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Bold and bright: shy and supple? The effect of habitat type on personality-cognition covariance in the Aegean wall lizard (Podarcis erhardii). Anim Cogn 2022; 25:745-767. [PMID: 35037121 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Animals exhibit considerable and consistent among-individual variation in cognitive abilities, even within a population. Recent studies have attempted to address this variation using insights from the field of animal personality. Generally, it is predicted that animals with "faster" personalities (bolder, explorative, and neophilic) should exhibit faster but less flexible learning. However, the empirical evidence for a link between cognitive style and personality is mixed. One possible reason for such conflicting results may be that personality-cognition covariance changes along ecological conditions, a hypothesis that has rarely been investigated so far. In this study, we tested the effect of habitat complexity on multiple aspects of animal personality and cognition, and how this influenced their relationship, in five populations of the Aegean wall lizard (Podarcis erhardii). Overall, lizards from both habitat types did not differ in average levels of personality or cognition, with the exception that lizards from more complex habitats performed better on a spatial learning task. Nevertheless, we found an intricate interplay between ecology, cognition, and personality, as behavioral associations were often habitat- but also year-dependent. In general, behavioral covariance was either independent of habitat, or found exclusively in the simple, open environments. Our results highlight that valuable insights may be gained by taking ecological variation into account while studying the link between personality and cognition.
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Říha M, Gjelland KØ, Děd V, Eloranta AP, Rabaneda-Bueno R, Baktoft H, Vejřík L, Vejříková I, Draštík V, Šmejkal M, Holubová M, Jůza T, Rosten C, Sajdlová Z, Økland F, Peterka J. Contrasting structural complexity differentiate hunting strategy in an ambush apex predator. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17472. [PMID: 34471177 PMCID: PMC8410764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural complexity is known to influence prey behaviour, mortality and population structure, but the effects on predators have received less attention. We tested whether contrasting structural complexity in two newly colonised lakes (low structural complexity lake—LSC; high structural complexity—HSC) was associated with contrasting behaviour in an aquatic apex predator, Northern pike (Esox lucius; hereafter pike) present in the lakes. Behaviour of pike was studied with whole-lake acoustic telemetry tracking, supplemented by stable isotope analysis of pike prey utilization and survey fishing data on the prey fish community. Pike displayed increased activity, space use, individual growth as well as behavioural differentiation and spent more time in open waters in the LSC lake. Despite observed differences between lakes, stable isotopes analyses indicated a high dependency on littoral food sources in both lakes. We concluded that pike in the HSC lake displayed a behaviour consistent with a prevalent ambush predation behaviour, whereas the higher activity and larger space use in the LSC lake indicated a transition to more active search behaviour. It could lead to increased prey encounter and cause better growth in the LSC lake. Our study demonstrated how differences in structural complexity mediated prominent changes in the foraging behaviour of an apex predator, which in turn may have effects on the prey community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Říha
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Karl Ø Gjelland
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Tromsö, Norway
| | - Vilém Děd
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Antti P Eloranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruben Rabaneda-Bueno
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Vejlsøvej 39, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lukáš Vejřík
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Vejříková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Draštík
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šmejkal
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Holubová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jůza
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carolyn Rosten
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zuzana Sajdlová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Finn Økland
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jiří Peterka
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Effects of habitat conditions on the boldness and sociability of wild-caught fish (Zacco platypus) along a river. J ETHOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-021-00715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWild fish show consistent behavioral differences, e.g., personalities among populations, whereas the possible relationships between personality and environmental conditions have seldom been systemically examined. We aimed to test whether the personality of wild-caught fish was affected by the biotic (food resources and predation) and abiotic (temperature, dissolved oxygen level, and flow velocity) conditions of natural habitats. Six populations of pale chub (Zacco platypus) were sampled along a river longer than 1000 km, and environmental conditions and personality characteristics, such as boldness, activity, and sociability, were measured. Personality variables could be reduced to two factors by principal component analysis, boldness, and sociability factors, with the former factor having more variation among and within populations. Individuals from populations with higher food availability (plankton density) and flow velocity generally showed higher boldness factor scores, possibly due to the better energy status of higher food abundance or the low water transparency and hence decreased predation risk and fast-flow lifestyle of populations with higher water velocity populations. All populations showed high sociability as group-living species, which was positively correlated with only the phytoplankton biomass, possibly due to decreased intraspecific competition in habitats with abundant food resources. The correlations among personality variables were population-dependent, as individuals who moved more had a shorter distance to the stimulus shoal (i.e., increased shoaling tendency) within high-predation populations, whereas individuals who moved more spent less time in shoals within low-predation populations. The results suggest that alterations in habitat conditions can result in divergent natural selection that favors a particular personality; thus, human-induced alterations in habitat conditions may shape the personality of individual fish.
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Animal personality adds complexity to the processes of divergence between sympatric morphs of Arctic charr. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xu W, Yao Q, Zhang W, Zhang F, Li H, Xu R, Li C, Zhang B. Environmental complexity during early life shapes average behavior in adulthood. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Personality has been identified in a range of animal taxa during the last few decades, with important ecological and evolutionary implications. Investigating the effects of environmental factors during early life can provide important insights into the ontogeny of animal personality. We reared newborn mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, in tanks of different structural complexities, and measured their behavioral traits (i.e., shyness, exploration, and sociability) when they reached sexual maturity. Univariate linear mixed-effects models were fitted to test the effects of environmental complexity and sex on population-average behavior, whereas multivariate models were fitted to quantify behavioral repeatability (i.e., personality) and among-individual correlations (i.e., behavioral syndromes). On average, females were shyer and more social than males, and the fish reared in complex environments were shyer, less explorative, and more social than those reared in open environments. Among-individual differences were consistently large across trials for all behaviors, indicating that personality variation was present in mosquitofish of both sexes reared in different environments. Repeatability did not differ among behaviors, and there were no differences in repeatability in any behavior between sexes or among environments. A negative correlation between shyness and exploration was found in mosquitofish from all treatments at both phenotypic and among-individual levels, with the latter indicating a strong shyness–exploration behavioral syndrome. Our study provides robust evidence that average levels of personality might vary when mosquitofish are raised in different levels of structural complexity during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiu Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Yao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Renxin Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Baowei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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da Silva-Pinto T, Silveira MM, de Souza JF, Moreira ALP, Vieira EA, Longo GO, Luchiari AC. Damselfish face climate change: Impact of temperature and habitat structure on agonistic behavior. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235389. [PMID: 32603347 PMCID: PMC7326182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceans absorb a huge part of the atmospheric heat, leading to the rise in water temperature. Reefs are among the most affected ecosystems, where the complex behavioral repertoire of fishes is usually an indicator of environmental impacts. Here, we examined whether temperature (28 and 34°C) and habitat complexity (high and low) interact to affect the agonistic behavior (mirror test) of the dusky damselfish (Stegastes fuscus), a key species in Brazilian reefs because of its gardening capacity and territorial behavior. Higher temperatures altered basal behavior in both high and low-complexity conditions. Fish kept at 28°C under the high-complexity condition were more aggressive than those at a higher temperature (34°C) and in a low-complexity condition, which also exhibited lower dispersion. Our data show that changes in behavior of coral reef fish is associated to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Thus, it is important to implement management or conservation strategies that could mitigate global change effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles da Silva-Pinto
- Laboratório de Peixes, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Mayara Moura Silveira
- Laboratório de Peixes, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ferreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Peixes, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Pires Moreira
- Laboratório de Peixes, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Edson Aparecido Vieira
- Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha, Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ortigara Longo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha, Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Laboratório de Peixes, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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