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Sing AK, Guderjan L, Lemke K, Wiemers M, Schmitt T, Wendt M. Different ecological demands shape differences in population structure and behaviour among the two generations of the small pearl-bordered fritillary. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16965. [PMID: 38426142 PMCID: PMC10903349 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The population structure and behaviour of univoltine butterfly species have been studied intensively. However, much less is known about bivoltine species. In particular, in-depth studies of the differences in population structure, behaviour, and ecology between these two generations are largely lacking. Therefore, we here present a mark-release-recapture study of two successive generations of the fritillary butterfly Boloria selene performed in eastern Brandenburg (Germany). We revealed intersexual and intergenerational differences regarding behaviour, dispersal, population characteristics, and protandry. The observed population densities were higher in the second generation. The flight activity of females decreased in the second generation, but remained unchanged in males. This was further supported by the rate of wing decay. The first generation displayed a linear correlation between wing decay and passed time in both sexes, whereas the linear correlation was lost in second-generation females. The proportion of resting individuals in both sexes increased in the second generation, as well as the number of nectaring females. The choice of plant genera used for nectaring seems to be more specialised in the first and more opportunistic in the second generation. The average flight distances were generally higher for females than for males and overall higher in the first generation. Predictions of long-distance movements based on the inverse power function were also generally higher in females than in males but lower in the first generation. Additionally, we found protandry only in the first but not in the second generation, which might correlate with the different developmental pathways of the two generations. These remarkable differences between both generations might reflect an adaptation to the different ecological demands during the flight season and the different tasks they have, i.e., growth in the spring season; dispersal and colonisation of new habitats during the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Sing
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Guderjan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klara Lemke
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Zittau/Görlitz, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemers
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Wendt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
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2
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Cordero-Molina S, Fetter-Pruneda I, Contreras-Garduño J. Neural mechanisms involved in female mate choice in invertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1291635. [PMID: 38269245 PMCID: PMC10807292 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1291635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mate choice is a critical decision with direct implications for fitness. Although it has been recognized for over 150 years, our understanding of its underlying mechanisms is still limited. Most studies on mate choice focus on the evolutionary causes of behavior, with less attention given to the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. This is especially true for invertebrates, where research on mate choice has largely focused on male behavior. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the neural, molecular and neurohormonal mechanisms of female choice in invertebrates, including behaviors before, during, and after copulation. We identify areas of research that have not been extensively explored in invertebrates, suggesting potential directions for future investigation. We hope that this review will stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrario Cordero-Molina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Fetter-Pruneda
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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3
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Cheng Y, Hu M, Kang A, Xiao Y, Luo L, Jiang X. The Sex Ratio Indicates the Conclusion and Onset of Population Cycles in the Beet Webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:781. [PMID: 37887793 PMCID: PMC10607783 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Beet webworms, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), are one of the most destructive pest insects in northern China, and their populations outbreak periodically. Developing an indicator that defines the ending and beginning of the occurrence period cycle is urgent for the population forecast and theoretical study. The sex ratio can be a primary pathway through which species regulate population size. We measured the maximum mating potential of both females and males and the population net reproductive rate under different sex ratios (e.g., 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3). The maximum mating frequency of males was 2.91 times that of females. The progeny contribution per mating decreased with increased mating times in males. The variation in population net reproductive rate affected by the sex ratio fits the parabolic curve analysis and peaked at 1.82 for females vs. males. Our results illustrate the quantitative connection phenomenon shown by the historical data: population outbreaks occur at a sex ratio of two or more and collapse at a sex rate lower than one. Simultaneously, the sex ratio may be utilized as a definite indicator for the beginning and end of the future occurrence cycle in the beet webworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.); (M.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.); (M.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Aiguo Kang
- Plant Protection and Inspection Station of Kangbao County, Zhangjiakou 076650, China;
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an 343009, China;
| | - Lizhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.); (M.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.); (M.H.); (L.L.)
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Bartonička T, Křemenová J, Balvín O, Šimek Z, Otti O. Age-related mating rates among ecologically distinct lineages of bedbugs, Cimex lectularius. Front Zool 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 37507793 PMCID: PMC10375771 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how many mates an animal has in its lifetime is a critical factor in sexual selection. At the same time, differences in an organism's ecology, such as the quantity and quality of food, could be reflected in different mating rates. Mating rate had a significant effect on female net fitness (i.e., lifetime offspring production), however, laboratory measurements cannot well mirror the situation in wild. The common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) is a well-established model for studying traumatic insemination and sexual conflict. The species comprises two host lineages that feed on bats (BL) or humans (HL). HL can constantly feed on human hosts throughout the year, while BLs feed only during summer months when their bat hosts occupy the roosts. Because mating in female bedbugs is closely linked to foraging, this system provides a valuable model to study mating variation in the field. We established a new method for estimating age-dependent mating rates of females in the wild by relating the fluorescent pigment accumulation in the eyes of females to the number of mating scars that manifest as melanized spots caused by the injection of sperm through the wall of the female abdomen by the male into the spermalege. In addition, using laboratory bedbugs we found that three and a half observed matings on average lead to one observed melanized mating scar. Although young BL and HL females (with low pteridine concentrations) did not differ in the number of matings, the mating rate increased with age only in HL but not in BL females. We sampled on average older BL than HL females. The lack of access to food (bat blood) during winter could explain the lack of increase in the number of scars with age in BL. In species where mating leaves visible marks, using fluorescent pigments to determine female age (applicable to most arthropods) could be an important tool to study sexual selection and mating rate in the wild. The method can help formulate sustainable and biologically lucid approaches for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Křemenová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Balvín
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šimek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Halali S, Brakefield PM, Collins SC, Brattström O. To mate, or not to mate: The evolution of reproductive diapause facilitates insect radiation into African savannahs in the Late Miocene. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1230-1241. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | | | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI) Nairobi Kenya
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Cattelan S, Evans JP, Garcia-Gonzalez F, Morbiato E, Pilastro A. Dietary stress increases the total opportunity for sexual selection and modifies selection on condition-dependent traits. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:447-456. [PMID: 31840374 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although it is often expected that adverse environmental conditions depress the expression of condition-dependent sexually selected traits, the full consequences of environmental change for the action of sexual selection, in terms of the opportunity for total sexual selection and patterns of phenotypic selection, are unknown. Here we show that dietary stress in guppies, Poecilia reticulata, reduces the expression of several sexually selected traits and increases the opportunity for total sexual selection (standardized variance in reproductive success) in males. Furthermore, our results show that dietary stress modulates the relative importance of precopulatory (mating success) and postcopulatory (relative fertilization success) sexual selection, and that the form of multivariate sexual selection (linear vs. nonlinear) depends on dietary regime. Overall, our results are consistent with a pattern of heightened directional selection on condition-dependent sexually selected traits under environmental stress, and underscore the importance of sexual selection in shaping adaptation in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | - Elisa Morbiato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Larsdotter‐Mellström H, Eriksson K, Janz N, Nylin S, Carlsson MA. Male butterflies use an anti‐aphrodisiac pheromone to tailor ejaculates. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Larsdotter‐Mellström
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Animal Biology (M092) The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kerstin Eriksson
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE‐106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Larsdotter-Mellström H, Wiklund C. Different mating expenditure in response to sperm competition risk between generations in the bivoltine butterfly Pieris napi. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Morbey YE. Protandry, sexual size dimorphism, and adaptive growth. J Theor Biol 2013; 339:93-9. [PMID: 23688825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive growth refers to the strategic adjustment of growth rate by individuals to maximize some component of fitness. The concept of adaptive growth proliferated in the 1990s, in part due to an influential theoretical paper by Peter Abrams and colleagues. In their 1996 paper, Abrams et al. explored the effects of time stress on optimal growth rate, development time, and adult size in seasonal organisms. In this review, I explore how the concept of adaptive growth informs our understanding of protandry (the earlier arrival of males to sites of reproduction than females) and sexual size dimorphism in seasonal organisms. I conclude that growth rate variation is an important mechanism that helps to conserve optimal levels of protandry and sexual size dimorphism in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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11
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12
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Torres-Vila LM. Polyandry-fecundity relationship in insects: methodological and conceptual problems. J Evol Biol 2012. [PMID: 23194070 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyandry is perhaps the most puzzling component of mating systems because the fitness benefits for females of mating with more than one male during lifetime are poorly understood. The occurrence and extent of polyandry varies considerably both among and within species, and a positive association between polyandry and fecundity is widespread but not universal. The scenario is further complicated because the scientific literature on this issue includes studies that are often inconclusive or contradictory even for the same target species. A previous meta-analysis detected the crucial importance of two usually neglected aspects that potentially bias the interpretation of primary studies about the polyandry-fecundity relationship: the methodological approach--experimental or descriptive--and the polyandry concept itself--realized or potential. In this paper, we experimentally test the effect of these aspects with the moth Lobesia botrana. We used an innovative protocol in which the experimental and the descriptive methods were conducted simultaneously on the same target population and the results were then interpreted from the perspective of both concepts of polyandry. The results clearly showed that 1) the conclusions about the polyandry-fecundity relationship were strongly dependent on the methodological approach used and 2) the concept of polyandry invoked by the researcher was a confounding effect that potentially biases data interpretation. We suggest that greater attention must be paid to intraspecific variation among females in their propensity to remate. The differentiation in experimental studies between potentially polyandrous and monandrous phenotypes could greatly improve our knowledge about the maintenance of female mating polymorphism in most species and the adaptive significance of polyandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Torres-Vila
- Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal, Consejería de Agricultura DRMAyE, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain.
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13
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Janowitz SA, Fischer K. Polyandry inBicyclus anynanaButterflies Results from Sexual Conflict over Mating. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susann A. Janowitz
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald; Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald; Germany
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14
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Larsdotter-Mellström H, Murtazina R, Borg-Karlson AK, Wiklund C. Timing of male sex pheromone biosynthesis in a butterfly - different dynamics under direct or diapause development. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:584-91. [PMID: 22555771 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The life history traits and behavior of the butterfly Pieris napi are well-known, as the species is often used as a model organism for evolutionary and ecological studies. The species has two or more generations per year in the major part of its temperate distribution, and as different selection pressures affect the different generations, both behavioral and physiological seasonal polyphenisms have been shown previously. Here, we explored the dynamics of male sex pheromone production. The two generations are shown to have significantly different scent compositions early in life; the direct developers--who have shorter time for pupal development--need the first 24 hr of adult life after eclosion to synthesize the sex pheromone citral (geranial and neral 1:1)--whereas the diapausing individuals who have spent several months in the pupal stage eclose with adult scent composition. Resource allocation and biosynthesis also were studied in greater detail by feeding butterflies (13)C labeled glucose either in the larval or adult stage, and recording incorporation into geranial, neral, and other volatiles produced. Results demonstrate that the pheromone synthesized by newly eclosed adult males is based on materials ingested in the larval stage, and that adult butterflies are able to synthesize the pheromone components geranial and neral and the related alcohols also from adult intake of glucose. In summary, our study shows that time-stress changes the timing in biosynthesis of the complete pheromone between generations, and underpins the importance of understanding resource allocation and the physiological basis of life history traits.
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Välimäki P, Kivelä SM, Mäenpää MI. Mating with a kin decreases female remating interval: a possible example of inbreeding avoidance. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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