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Carbillet J, Rey B, Palme R, Monestier C, Börger L, Lavabre T, Maublanc ML, Cebe N, Rames JL, Le Loc'h G, Wasniewski M, Rannou B, Gilot-Fromont E, Verheyden H. Covariation between glucocorticoids, behaviour and immunity supports the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis: an experimental approach. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220464. [PMID: 35611533 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomedical literature has consistently highlighted that long-term elevation of glucocorticoids might impair immune functions. However, patterns are less clear in wild animals. Here, we re-explored the stress-immunity relationship considering the potential effects of behavioural profiles. Thirteen captive roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were monitored over an eight-week period encompassing two capture events. We assessed how changes in baseline faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentrations following a standardized capture protocol and an immune challenge using anti-rabies vaccination affected changes in 13 immune parameters of innate and adaptive immunity, and whether these changes in baseline FCM levels and immune parameters related to behavioural profiles. We found that individuals with increased baseline FCM levels also exhibited increased immunity and were characterized by more reactive behavioural profiles (low activity levels, docility to manipulation and neophilia). Our results suggest that the immunity of large mammals may be influenced by glucocorticoids, but also behavioural profiles, as it is predicted by the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis. Our results highlight the need to consider covariations between behaviour, immunity and glucocorticoids in order to improve our understanding of the among-individual variability in the stress-immunity relationships observed in wildlife, as they may be underpinned by different life-history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Carbillet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan 31326, France.,Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Benjamin Rey
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | | | - Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Typhaine Lavabre
- Equipe de Biologie médicale-Histologie, CREFRE, Inserm-UPS-ENVT, Toulouse, France.,Inovie Vet, Laboratoire d'Analyses et Biologie Vétérinaires, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicolas Cebe
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Jean-Luc Rames
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan 31326, France
| | | | | | - Benoit Rannou
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Verheyden
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan 31326, France
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Bergvall UA, Morellet N, Kjellander P, Rauset GR, Groeve JD, Borowik T, Brieger F, Gehr B, Heurich M, Hewison AM, Kröschel M, Pellerin M, Saïd S, Soennichsen L, Sunde P, Cagnacci F. Settle Down! Ranging Behaviour Responses of Roe Deer to Different Capture and Release Methods. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113299. [PMID: 34828030 PMCID: PMC8614535 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fitting of tracking devices to wild animals requires capture and handling which causes stress and can potentially cause injury, behavioural modifications that can affect animal welfare and the output of research. We evaluated post capture and release ranging behaviour responses of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) for five different capture methods. We analysed the distance from the centre of gravity and between successive locations, using data from 14 different study sites within the EURODEER collaborative project. Independently of the capture method, we observed a shorter distance between successive locations and contextual shift away from the home range centre of gravity after the capture and release event. However, individuals converged towards the average behaviour within a relatively short space of time (between 10 days and one month). If researchers investigate questions based on the distance between successive locations of the home range, we recommend (1) initial investigation to establish when the animals start to behave normally again or (2) not using the first two to three weeks of data for their analysis. We also encourage researchers to continually adapt methods to minimize stress and prioritize animal welfare wherever possible, according to the Refinement of the Three R's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika A. Bergvall
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-707-564845
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; (N.M.); (A.J.M.H.)
- LTSER ZA PYrénéesGARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden;
| | - Geir R. Rauset
- Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Johannes De Groeve
- Research and Innovation Centre, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (J.D.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 94240 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland; (T.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Falko Brieger
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, 79100 Freiburg, Germany; (F.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Benedikt Gehr
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, 94481 Grafenau, Germany;
- Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management, Campus Evenstad, Innland Norway University of Applied Science, 2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - A.J. Mark Hewison
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; (N.M.); (A.J.M.H.)
- LTSER ZA PYrénéesGARonne, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Max Kröschel
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, 79100 Freiburg, Germany; (F.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Maryline Pellerin
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, 01330 Birieux, France; (M.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l’Appui Scientifique, 01330 Birieux, France; (M.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Leif Soennichsen
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland; (T.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Peter Sunde
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark;
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Research and Innovation Centre, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (J.D.G.); (F.C.)
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From the get-go: Dietary exposure in utero and in early life alters dietary preference in later life. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Novelty at second glance: a critical appraisal of the novel object paradigm based on meta-analysis. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Esattore B, Šlipogor V, Saggiomo L, Seltmann MW. "How not to judge a deer by its cover": A personality assessment study on captive adult red deer males (Cervus elaphus). Behav Processes 2021; 186:104361. [PMID: 33639253 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Personality is not a uniquely human characteristic and it has been documented in a wide range of organisms, from mammals to birds, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates. However, personality is still poorly understood in Cervids. Therefore, our study aimed to fill this gap by i) investigating personality and ii) exploring its links to dominance hierarchy, assessed by behavioral observations in 11 captive and tame male red deer (Cervus elaphus). Using questionnaires to assess personality, three trained volunteers rated these animals in 15 behaviorally composed adjectives with detailed descriptions, based on their overall impression at the end of the observation period. Behavioral data from animals were collected across three different situations, namely "feeding" (i.e., high competition for a scarce resource), "normal" (i.e., no external stimuli) in a group setting, and "handling" (i.e., stressful situation due to human manipulation) in an individual setting. We estimated dominance hierarchies between the individuals based on situations of average and high competition (i.e., "normal" and "feeding") via the Clutton-Brock Index (CBI). Using Fleiss' Kappa for inter-rater reliability, only five of our 15 behavioral adjectives showed acceptable reliability. Using principal component analysis, four of these adjectives formed one personality component labelled "Confidence/Aggressiveness". We found that although "Confidence/Aggressiveness" did not correlate with CBI, ratings of two adjectives loading onto this component, namely "Confident" and "Submissive", significantly correlated with the CBI, indicating that the questionnaire ratings reflect real behavioral variation in red deer males. Our study provides the first assessment of personality in male red deer and adds to the growing literature on Cervid personality, offering the basis for future personality research in ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Esattore
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Praha 10-Uhříněves, Czech Republic; Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Vedrana Šlipogor
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA I, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, Budweiss, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Saggiomo
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
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de Bruijn R, Romero LM. Chronic stress reverses enhanced neophobia following an acute stressor in European starlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:265-274. [PMID: 33231919 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neophobia is an animal's avoidance of novelty. Animals tend to respond to novel objects by increasing their latency to approach the objects, and they eventually habituate after repeated exposure by attenuating this increased approach latency. Interestingly, the physiological stress response does not appear to have a causal link to neophobia, although acute stress can prevent animals from habituating to novel objects, possibly through a permissive effect. Chronic stress can induce an anxiety-like state in animals, while often disrupting the ability to respond to acute stress. We thus hypothesized that chronic stress may increase neophobia and tested this by inducing chronic stress in wild-caught European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Four distinct anthropogenic stressors were administered daily for 30 min each in a randomized order for 21 days. We then evaluated whether exposure to chronic stress altered the latency to approach a novel object placed on or near a food dish presented after overnight fasting. Chronically stressed birds and nonstressed controls exhibited similar initial neophobic responses to novel objects and showed similar habituation in response to repeated exposure. However, when birds were exposed to 15 min of restraint before repeated exposure to the same object, habituation was eliminated in control birds (i.e., they continued to respond with neophobia), whereas chronically stressed birds continued to show habituation as measured by attenuated approach latencies. These results demonstrate that an acute stress response (restraint) has a different impact on neophobia depending upon whether the bird is or is not concurrently exposed to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert de Bruijn
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Michael Romero
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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Champneys T, Castaldo G, Consuegra S, Garcia de Leaniz C. Density-dependent changes in neophobia and stress-coping styles in the world's oldest farmed fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181473. [PMID: 30662751 PMCID: PMC6304122 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Farmed fish are typically reared at densities much higher than those observed in the wild, but to what extent crowding results in abnormal behaviours that can impact welfare and stress coping styles is subject to debate. Neophobia (i.e. fear of the 'new') is thought to be adaptive under natural conditions by limiting risks, but it is potentially maladapted in captivity, where there are no predators or novel foods. We reared juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for six weeks at either high (50 g l-1) or low density (14 g l-1), assessed the extent of skin and eye darkening (two proxies of chronic stress), and exposed them to a novel object in an open test arena, with and without cover, to assess the effects of density on neophobia and stress coping styles. Fish reared at high density were darker, more neophobic, less aggressive, less mobile and less likely to take risks than those reared at low density, and these effects were exacerbated when no cover was available. Thus, the reactive coping style shown by fish at high density was very different from the proactive coping style shown by fish at low density. Our findings provide novel insights into the plasticity of fish behaviour and the effects of aquaculture intensification on one of the world's oldest farmed and most invasive fish, and highlight the importance of considering context. Crowding could have a positive effect on the welfare of tilapia by reducing aggressive behaviour, but it can also make fish chronically stressed and more fearful, which could make them less invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Garcia de Leaniz
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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