. What are the benefits of parental care? The importance of parental effects on developmental rate. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2330-51. [PMID: 25360271 PMCID: PMC4203283 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of parental care is beneficial if it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness. While this may seem self-evident, the benefits of parental care have received relatively little theoretical exploration. Here, we develop a theoretical model that elucidates how parental care can affect offspring performance and which aspects of offspring performance (e.g., survival, development) are likely to be influenced by care. We begin by summarizing four general types of parental care benefits. Care can be beneficial if parents (1) increase offspring survival during the stage in which parents and offspring are associated, (2) improve offspring quality in a way that leads to increased offspring survival and/or reproduction in the future when parents are no longer associated with offspring, and/or (3) directly increase offspring reproductive success when parents and offspring remain associated into adulthood. We additionally suggest that parental control over offspring developmental rate might represent a substantial, yet underappreciated, benefit of care. We hypothesize that parents adjust the amount of time offspring spend in life-history stages in response to expected offspring mortality, which in turn might increase overall offspring survival, and ultimately, fitness of parents and offspring. Using a theoretical evolutionary framework, we show that parental control over offspring developmental rate can represent a significant, or even the sole, benefit of care. Considering this benefit influences our general understanding of the evolution of care, as parental control over offspring developmental rate can increase the range of life-history conditions (e.g., egg and juvenile mortalities) under which care can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Klug
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga215 Holt Hall, Dept 2653 615 McCallie Aven, Chattanooga, 37403, Tennessee
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
- St Peter's CollegeOxford, OX1 2DL, U.K
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Lehtinen RM, Green SE, Pringle JL. Impacts of Paternal Care and Seasonal Change on Offspring Survival: A Multiseason Experimental Study of a Caribbean Frog. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E. Green
- Department of Biology; The College of Wooster; Wooster OH USA
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26
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27
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Caetano DS, Machado G. The ecological tale of Gonyleptidae (Arachnida, Opiliones) evolution: phylogeny of a Neotropical lineage of armoured harvestmen using ecological, behavioural and chemical characters. Cladistics 2013; 29:589-609. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Caetano
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Glauco Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05508-900 Brazil
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28
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Costs and benefits of temporary brood desertion in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Do male desert gobies compromise offspring care to attract additional mating opportunities? PLoS One 2011; 6:e20576. [PMID: 21687677 PMCID: PMC3110788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Males often play a critical role in offspring care but the time and energy invested in looking after young can potentially limit their ability to seek out additional mating opportunities. Recent studies, however, suggest that a conflict between male parental effort and mating effort may not always be inevitable, especially if breeding occurs near the nest, or if parental behaviours are under sexual selection. Accordingly, we set out to experimentally investigate male care and courtship in the desert goby Chlamydogobius eremius, a nest-guarding fish with exclusive paternal care. Despite courtship occurring near the nest, we found that when egg-tending males were given the opportunity to attract additional females, they fanned their eggs less often, engaged in shorter fanning bouts, and spent more of their time outside their nests courting. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the circumstances under which reproductive tradeoffs are expected to occur and how these, in turn, operate to influence male reproductive decisions.
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Tizo-Pedroso E, Del-Claro K. Is There Division of Labor in Cooperative Pseudoscorpions? An Analysis of the Behavioral Repertoire of a Tropical Species. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Kudo SI, Akagi Y, Hiraoka S, Tanabe T, Morimoto G. Exclusive Male Egg Care and Determinants of Brooding Success in a Millipede. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Mating system and exclusive postzygotic paternal care in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones). Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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