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Fonseca-Muñoz A, Hernández-Salinas G, Ordaz-Silva S, López-Sánchez IV, Delgadillo-Ángeles JL, Villanueva-Sánchez E, Villanueva-Verduzco C, Gómez-Domínguez NS, Granados-Echegoyen C. Behavioral report of Chrysomya rufifacies in response to substrate infestation by Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina using a tetrahedron olfactometer device. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1385884. [PMID: 38947219 PMCID: PMC11211606 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1385884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Calliphoridae are widespread globally and can inhabit a variety of habitats. In this brief report, we assessed the appeal of Chrysomya rufifacies to resources that were previously inhabited by Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina, both common carrion colonizers. Two hundred adult male and female (1:1) C. rufifacies were released under controlled conditions into clear plastic cages (45 x 45 x 45 cm) with four types of substrates: beef-liver; liver with 100 third-instar larvae of L. cuprina; (III) liver containing 100 third-instar larvae of L. sericata; and liver containing 100 third-instar larvae of C. rufifacies. Each substrate was left in place for 24 hours at the end of a tube connected to the cage, where sticky traps were positioned to capture flies that might have been attracted to a specific substrate. The results indicate variations in the attraction of flies to different types of livers colonized by larvae of various species. It is suggested that flies may have specific preferences depending on the species of larvae present in the substrate. The liver without larvae was the preferred choice, while beef liver with C. rufifacies larvae was the least attractive. Results of statistical tests indicated that there is independence between attractiveness preference and the presence of C. rufifacies flies. Although there is a trend among certain levels of the variables in the correspondence analysis, these relationships are not statistically significant. However, they indicate specific patterns of association between different groups of flies and species of larvae. This study demonstrated that C. rufifacies does not show reduced attraction to any of the resources. A tetrahedron olfactometer device has been used for the first time in a behavioral study of C. rufifacies flies. This may enable future studies to enhance the understanding of fly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fonseca-Muñoz
- Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Facultad de Sistemas Biológicos e Innovación Tecnológica, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Salvador Ordaz-Silva
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | | | - Evert Villanueva-Sánchez
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONAHCYT)-Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Nadia S. Gómez-Domínguez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, (CEPROBI) Centro Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, San Isidro, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carlos Granados-Echegoyen
- CONAHCYT- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México
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Burcham ZM, Belk AD, McGivern BB, Bouslimani A, Ghadermazi P, Martino C, Shenhav L, Zhang AR, Shi P, Emmons A, Deel HL, Xu ZZ, Nieciecki V, Zhu Q, Shaffer M, Panitchpakdi M, Weldon KC, Cantrell K, Ben-Hur A, Reed SC, Humphry GC, Ackermann G, McDonald D, Chan SHJ, Connor M, Boyd D, Smith J, Watson JMS, Vidoli G, Steadman D, Lynne AM, Bucheli S, Dorrestein PC, Wrighton KC, Carter DO, Knight R, Metcalf JL. A conserved interdomain microbial network underpins cadaver decomposition despite environmental variables. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:595-613. [PMID: 38347104 PMCID: PMC10914610 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Microbial breakdown of organic matter is one of the most important processes on Earth, yet the controls of decomposition are poorly understood. Here we track 36 terrestrial human cadavers in three locations and show that a phylogenetically distinct, interdomain microbial network assembles during decomposition despite selection effects of location, climate and season. We generated a metagenome-assembled genome library from cadaver-associated soils and integrated it with metabolomics data to identify links between taxonomy and function. This universal network of microbial decomposers is characterized by cross-feeding to metabolize labile decomposition products. The key bacterial and fungal decomposers are rare across non-decomposition environments and appear unique to the breakdown of terrestrial decaying flesh, including humans, swine, mice and cattle, with insects as likely important vectors for dispersal. The observed lockstep of microbial interactions further underlies a robust microbial forensic tool with the potential to aid predictions of the time since death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Burcham
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Aeriel D Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bridget B McGivern
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amina Bouslimani
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Parsa Ghadermazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Liat Shenhav
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anru R Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pixu Shi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Emmons
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Heather L Deel
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Zech Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Victoria Nieciecki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Morgan Panitchpakdi
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly C Weldon
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kalen Cantrell
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Asa Ben-Hur
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, USA
| | - Greg C Humphry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gail Ackermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Siu Hung Joshua Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melissa Connor
- Forensic Investigation Research Station, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | - Derek Boyd
- Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Social, Cultural, and Justice Studies, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Jake Smith
- Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Mid-America College of Funeral Service, Jeffersonville, IN, USA
| | - Jenna M S Watson
- Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Giovanna Vidoli
- Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dawnie Steadman
- Forensic Anthropology Center, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron M Lynne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Sibyl Bucheli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly C Wrighton
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David O Carter
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Metcalf
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kim D, Crippen TL, Dhungel L, Delclos PJ, Tomberlin JK, Jordan HR. Behavioral interplay between mosquito and mycolactone produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans and bacterial gene expression induced by mosquito proximity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289768. [PMID: 37535670 PMCID: PMC10399876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycolactone is a cytotoxic lipid metabolite produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the environmental pathogen responsible for Buruli ulcer, a neglected tropical disease. Mycobacterium ulcerans is prevalent in West Africa, particularly found in lentic environments, where mosquitoes also occur. Researchers hypothesize mosquitoes could serve as a transmission mechanism resulting in infection by M. ulcerans when mosquitoes pierce skin contaminated with M. ulcerans. The interplay between the pathogen, mycolactone, and mosquito is only just beginning to be explored. A triple-choice assay was conducted to determine the host-seeking preference of Aedes aegypti between M. ulcerans wildtype (MU, mycolactone active) and mutant (MUlac-, mycolactone inactive). Both qualitative and quantitative differences in volatile organic compounds' (VOCs) profiles of MU and MUlac- were determined by GC-MS. Additionally, we evaluated the interplay between Ae. aegypti proximity and M. ulcerans mRNA expression. The results showed that mosquito attraction was significantly greater (126.0%) to an artificial host treated with MU than MUlac-. We found that MU and MUlac produced differential profiles of VOCs associated with a wide range of biological importance from quorum sensing (QS) to human odor components. RT-qPCR assays showed that mycolactone upregulation was 24-fold greater for MU exposed to Ae. aegypti in direct proximity. Transcriptome data indicated significant induction of ten chromosomal genes of MU involved in stress responses and membrane protein, compared to MUlac- when directly having access to or in near mosquito proximity. Our study provides evidence of possible interkingdom interactions between unicellular and multicellular species that MU present on human skin is capable of interreacting with unrelated species (i.e., mosquitoes), altering its gene expression when mosquitoes are in direct contact or proximity, potentially impacting the production of its VOCs, and consequently leading to the stronger attraction of mosquitoes toward human hosts. This study elucidates interkingdom interactions between viable M. ulcerans bacteria and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, which rarely have been explored in the past. Our finding opens new doors for future research in terms of disease ecology, prevalence, and pathogen dispersal outside of the M. ulcerans system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Kim
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tawni L Crippen
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laxmi Dhungel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Pablo J Delclos
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heather R Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
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Kim D, Crippen TL, Jordan HR, Tomberlin JK. Quorum sensing gene regulation in Staphylococcus epidermidis reduces the attraction of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1208241. [PMID: 37426032 PMCID: PMC10324375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1208241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Identifying mechanisms regulating mosquito attraction to hosts is key to suppressing pathogen transmission. Historically, the ecology of the host microbial community and its influence on mosquito attraction, specifically, whether bacterial communication through quorum sensing (QS) modulates VOC production that affects mosquito behavior have not been extensively considered. Methods Behavioral choice assays were applied along with volatile collection, followed by GC-MS and RNA transcriptome analyses of bacteria with and without a quorum-sensing inhibitor, furanone C-30. Results Utilizing the quorum-sensing inhibitor on a skin-inhabiting bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, we disrupted its interkingdom communication with adult Aedes aegypti and mitigated their attraction to a blood-meal by 55.1%. Discussion One potential mechanism suppressing mosquito attraction could be the reduction (31.6% in our study) of bacterial volatiles and their associated concentrations by shifting S. epidermidis metabolic (12 of 29 up regulated genes) and stress (5 of 36 down regulated genes) responses. Manipulating the quorum-sensing pathways could serve as a mechanism to reduce mosquito attraction to a host. Such manipulations could be developed into novel control methods for pathogen-transmitting mosquitoes and other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Kim
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Heather R. Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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5
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Bambaradeniya YTB, Magni PA, Dadour IR. Traumatic sheep myiasis: A review of the current understanding. Vet Parasitol 2023; 314:109853. [PMID: 36577285 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis, or the infestation of live humans and vertebrate animals by dipterous larvae, is a health issue worldwide. The economic impact and potential threat to animal health and wellbeing of this disease under the animal husbandry sector is considerable. Sheep are a highly vulnerable livestock category exposed to myiasis (sheep strike), due to several unique predisposing factors that attract flies. The successful mitigation of this disease relies on a thorough understanding of fly population dynamics associated with the change in weather patterns and the evaluation of this disease through different branches of science such as chemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology. The present review provides a summary of the existing knowledge of strike in sheep, discussed in relation to the application of volatile organic compounds, metagenomics, and molecular biology, and their use regarding implementing fly control strategies such as traps, and to increase the resilience of sheep to this disease through improving their health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T B Bambaradeniya
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - P A Magni
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch University Singapore, King's Centre, Singapore.
| | - I R Dadour
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Source Certain, PO Box 1570, Wangara DC, Western Australia 6947, Australia.
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von Hoermann C, Weithmann S, Sikorski J, Nevo O, Szpila K, Grzywacz A, Grunwald JE, Reckel F, Overmann J, Steiger S, Ayasse M. Linking bacteria, volatiles and insects on carrion: the role of temporal and spatial factors regulating inter-kingdom communication via volatiles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220555. [PMID: 36061525 PMCID: PMC9428529 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-kingdom community complexity and the chemically mediated dynamics between bacteria and insects have recently received increased attention in carrion research. However, the strength of these inter-kingdom interactions and the factors that regulate them are poorly studied. We used 75 piglet cadavers across three forest regions to survey the relationship between three actors (epinecrotic bacteria, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flies) during the first 4 days of decomposition and the factors that regulate this interdependence. The results showed a dynamic bacterial change during decomposition (temperature-time index) and across the forest management gradient, but not between regions. Similarly, VOC emission was dynamic across a temperature-time index and the forest management gradient but did not differ between regions. However, fly occurrence was dynamic across both space and time. The strong interdependence between the three actors was mainly regulated by the temperature-time index and the study regions, thereby revealing regulation at temporal and spatial scales. Additionally, the actor interdependence was stable across a gradient of forest management intensity. By combining different actors of decomposition, we have expanded our knowledge of the holistic mechanisms regulating carrion community dynamics and inter-kingdom interactions, an important precondition for better describing food web dynamics and entire ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Hoermann
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Sandra Weithmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szpila
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzywacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Jan-Eric Grunwald
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, SG 204, Microtraces/Biology, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Reckel
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, SG 204, Microtraces/Biology, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Steiger
- Department of Evolutionary Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Flint CA, Tomberlin JK. Optimizing a Dual-Choice Cube Olfactometer Design for Measuring Adult Secondary Screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Attraction to a Resource. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:994-1003. [PMID: 33200782 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detecting and locating a carrion resource is critical for the reproduction of necrophagous insects and initiating forensically important timelines. Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) primarily use olfactory cues in the form of volatile organic compounds to locate a suitable resource. Factors governing detecting and locating a resource have been studied using various behavior assays with modifications to suit the experiment design, such as the dual-choice cube olfactometer, which was examined in the current study. Systems optimization ensures biologically relevant and consistent results across replicates. In this study, two responses were measured: 1) leaving cube for either control or treatment and 2) choice between control and treatment. Phenotype (e.g., male, non-gravid, gravid) and total blow fly, Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), number to respond were measured. Four parameters were assessed for their impact on response: 1) adjustment time in cube before trial, 2) trial length, 3) sugar/water presence, and 4) screening type in arms. Approximately, 70% of all phenotypes responded to liver with the 30-min adjustment period where only 50% responded with other adjustment periods. Trial length had a significant impact on response (35% increase in the 8 h trial compared to shorter durations); however, significant response to treatment was lost by increasing trial length. The presence of sugar/water decreased gravid and non-gravid response by 35% but did not impact males. Screening had no influence on overall or treatment response. Data indicate experiment design impacts fly response. Future studies should optimize parameters for their given fly population prior to initiating experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Flint
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Trumbo ST, Philbrick PKB, Stökl J, Steiger S. Burying Beetle Parents Adaptively Manipulate Information Broadcast from a Microbial Community. Am Nat 2021; 197:366-378. [PMID: 33625971 DOI: 10.1086/712602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrobial volatiles provide essential information for animals, which compete to detect, respond to, and perhaps control this information. Burying beetle parents have the opportunity to influence microbially derived semiochemicals, because they monopolize a small carcass for their family, repairing feeding holes and applying exudates that alter the microbial community. To study adaptive manipulation of microbial cues, we integrated mechanistic and functional approaches. We contrasted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) volatile profiles from carcasses that were or were not prepared by a resident pair of Nicrophorus orbicollis. Methyl thiocyanate (MeSCN), the primary attractant for burying beetles seeking a fresh carcass, was reduced 20-fold by carcass preparation, while dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), which deters breeding beetles, was increased 20-fold. These results suggest that parental care serves to make previously public information more private (crypsis, MeSCN) and to disinform rivals with a deterrent (DMTS). Functional tests in the field demonstrated that carcass preparation reduced discovery and use by congeners (threefold) as well as by dipteran rivals. Because microbes and their chemicals influence nearly every aspect of animal ecology, animal manipulation of microbial cues may be as widespread as manipulation of their own signals.
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Gasz NE, Geary MJ, Doggett SL, Harvey ML. Bacterial association observations in Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina organs through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1091-1106. [PMID: 33415370 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) species Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and related species Lucilia cuprina (Wiedmann) are important agricultural pests, assist in forensic fields and also have a therapeutic role in medicine. Both species (though predominantly L. sericata) are utilised in a clinical setting for maggot debridement therapy (MDT) where the larvae ingest necrotic tissue and bacteria from non-healing wounds. Conversely, larvae of L. cuprina feed invasively, as major initiators of sheep myiasis in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK, among other regions. Both species exhibit larval and adult interactions with bacterially rich environments, but the significance of this in the composition of their microbiome has yet to be considered. This study utilised dissected samples of digestive and reproductive organs from both disinfected and non-disinfected adults and larvae of both species for bacterial DNA extraction, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequencing data indicated unsurprisingly that digestive tracts of both genders and female salivary glands from all non-disinfected samples carry the most concentrated amounts of bacteria. Genera Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium were also highly represented within all organs and species analysed. Comparison of bait lures to sample sequence read output of insect specimens showed no correlation with genera such as Pseudomonas present in insects, while absent from wild bait, and in reduced amounts from fleece bait profiles. With this information, future work can focus on key organs such as the spermathecae and salivary glands, while also providing the potential to identify the role these bacteria may play in the blowfly life cycle. KEY POINTS: Genera Pseudomonas appears consistently in the microbiome of Lucilia species. Female spermathecae and salivary glands show the highest microbial diversity. Bacterial profiles of L. sericata and L. cuprina have similar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Gasz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, 75 Pigdons Road, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - M J Geary
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - S L Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - M L Harvey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, 75 Pigdons Road, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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10
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Sharma A, Tomberlin JK, Delclos P, Bala M. Volatile compounds reveal age: a study of volatile organic compounds released by Chrysomya rufifacies immatures. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:967-977. [PMID: 33230566 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Age determination of insects collected from vertebrate remains is an essential step in estimating time since colonization as related to the post-mortem interval. Long-established methods for making such estimates rely on determining age related to stage of development at the time of collection in relation to conditions experienced. However, such estimates are based on the completion of a stage of development. Methods allowing for more precise estimates of age (i.e., within a stage of development) are sorely needed. This study examined the potential of volatile organic compounds emitted by blow fly, Ch. rufifacies (Macquart), immatures to determine stage of development, which could potentially be used to estimate the age. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the larval and pupal stages of Ch. rufifacies were collected by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analyses indicated 37 compounds shift quantitatively, as well as qualitatively, as the larvae and pupae age. Furthermore, compounds, such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, phenol, butanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-methyl propanamide, and 2-methyl butanoic acid, serve as indicator compounds of specific stages within Ch. rufifacies development. This information could be important to determine if these compounds can be used in the field to predict the presence of certain developmental stages, in order to determine the potential of using volatile markers to estimate time of colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Sharma
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
| | | | - Pablo Delclos
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madhu Bala
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
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11
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Gold M, von Allmen F, Zurbrügg C, Zhang J, Mathys A. Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582867. [PMID: 33329446 PMCID: PMC7719680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant economic, environmental, and social impacts are associated with the avoidable disposal of foods worldwide. Mass-rearing of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae using organic wastes and food- and agro-industry side products is promising for recycling resources within the food system. One current challenge of this approach is ensuring a reliable and high conversion performance of larvae with inherently variable substrates. Research has been devoted to increasing rearing performance by optimizing substrate nutrient contents and ratios, while the potential of the substrate and larval gut microbiota to increase rearing performance remains untapped. Since previous research has focused on gut microbiota, here, we describe bacterial dynamics in the residue (i.e., the mixture of frass and substrate) of black soldier fly larvae reared on two food wastes (i.e., canteen and household waste). To identify members of the substrate and residue microbiota, potentially associated with rearing performance, bacterial dynamics were also studied in the canteen waste without larvae, and after inactivation by irradiation of the initial microbiota in canteen waste. The food waste substrates had similar microbiota; both were dominated by common lactic acid bacteria. Inactivation of the canteen waste microbiota, which was dominated by Leuconostoc, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, decreased the levels of all rearing performance indicators by 31-46% relative to canteen waste with the native microbiota. In both food waste substrates, larval rearing decreased the bacterial richness and changed the physicochemical residue properties and composition over the rearing period of 12 days, and typical members of the larval intestinal microbiota (i.e., Providencia, Dysgonomonas, Morganella, and Proteus) became more abundant, suggesting their transfer into the residue through excretions. Future studies should isolate members of these taxa and elucidate their true potential to influence black soldier fly mass-rearing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne von Allmen
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Maleki-Ravasan N, Ahmadi N, Soroushzadeh Z, Raz AA, Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N. New Insights Into Culturable and Unculturable Bacteria Across the Life History of Medicinal Maggots Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:505. [PMID: 32322242 PMCID: PMC7156559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the nutritional ecology of dung- and carrion-feeding, bacteria are the integral part of Lucilia sericata life cycle. Nevertheless, the disinfected larvae of the blowfly are applied to treat human chronic wounds in a biosurgery named maggot debridement therapy (MDT). To realize the effects of location/diet on the gut bacteria, to infer the role of bacteria in the blowfly ecology plus in the MDT process, and to disclose bacteria circulating horizontally in and vertically between generations, bacterial communities associated with L. sericata specimens from various sources were investigated using culture-based and culture-independent methods. In total, 265 bacteria, including 20 families, 28 genera, and 40 species, were identified in many sources of the L. sericata. Culture-dependent method identified a number of 144 bacterial isolates, including 21 species, in flies reared in an insectary; specimens were collected from the field, and third-instar larvae retrieved from chronic wounds of patients. Metagenetic approach exposed the occurrences of 121 operational taxonomic units comprising of 32 bacterial species from immature and adult stages of L. sericata. Gammaproteobacteria was distinguished as the dominant class of bacteria by both methods. Bacteria came into the life cycle of L. sericata over the foods and transovarially infected eggs. Enterococcus faecalis, Myroides phaeus, Proteus species, Providencia vermicola, and Serratia marcescens were exchanged among individuals via transstadial transmission. Factors, including diets, feeding status, identification tool, gut compartment, and life stage, governed the bacteria species. Herein, we reemphasized that L. sericata is thoroughly connected to the bacteria both in numerous gut compartments and in different life stages. Among all, transstadially transmitted bacteria are underlined, indicating the lack of antagonistic effect of the larval excretions/secretions on these resident bacteria. While the culture-dependent method generated useful data on the viable aerobic gut bacteria, metagenomic method enabled us to identify bacteria directly from the tissues without any need for cultivation and to facilitate the identification of anaerobic and unculturable bacteria. These findings are planned to pave the way for further research to determine the role of each bacterial species/strain in the insect ecology, as well as in antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Soroushzadeh
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Uriel Y, Gries R, Tu L, Carroll C, Zhai H, Moore M, Gries G. The fly factor phenomenon is mediated by interkingdom signaling between bacterial symbionts and their blow fly hosts. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:256-265. [PMID: 30047567 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We tested the recent hypothesis that the "fly factor" phenomenon (food currently or previously fed on by flies attracts more flies than the same type of food kept inaccessible to flies) is mediated by bacterial symbionts deposited with feces or regurgitated by feeding flies. We allowed laboratory-reared black blow flies, Phormia regina (Meigen), to feed and defecate on bacterial Luria-Bertani medium solidified with agar, and isolated seven morphologically distinct bacterial colonies. We identified these using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In two-choice laboratory experiments, traps baited with cultures of Proteus mirabilis Hauser, Morganella morganii subsp. sibonii Jensen, or Serratia marcescens Bizio, captured significantly more flies than corresponding control jars baited with tryptic soy agar only. A mixture of seven bacterial strains as a trap bait was more attractive to flies than a single bacterial isolate (M. m. sibonii). In a field experiment, traps baited with agar cultures of P. mirabilis and M. m. sibonii in combination captured significantly more flies than traps baited with either bacterial isolate alone or the agar control. As evident by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the odor profiles of bacterial isolates differ, which may explain the additive effect of bacteria to the attractiveness of bacterial trap baits. As "generalist bacteria," P. mirabilis and M. m. sibonii growing on animal protein (beef liver) or plant protein (tofu) are similarly effective in attracting flies. Bacteria-derived airborne semiochemicals appear to mediate foraging by flies and to inform their feeding and oviposition decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Uriel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lorna Tu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cassandra Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Huimin Zhai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Margo Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Behavioral Responses of the Invasive Fly Philornis downsi to Stimuli from Bacteria and Yeast in the Laboratory and the Field in the Galapagos Islands. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120431. [PMID: 31795249 PMCID: PMC6956314 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Philornis downsi Dodge and Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) is an avian parasitic fly that has invaded the Galapagos archipelago and exerts an onerous burden on populations of endemic land birds. As part of an ongoing effort to develop tools for the integrated management of this fly, our objective was to determine its long- and short-range responses to bacterial and fungal cues associated with adult P. downsi. We hypothesized that the bacterial and fungal communities would elicit attraction at distance through volatiles, and appetitive responses upon contact. Accordingly, we amplified bacteria from guts of adult field-caught flies and from bird feces, and yeasts from fermenting papaya juice (a known attractant of P. downsi), on selective growth media, and assayed the response of flies to these microbes or their exudates. In the field, we baited traps with bacteria or yeast and monitored adult fly attraction. In the laboratory, we used the proboscis extension response (PER) to determine the sensitivity of males and females to tarsal contact with bacteria or yeast. Long range trapping efforts yielded two female flies over 112 trap-nights (attracted by bacteria from bird feces and from the gut of adult flies). In the laboratory, tarsal contact with stimuli from gut bacteria elicited significantly more responses than did yeast stimuli. We discuss the significance of these findings in context with other studies in the field and identify targets for future work.
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15
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Abstract
Two areas of research that have greatly increased in attention are: dipterans as vectors and the microbes they are capable of vectoring. Because it is the front-end of the fly that first encounters these microbes, this review focuses on the legs, mouthparts, and foregut, which includes the crop as major structures involved in dipteran vectoring ability. The legs and mouthparts are generally involved in mechanical transmission of microbes. However, the crop is involved in more than just mechanical transmission, for it is within the lumen of the crop that microbes are taken up with the meal of the fly, stored, and it is within the lumen that horizontal transmission of bacterial resistance has been demonstrated. In addition to storage of microbes, the crop is also involved in depositing the microbes via a process known as regurgitation. Various aspects of crop regulation are discussed and specific examples of crop involvement with microorganisms are discussed. The importance of biofilm and biofilm formation are presented, as well as, some physical parameters of the crop that might either facilitate or inhibit biofilm formation. Finally, there is a brief discussion of dipteran model systems for studying crop microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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16
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Recinos-Aguilar YM, García-García MD, Malo EA, Cruz-López L, Rojas JC. The Colonization of Necrophagous Larvae Accelerates the Decomposition of Chicken Carcass and the Emission of Volatile Attractants for Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1590-1597. [PMID: 31265073 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The decomposition of a living being involves a series of changes produced by a number of interacting abiotic and biotic factors. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the colonization of blowflies on the decomposition of chicken carcasses and on the emission of sulfur compounds. The loss of the mass of carcasses and the release rate of sulfur compounds were compared for 30 d in chicken carcasses with and without blowflies in field conditions. The tissue degradation was slower in the carcasses without insects compared to those colonized by blowflies. The decomposition stages of fresh, bloated, active decay, and advanced decay were observed in the carcasses without flies; while the decomposition stages of fresh, active decay, advanced decay, and dry remains were identified in carcasses with flies. Two sulfur compounds, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, were present during the entire decomposition process. The emission of these compounds is not directly associated with the presence of the blowflies' immature stages during the whole decomposition process. However, in cadavers with insects, the highest emission of both compounds occurred in day 2, while in cadavers without insects, the peak of emission was observed in day 4. In addition, the presence of the larval stages I and II of Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1842) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius, 1775 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) matched with the peak of emission of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yensy María Recinos-Aguilar
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, CP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Maria Dolores García-García
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, España
| | - Edi A Malo
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, CP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Cruz-López
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, CP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, CP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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17
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Heo CC, Teel PD, Banfield MM, Tomberlin JK. Soil arthropod community responses to carrion with delayed insect access. FOOD WEBS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2019.e00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Yan G, Schlink AC, Brodie BS, Hu J, Martin GB. The Effects of Diets and Long-term Laboratory Rearing on Reproduction, Behavior, and Morphology of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:665-670. [PMID: 30566594 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Australian sheep blow fly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), is commonly reared in the laboratory for many sequential generations on simple, fixed diets, so it can be used in veterinary, medical, and forensic studies. To investigate the effect of diet and long-term laboratory rearing on L. cuprina, flies were fed with two different diets (sugar and milk-sugar) over a year and F1, F6, and F11 generations were used for comparisons based on the number of eggs, attraction to wool and liver, and wing size. The results showed that the number of eggs of gravid flies, and the attractiveness of wool and liver did not differ significantly between diets and generations, but gravid flies were more attracted to wool and liver than non-gravid flies (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the F1 generation, thorax length and wing aspect ratio were significantly longer than in the F6 and F11 generations (P < 0.05), and the wing length was significantly longer than in the F11 generation (P < 0.05). It was concluded that neither diet nor long-term laboratory rearing affect potential fecundity or the behavioral responses of L. cuprina, but the gravidity of flies affects their behavioral response, and long-term laboratory rearing significantly affects fly morphology, apparently explaining a loss in flight performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony C Schlink
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Bekka S Brodie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Jianhong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Benbow ME, Barton PS, Ulyshen MD, Beasley JC, DeVault TL, Strickland MS, Tomberlin JK, Jordan HR, Pechal JL. Necrobiome framework for bridging decomposition ecology of autotrophically and heterotrophically derived organic matter. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Philip S. Barton
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | | | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; University of Georgia; Aiken South Carolina 29802 USA
| | - Travis L. DeVault
- U.S. Department of Agriculture; National Wildlife Research Center; Sandusky Ohio 44870 USA
| | | | | | - Heather R. Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences; Mississippi State University; Mississippi Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Pechal
- Department of Entomology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
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20
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Warren JA, Ratnasekera TDP, Campbell DA, Anderson GS. Hyperspectral measurements of immature Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) raised on different food substrates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192786. [PMID: 29438393 PMCID: PMC5811036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature Lucilia sericata (Meigen) raised on beef liver, beef heart, pork liver and pork heart at a mean temperature of 20.6°C took a minimum of 20 days to complete development. Minimum development time differences within stages were observed between the meat types (pork/beef), but not the organ types (liver/heart). Daily hyperspectral measurements were conducted and a functional regression was completed to examine the main effects of meat and organ type on daily spectral measurements. The model examined post feeding larval spectral measurements of insects raised on beef liver alone, the effect of those raised on pork compared with those raised on beef, the effect of those raised on heart compared with those raised on liver and the interactional effect of those raised on pork heart compared with those raised on beef liver. The analyses indicated that the spectral measurements of post feeding L. sericata raised on pork and beef organs (liver and heart) are affected by the meat and organ type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie A. Warren
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - David A. Campbell
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gail S. Anderson
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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21
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Holl MV, Gries G. Studying the "fly factor" phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms in house flies Musca domestica. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:137-147. [PMID: 27434034 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The "fly factor" was first discovered >60 years ago and describes the phenomenon that food currently or previously fed on by flies attracts more foraging flies than the same type and amount of food kept inaccessible to flies. Since then, there has been little progress made to understanding this phenomenon. Our objectives were (i) to demonstrate the existence of the fly factor in house flies, Musca domestica and (ii) to study underlying mechanisms that may cause or contribute to the fly factor. In 2-choice laboratory bioassays, we obtained unambiguous evidence for a fly factor phenomenon in house flies, in that we demonstrated that feeding flies are more attractive to foraging flies than are nonfeeding flies, and that fed-on food is more attractive to foraging flies than is "clean" food. Of the potential mechanisms (fly excreta, metabolic output parameters [elevated temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide]), causing the fly factor, fly feces, and regurgitate do attract foraging flies but none of the metabolic output parameters of feeding flies does. Even though feeding flies produce significantly more CO2 than nonfeeding flies, elevated levels of CO2 have no behavior-modifying effect on flies. Preferential attraction of house flies to fly feces and regurgitate indicates that the flies sense airborne semiochemicals emanating from these sources. Hypothesizing that these semiochemicals are microbe-produced, future studies will aim at isolating and mass producing these microbes to accumulate semiochemicals for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Holl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Chormey DS, Bakırdere S. Principles and Recent Advancements in Microextraction Techniques. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUORUM SENSING, ANALYTICAL METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Gasz NE, Harvey ML. A new method for the production of sterile colonies of Lucilia sericata. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:299-305. [PMID: 28402593 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) refers to the use of blowfly larvae to clean or debride an infected wound. Most commonly, larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are used, and are sterilized prior to use to ensure no further bacterial infections are introduced during treatment. Current methods sterilize eggs from laboratory-reared blowfly colonies, after which sterile early second instar maggots can be provided to hospitals for use in treatment. Maggots not required for treatment are used for colony regeneration, in which sterility is not maintained. The ability to maintain sterility beyond this would allow further research into fly-bacteria interactions and the effects of different bacteria on the blowfly lifecycle. This study aimed to produce a colony of sterile adults, using current egg sterilization practice, but maintaining sterility through to pupation and emergence. The production of a sterile colony allows further research into the impact of bacteria on fly development and survival. Eggs were placed on a sterile food source within autoclaved plant tissue culture containers to allow growth under sterile conditions. Nutrient agar plating of sterilized and non-sterilized eggs, larvae and adults (post-emergence), as well as the pupation medium and feed source in nutrient broth confirmed the aerobic sterility of all samples involved. The lifecycle of L. sericata was successfully completed through pupation to emergence with no effects on lifespan or oviposition by the newly emerged, sterile adult colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Gasz
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - M L Harvey
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Adserias-Garriga J, Hernández M, Quijada NM, Rodríguez Lázaro D, Steadman D, Garcia-Gil J. Daily thanatomicrobiome changes in soil as an approach of postmortem interval estimation: An ecological perspective. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:388-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Turan NB, Chormey DS, Büyükpınar Ç, Engin GO, Bakirdere S. Quorum sensing: Little talks for an effective bacterial coordination. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Jordan HR, Tomberlin JK. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Regulating Inter-Kingdom Engagement between Insects and Microbe Activity on Vertebrate Remains. INSECTS 2017; 8:E54. [PMID: 28538664 PMCID: PMC5492068 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: A number of abiotic and biotic factors are known to regulate arthropod attraction, colonization, and utilization of decomposing vertebrate remains. Such information is critical when assessing arthropod evidence associated with said remains in terms of forensic relevance. Interactions are not limited to just between the resource and arthropods. There is another biotic factor that has been historically overlooked; however, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, and other molecular techniques, the curtain has been pulled back to reveal a microscopic world that is playing a major role with regards to carrion decomposition patterns in association with arthropods. The objective of this publication is to review many of these factors and draw attention to their impact on microbial, specifically bacteria, activity associated with these remains as it is our contention that microbes serve as a primary mechanism regulating associated arthropod behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39705, USA.
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Genome Sequence of a Providencia stuartii Strain Isolated from Luciliasericata Salivary Glands. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/17/e00250-17. [PMID: 28450516 PMCID: PMC5408114 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00250-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present here the draft genome sequence of a Providencia stuartii strain, derived from the salivary glands of larval Lucilia sericata, a common blow fly important to forensic, medical, and veterinary science. The genome sequence will help dissect coinfections involving P. stuartii and Proteus mirabilis, as well as blow fly–bacteria interactions.
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Spindola AF, Zheng L, Tomberlin JK, Thyssen PJ. Attraction and Oviposition of Lucilia eximia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to Resources Colonized by the Invasive Competitor Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:321-328. [PMID: 27744362 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine if the presence of immatures of the invasive blow fly species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) influences the adult behavior of the native species Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) in Brazil. The level of attraction and oviposition by the native species was assessed in a dual-choice assay. The evaluation was based on sex and stage of ovarian development of L. eximia adults to a resource not colonized (NCR) or colonized (RPC) with eggs, different instars, or densities of C. albiceps. A significant difference in attraction was observed based on sex and stages of ovarian development. Males and nongravid females were more attracted to RPC, whereas gravid females preferred NCR. Moreover, males exhibited the lowest response in all assays among the three sex categories examined. In general, adults preferably oviposited on NCR rather than RPC. Also, between the eggs and second instar treatments, L. eximia laid more eggs on RPC with eggs than second instars (predatory stage). Lucilia eximia attraction to second-instar C. albiceps at different densities was marginally significant. Overall, results indicate the invasive species, C. albiceps, is impacting the behavior of the native blow fly, L. eximia, with regards to its attraction and colonization of vertebrate carrion, which could explain why native blow fly populations have significantly decreased since the introduction of C. albiceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Spindola
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IB, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Le Zheng
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (; )
| | | | - Patricia J Thyssen
- Department of Animal Biology, IB, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil
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Tomberlin JK, Crippen TL, Tarone AM, Chaudhury MFB, Singh B, Cammack JA, Meisel RP. A Review of Bacterial Interactions With Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Medical, Veterinary, and Forensic Importance. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 110:19-36. [DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Tomberlin JK, Crippen TL, Wu G, Griffin AS, Wood TK, Kilner RM. Indole: An evolutionarily conserved influencer of behavior across kingdoms. Bioessays 2016; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; College Station TX USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | | | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
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31
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Sanders ML, Jordan HR, Serewis-Pond C, Zheng L, Benbow ME, Small PL, Tomberlin JK. Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin, mycolactone may enhance host-seeking and oviposition behaviour by Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:1750-1760. [PMID: 27907248 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ecological functions of many toxins continue to remain unknown for those produced by environmental pathogens. Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the neglected tropical disease, Buruli ulcer, produces a cytotoxic macrolide, mycolactone, whose function(s) in the environment remains elusive. Through a series of dual-choice behaviour assays, they show that mycolactone may be an interkingdom cue for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, seeking blood-meals as well as oviposition sites. Results provide novel insight into the evolution between bacteria and potential vectors. While further studies are needed to determine if mycolactone is an actual signal rather than simply a cue, this discovery could serve as a model for determining roles for toxins produced by other environmental pathogens and provide opportunities for developing novel strategies for disease prevention. The relationship between M. ulcerans, mycolactone, and Ae. aegypti further suggests there could be an amplification effect for the spread of pathogens responsible for other diseases, such as yellow fever and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sanders
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - H R Jordan
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - L Zheng
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M E Benbow
- Department of Entomology, Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - P L Small
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Trumbo ST. Carcass Age and Reproductive Costs for Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1178-1183. [PMID: 27550165 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The life history costs of living in microbially dense environments can be high. To assess the importance of these costs for natural selection, it is necessary to know how costs vary with environmental conditions. Adult burying beetles prepare vertebrate carcasses of varying age and states of deterioration as a resource for their young. In the present study, Nicrophorus orbicollis Say females were presented with either fresh or aged (80 h) large carcasses (30-39 g) to examine effects on their lifetime reproductive success (four reproductive attempts) and survival. Reproductive success and survival were also measured for female offspring that developed on fresh and aged carcasses. Carcass age had no measurable effect on lifetime reproductive output or life span of either parents or their adult offspring. In a separate experiment using medium-sized carcasses (22-24 g), the reproductive performance of females in a single reproductive attempt was negatively affected by carcass age (13.9% less brood mass). The results suggest that the costs of using a single older carcass are relatively minor when measured over a lifetime. Alternative costs of using older carcasses and explanations for the complex antimicrobial traits of burying beetles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Trumbo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Waterbury, CT 06702
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Anstead CA, Batterham P, Korhonen PK, Young ND, Hall RS, Bowles VM, Richards S, Scott MJ, Gasser RB. A blow to the fly — Lucilia cuprina draft genome and transcriptome to support advances in biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:605-620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Crooks ER, Bulling MT, Barnes KM. Microbial effects on the development of forensically important blow fly species. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:185-190. [PMID: 27289434 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colonisation times and development rates of specific blow fly species are used to estimate the minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI). The presence or absence of bacteria on a corpse can potentially affect the development and survival of blow fly larvae. Therefore an understanding of microbial-insect interactions is important for improving the interpretation of mPMI estimations. In this study, the effect of two bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) on the growth rate and survival of three forensically important blow fly species (Lucilia sericata, Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria) was investigated. Sterile larvae were raised in a controlled environment (16:8h day: night light cycle, 23:21°C day: night temperature cycle and a constant 35% relative humidity) on four artificial diets prepared with 100μl of 10(5) CFU bacterial solutions as follows: (1) E. coli, (2) S. aureus, (3) a 50:50 E. coli:S. aureus mix and (4) a sterile bacteria-free control diet. Daily measurements (length, width and weight) were taken from first instar larvae through to the emergence of adult flies. Survival rates were also determined at pupation and adult emergence. Results indicate that bacteria were not essential for the development of any of the blow fly species. However, larval growth rates were affected by bacterial diet, with effects differing between blow fly species. Peak larval weights also varied according to species-diet combination; C. vomitoria had the largest weight on E. coli and mixed diets, C. vicina had the largest weight on S. aureus diets, and treatment had no significant effect on the peak larval weight of L. sericata. These results indicate the potential for the bacteria that larvae are exposed to during development on a corpse to alter both developmental rates and larval weight in some blow fly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther R Crooks
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road DE22 1HE, UK
| | - Mark T Bulling
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road DE22 1HE, UK
| | - Kate M Barnes
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road DE22 1HE, UK.
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35
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Responses of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to compounds from microbial decomposition of larval resources. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Weiss S, Carter DO, Metcalf JL, Knight R. Carcass mass has little influence on the structure of gravesoil microbial communities. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:253-63. [PMID: 26024793 PMCID: PMC9645124 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how variables, such as carcass mass, affect the succession pattern of microbes in soils during decomposition. To investigate the effects of carcass mass on the soil microbial community, soils associated with swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) carcasses of four different masses were sampled until the 15th day of decomposition during the month of June in a pasture near Lincoln, Nebraska. Soils underneath swine of 1, 20, 40, and 50 kg masses were investigated in triplicate, as well as control sites not associated with a carcass. Soil microbial communities were characterized by sequencing the archaeal, bacterial (16S), and eukaryotic (18S) rRNA genes in soil samples. We conclude that time of decomposition was a significant influence on the microbial community, but carcass mass was not. The gravesoil associated with 1 kg mass carcasses differs most compared to the gravesoil associated with other carcass masses. We also identify the 15 most abundant bacterial and eukaryotic taxa, and discuss changes in their abundance as carcass decomposition progressed. Finally, we show significant decreases in alpha diversity for carcasses of differing mass in pre-carcass rupture (days 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 postmortem) versus post-carcass rupture (days 9 and 15 postmortem) microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Weiss
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - David O Carter
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI, 96816, USA
| | - Jessica L Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics and Computer Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0763, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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37
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Brodie BS, Smith MA, Lawrence J, Gries G. Effects of Floral Scent, Color and Pollen on Foraging Decisions and Oocyte Development of Common Green Bottle Flies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145055. [PMID: 26717311 PMCID: PMC4696748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and other filth flies frequently visit pollen-rich composite flowers such as the Oxeye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. In laboratory experiments with L. sericata, we investigated the effect of generic floral scent and color cues, and of Oxeye daisy-specific cues, on foraging decisions by recently eclosed flies. We also tested the effect of a floral pollen diet with 0–35% moisture content on the ability of females to mature their oocytes. Our data indicate that (1) young flies in the presence of generic floral scent respond more strongly to a uniformly yellow cue than to any other uniform color cue (green, white, black, blue, red) except for ultraviolet (UV); (2) the floral scent of Oxeye daisies enhances the attractiveness of a yellow cue; and (3) moisture-rich pollen provides nutrients that facilitate ovary maturation of flies. With evidence that L. sericata exploits floral cues during foraging, and that pollen can be an alternate protein source to animal feces and carrion, Pollen apparently plays a major role in the foraging ecology of L. sericata and possibly other filth flies. These flies, in turn, may play a significant role as pollinators, as supported by a recently published study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekka S. Brodie
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Maia A. Smith
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Lawrence
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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38
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A metagenomic assessment of the bacteria associated with Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:869-83. [PMID: 25306907 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a blow fly genus of forensic, medical, veterinary, and agricultural importance. This genus is also famous because of its beneficial uses in maggot debridement therapy (MDT). Although the genus is of considerable economic importance, our knowledge about microbes associated with these flies and how these bacteria are horizontally and trans-generationally transmitted is limited. In this study, we characterized bacteria associated with different life stages of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and in the salivary gland of L. sericata by using 16S rDNA 454 pyrosequencing. Bacteria associated with the salivary gland of L. sericata were also characterized using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results from this study suggest that the majority of bacteria associated with these flies belong to phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, and most bacteria are maintained intragenerationally, with a considerable degree of turnover from generation to generation. In both species, second-generation eggs exhibited the highest bacterial phylum diversity (20 % genetic distance) than other life stages. The Lucilia sister species shared the majority of their classified genera. Of the shared bacterial genera, Providencia, Ignatzschineria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Vagococcus, Morganella, and Myroides were present at relatively high abundances. Lactobacillus, Proteus, Diaphorobacter, and Morganella were the dominant bacterial genera associated with a survey of the salivary gland of L. sericata. TEM analysis showed a sparse distribution of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the salivary gland of L. sericata. There was more evidence for horizontal transmission of bacteria than there was for trans-generational inheritance. Several pathogenic genera were either amplified or reduced by the larval feeding on decomposing liver as a resource. Overall, this study provides information on bacterial communities associated with different life stages of Lucilia and their horizontal and trans-generational transmission, which may help in the development of better vector-borne disease management and MDT methods.
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Rivers DB, Acca G, Fink M, Brogan R, Schoeffield A. Spatial characterization of proteolytic enzyme activity in the foregut region of the adult necrophagous fly, Protophormia terraenovae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 67:45-55. [PMID: 24968146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of proteolytic enzymes in the adult foregut of Protophormia terraenovae was studied in the context of protein digestion and regurgitation. Based on substrate specificity, pH optima, and use of specific protease inhibitors, all adults tested displayed enzyme activity in the foregut consistent with pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like enzyme activity were detected in all gut fluids and tissues tested, with chymotrypsin displaying the highest activity in saliva and salivary gland tissue, whereas maximal trypsin activity was evident in the crop. Pepsin-like activity was only evident in crop fluids and tissues. The activity of all three enzymes was low or undetectable (pepsin) in the fluids and tissue homogenates derived from the esophagus and cardia of any of the adults assayed. Fed adult females displayed higher enzyme activities than fed males, and the activity of all three enzymes were much more prevalent in fed adults than starved. The pH optimum of the trypsin-like enzyme was between pH 7.0 and 8.0; chymotrypsin was near pH 8.0; and maximal pepsin-like activity occurred between pH 1.0 and 2.0. Regurgitate from fed adult females displayed enzyme activity consistent with the proteolytic enzymes detected in crop gut fluids. Enzymes in regurgitate were not derived from food sources based on assays of bovine liver samples. These latter observations suggest that adult flies release fluids from foregut when encountering dry foods, potentially as a means to initiate extra-oral digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rivers
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
| | - Gillian Acca
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Marc Fink
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Rebecca Brogan
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Andrew Schoeffield
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
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40
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Pechal JL, Benbow ME, Crippen TL, Tarone AM, Tomberlin JK. Delayed insect access alters carrion decomposition and necrophagous insect community assembly. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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41
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Beier RC, Byrd JA, Kubena LF, Hume ME, McReynolds JL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of linalool, a natural antimicrobial and insecticidal essential oil from basil: Effects on poultry. Poult Sci 2014; 93:267-72. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Fiene JG, Sword GA, Van Laerhoven SL, Tarone AM. The role of spatial aggregation in forensic entomology. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:1-9. [PMID: 24605447 DOI: 10.1603/me13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A central concept in forensic entomology is that arthropod succession on carrion is predictable and can be used to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) of human remains. However, most studies have reported significant variation in successional patterns, particularly among replicate carcasses, which has complicated estimates of PMIs. Several forensic entomology researchers have proposed that further integration of ecological and evolutionary theory in forensic entomology could help advance the application of succession data for producing PMI estimates. The purpose of this essay is to draw attention to the role of spatial aggregation of arthropods among carrion resources as a potentially important aspect to consider for understanding and predicting the assembly of arthropods on carrion over time. We review ecological literature related to spatial aggregation of arthropods among patchy and ephemeral resources, such as carrion, and when possible integrate these results with published forensic literature. We show that spatial aggregation of arthropods across resources is commonly reported and has been used to provide fundamental insight for understanding regional and local patterns of arthropod diversity and coexistence. Moreover, two suggestions are made for conducting future research. First, because intraspecific aggregation affects species frequency distributions across carcasses, data from replicate carcasses should not be combined, but rather statistically quantified to generate occurrence probabilities. Second, we identify a need for studies that tease apart the degree to which community assembly on carrion is spatially versus temporally structured, which will aid in developing mechanistic hypotheses on the ecological factors shaping community assembly on carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Fiene
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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43
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Pechal JL, Crippen TL, Tarone AM, Lewis AJ, Tomberlin JK, Benbow ME. Microbial community functional change during vertebrate carrion decomposition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79035. [PMID: 24265741 PMCID: PMC3827085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a critical role in the decomposition of organic matter, which contributes to energy and nutrient transformation in every ecosystem. Yet, little is known about the functional activity of epinecrotic microbial communities associated with carrion. The objective of this study was to provide a description of the carrion associated microbial community functional activity using differential carbon source use throughout decomposition over seasons, between years and when microbial communities were isolated from eukaryotic colonizers (e.g., necrophagous insects). Additionally, microbial communities were identified at the phyletic level using high throughput sequencing during a single study. We hypothesized that carrion microbial community functional profiles would change over the duration of decomposition, and that this change would depend on season, year and presence of necrophagous insect colonization. Biolog EcoPlates™ were used to measure the variation in epinecrotic microbial community function by the differential use of 29 carbon sources throughout vertebrate carrion decomposition. Pyrosequencing was used to describe the bacterial community composition in one experiment to identify key phyla associated with community functional changes. Overall, microbial functional activity increased throughout decomposition in spring, summer and winter while it decreased in autumn. Additionally, microbial functional activity was higher in 2011 when necrophagous arthropod colonizer effects were tested. There were inconsistent trends in the microbial function of communities isolated from remains colonized by necrophagous insects between 2010 and 2011, suggesting a greater need for a mechanistic understanding of the process. These data indicate that functional analyses can be implemented in carrion studies and will be important in understanding the influence of microbial communities on an essential ecosystem process, carrion decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Pechal
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Eric Benbow
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
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Microbial Volatile Emissions as Insect Semiochemicals. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:840-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pechal JL, Crippen TL, Benbow ME, Tarone AM, Dowd S, Tomberlin JK. The potential use of bacterial community succession in forensics as described by high throughput metagenomic sequencing. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:193-205. [PMID: 23749255 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition studies of vertebrate remains primarily focus on data that can be seen with the naked eye, such as arthropod or vertebrate scavenger activity, with little regard for what might be occurring with the microorganism community. Here, we discuss the necrobiome, or community of organisms associated with the decomposition of remains, specifically, the "epinecrotic" bacterial community succession throughout decomposition of vertebrate carrion. Pyrosequencing was used to (1) detect and identify bacterial community abundance patterns that described discrete time points of the decomposition process and (2) identify bacterial taxa important for estimating physiological time, a time-temperature metric that is often commensurate with minimum post-mortem interval estimates, via thermal summation models. There were significant bacterial community structure differences in taxon richness and relative abundance patterns through the decomposition process at both phylum and family taxonomic classification levels. We found a significant negative linear relationship for overall phylum and family taxon richness as decomposition progressed. Additionally, we developed a statistical model using high throughput sequencing data of epinecrotic bacterial communities on vertebrate remains that explained 94.4 % of the time since placement of remains in the field, which was within 2-3 h of death. These bacteria taxa are potentially useful for estimating the minimum post-mortem interval. Lastly, we provide a new framework and standard operating procedure of how this novel approach of using high throughput metagenomic sequencing has remarkable potential as a new forensic tool. Documenting and identifying differences in bacterial communities is key to advancing knowledge of the carrion necrobiome and its applicability in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Pechal
- Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA,
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