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Dilworth S, Taylor BW. Facilitating the recovery of insect communities in restored streams by increasing oviposition habitat. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2939. [PMID: 38071730 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment limitation is known to influence species abundances and distributions. Recognition of how and why it occurs both in natural and in designed environments could improve restoration. Aquatic insects, for instance, rarely reestablish in restored streams to levels comparable to reference streams even years after restoration. We experimentally increased oviposition habitat in five out of 10 restored streams in western North Carolina to test whether insect egg-laying habitat was limiting insect populations in restored streams. A main goal was to test whether adding oviposition habitat in the form of rocks that partially protrude above the water surface could be used to increase the abundance and richness of stream insect eggs and larval insects in restored streams. Adding egg-laying habitat enhanced several response variables (e.g., protruding rocks, number of eggs, egg masses, egg morphotype richness, and oviposition habitat stability) to levels similar to those found in reference streams. Following the addition of protruding rocks, egg mass abundance increased by 186% and richness by 77% in restored-treated streams. Densities of larval insects that attached their eggs to protruding rocks showed an overall pattern consistent with treatment effects due to the combination of nonsignificant and significant increases of several taxa and not just one taxon. Our results indicate that these stream insect populations are limited by oviposition habitat and that adding egg-laying habitat alleviated this component of recruitment limitation. However, the weaker larval response indicates that additional post-recruitment factors, such as egg or larval mortality, may still be limiting a full recovery of larval insect abundances in these restored streams. This study shows the importance of integrating information from animal life histories, ecology, and geomorphology into restoration practices to improve the recovery of aquatic insects, which are commonly used to assess water quality and the biological efficacy of stream restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Dilworth
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brad W Taylor
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Elder H, Canfield C, Shank DB, Rieger T, Hines C. Knowing When to Pass: The Effect of AI Reliability in Risky Decision Contexts. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:348-362. [PMID: 35603703 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study manipulates the presence and reliability of AI recommendations for risky decisions to measure the effect on task performance, behavioral consequences of trust, and deviation from a probability matching collaborative decision-making model. BACKGROUND Although AI decision support improves performance, people tend to underutilize AI recommendations, particularly when outcomes are uncertain. As AI reliability increases, task performance improves, largely due to higher rates of compliance (following action recommendations) and reliance (following no-action recommendations). METHODS In a between-subject design, participants were assigned to a high reliability AI, low reliability AI, or a control condition. Participants decided whether to bet that their team would win in a series of basketball games tying compensation to performance. We evaluated task performance (in accuracy and signal detection terms) and the behavioral consequences of trust (via compliance and reliance). RESULTS AI recommendations improved task performance, had limited impact on risk-taking behavior, and were under-valued by participants. Accuracy, sensitivity (d'), and reliance increased in the high reliability AI condition, but there was no effect on response bias (c) or compliance. Participant behavior was only consistent with a probability matching model for compliance in the low reliability condition. CONCLUSION In a pay-off structure that incentivized risk-taking, the primary value of the AI recommendations was in determining when to perform no action (i.e., pass on bets). APPLICATION In risky contexts, designers need to consider whether action or no-action recommendations will be more influential to design appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Elder
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Casey Canfield
- Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel B Shank
- Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Casey Hines
- Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
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Dennison JB, Tepfer LJ, Smith DV. Tensorial independent component analysis reveals social and reward networks associated with major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2905-2920. [PMID: 36880638 PMCID: PMC10089091 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with changes in functional brain connectivity. Yet, typical analyses of functional connectivity, such as spatial independent components analysis (ICA) for resting-state data, often ignore sources of between-subject variability, which may be crucial for identifying functional connectivity patterns associated with MDD. Typically, methods like spatial ICA will identify a single component to represent a network like the default mode network (DMN), even if groups within the data show differential DMN coactivation. To address this gap, this project applies a tensorial extension of ICA (tensorial ICA)-which explicitly incorporates between-subject variability-to identify functionally connected networks using functional MRI data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Data from the HCP included individuals with a diagnosis of MDD, a family history of MDD, and healthy controls performing a gambling and social cognition task. Based on evidence associating MDD with blunted neural activation to rewards and social stimuli, we predicted that tensorial ICA would identify networks associated with reduced spatiotemporal coherence and blunted social and reward-based network activity in MDD. Across both tasks, tensorial ICA identified three networks showing decreased coherence in MDD. All three networks included ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum and showed different activation across the conditions of their respective tasks. However, MDD was only associated with differences in task-based activation in one network from the social task. Additionally, these results suggest that tensorial ICA could be a valuable tool for understanding clinical differences in relation to network activation and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff B Dennison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsey J Tepfer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Dartmouth University, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - David V Smith
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Stolzlechner L, Bonorand A, Riemer S. Optimising Puppy Socialisation-Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Training Programme during the Early Socialisation Period. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223067. [PMID: 36428295 PMCID: PMC9687081 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The socialisation period in dog puppies is one of the most important periods determining behavioural development in dogs. Here, we aimed to test the effect of providing stimulation (beyond mere exposure) early during the socialisation period (approx. 3-6 weeks) on puppies' behaviour. Each of 12 litters (83 puppies) of various breeds was divided into a treatment and a control group. Between 3-6 weeks, the treatment group received age-appropriate "challenge" exercises (carefully graded noise exposure, novel objects, and problem-solving tasks) four times per week (total 12 times). The control group spent the same time with the trainer, who cuddled or played with the puppies. In a behaviour test at 6-7 weeks, two of four principal components, "social-startle" and "response to novelty", differed significantly between the groups. Treatment puppies were bolder towards the novel object, showed a reduced startle reaction, and recovered more quickly after a loud noise. Furthermore, they accomplished the problem-solving task faster and were more persistent during problem-solving than the control group. The control group showed a higher interest in a friendly stranger. It is a possibility that increased handling experienced by the control group had beneficial effects on their sociability. No long-term effects of the treatment were found, as determined by a validated dog personality questionnaire, available for 67 dogs at the age of six months. Likely, a continuation of the treatment over a longer time period would be necessary to obtain lasting effects, since the training took place only during the first third of the socialisation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stolzlechner
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Bonorand
- Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Riemer
- Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Hirschi A, Mazzini A, Riemer S. Disentangling help-seeking and giving up: differential human-directed gazing by dogs in a modified unsolvable task paradigm. Anim Cogn 2022; 25:821-836. [PMID: 35020108 PMCID: PMC8753593 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are renowned for 'looking back' at humans when confronted with a problem, but it has been questioned whether this implies help-seeking or giving up. We tested 56 pet dogs from two breed groups (herding dogs and terriers) in a modified unsolvable task paradigm. One reward type (food or toy) was enclosed in a box, while the respective other reward was accessible. With both reward types, human-directed gazing in relation to the box was significantly positively correlated with interaction with the box, as long as an alternative was available. This suggests that both behaviours served to attain the unavailable reward and reflected individual motivation for the inaccessible vs the accessible reward. Furthermore, we varied whether the owner or the experimenter was responsible for handling the rewards. In the owner-responsible group, dogs rarely gazed at the experimenter. In the experimenter-responsible group, dogs preferentially directed box-related gazing (prior to or after looking at or interacting with the box) at the owner. Still, they gazed at the experimenter significantly longer than the owner-responsible group. Conversely, toy-related gazing was directed significantly more at the experimenter. Thus, dogs adjust their gazing behaviour according to the people's responsibility and their current goal (help-seeking vs play). Gaze duration did not differ between herding dogs and terriers. We conclude that dogs use gazing at humans' faces as a social problem-solving strategy, but not all gazing can be classified as such. Dogs' human-directed gazing is influenced by the social relationships with the persons, situational associations, and context (unsolvable problem vs play).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Hirschi
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alja Mazzini
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Riemer
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Cai Q, Feng H, Huang J, Wang M, Wang Q, Lu X, Xie Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Hou B, Ouyang K, Pan J, Li Q, Fu B, Deng Y, Liu Y. The mental health of frontline and non-frontline medical workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: A case-control study. J Affect Disord 2020; 275:210-215. [PMID: 32734910 PMCID: PMC7329671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease with high transmissibility and morbidity. It has caused substantial mental distress to medical professionals. We aimed to compare the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak between frontline and non-frontline medical workers in China. METHODS This case-control study recruited 1173 frontline and 1173 age- and sex-matched non-frontline medical workers during the COVID-19 outbreak (February 11 to 26, 2020). A set of online questionnaires were used to measure mental problems (i.e., anxiety, insomnia, and depressive symptoms), and help-seeking behavior and treatment for these mental problems. RESULTS Frontline medical workers had higher rates of any mental problem (52.6% vs. 34.0%, adjusted OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.57-2.25), anxiety symptoms (15.7% vs. 7.4%, adjusted OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.46-2.61), depressed mood (marginally insignificant; 14.3% vs. 10.1%, adjusted OR=1.32, 95% CI=0.99-1.76) and insomnia (47.8% vs. 29.1%, adjusted OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.63-2.36) than non-frontline medical workers. No significant difference was observed in terms of suicidal ideation (12.0% vs. 9.0%, adjusted OR=1.25, 95% CI=0.92-1.71), help-seeking (4.5% vs. 4.5%, adjusted OR=1.00, 95% CI=0.53-1.87) or treatment (3.4% vs. 2.3%, adjusted OR=1.38, 95% CI=0.54-3.52) for mental problems. LIMITATIONS The case-control nature of the data precludes causal inferences, and there is a possibility of bias related to self-reports. CONCLUSIONS Frontline medical workers had more mental problems but comparable help-seeking behaviors and treatment for these problems than non-frontline medical workers. These findings highlight the timely mental support and intervention for medical workers, especially for those on the frontline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongliang Feng
- Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Meiyao Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qunfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China; Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuanzhen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Botong Hou
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Keni Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiaogan hospital affiliated to Wuhan university of science and technology, Xiaogan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's hospital of Hubei province Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Beibei Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shiyan people's hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, ShiYan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yongchao Deng
- Department of Neurology, The second people's hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yumin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China.
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Gupta S, Bee MA. Treefrogs exploit temporal coherence to form perceptual objects of communication signals. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200573. [PMID: 32961090 PMCID: PMC7532704 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For many animals, navigating their environment requires an ability to organize continuous streams of sensory input into discrete 'perceptual objects' that correspond to physical entities in visual and auditory scenes. The human visual and auditory systems follow several Gestalt laws of perceptual organization to bind constituent features into coherent perceptual objects. A largely unexplored question is whether nonhuman animals follow similar Gestalt laws in perceiving behaviourally relevant stimuli, such as communication signals. We used females of Cope's grey treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) to test the hypothesis that temporal coherence-a powerful Gestalt principle in human auditory scene analysis-promotes perceptual binding in forming auditory objects of species-typical vocalizations. According to the principle of temporal coherence, sound elements that start and stop at the same time or that modulate coherently over time are likely to become bound together into the same auditory object. We found that the natural temporal coherence between two spectral components of advertisement calls promotes their perceptual binding into auditory objects of advertisement calls. Our findings confirm the broad ecological validity of temporal coherence as a Gestalt law of auditory perceptual organization guiding the formation of biologically relevant perceptual objects in animal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Gupta
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Mark A. Bee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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The influence of human interaction on guinea pigs: Behavioral and thermographic changes during animal-assisted therapy. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113076. [PMID: 32673619 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs are often involved in animal-assisted therapy (AAT) but there is little knowledge about the effects of human contact on guinea pigs involved in AAT. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of availability of a retreat, presence of conspecifics, prior experience with AAT, and human interaction on indicators of welfare in guinea pigs involved in AAT. Guinea pigs of both sexes and different ages (n=20) were assigned to a randomized, controlled within-subject trial with repeated measurements. Each guinea pig was tested in four settings: (I) therapy with retreat possibility with conspecifics, (II) therapy with retreat possibility without conspecifics, (III) therapy without retreat possibility, and (IV) setting without human interaction. We measured changes in eye temperature, as a proxy to infer stress levels, at 5-s intervals with a thermographic camera. All sessions were video recorded and the guinea pigs' behavior was coded using continuous recording and focal animal sampling. For the statistical analysis we used generalized linear mixed models, with therapy setting as a fixed effect and individual guinea pig as a random effect. We observed a temperature increase relative to baseline in settings (I) therapy with retreat with conspecifics present and (III) therapy without retreat. The percentage of time a guinea pig was petted was positively correlated with a rise in the eye temperature independent of the setting. Time spent eating was reduced in all therapy settings (I-III) compared to the setting without HAI (human animal interaction) (IV). In the setting with retreat (I), guinea pigs showed more active behaviors such as locomotive behavior or startling compared to the setting without retreat (III) and the setting without HAI (IV). When no retreat was available (III), they showed more passive behaviors, such as standing still or freezing compared to therapy with retreat (I). Based on our results we identified the behaviors "reduced eating", "increased startle" and "increased freezing" as indicators of an increased stress level. Petting the guinea pigs was correlated with a rise in the eye temperature and might be a factor which can cause stress. Our results support the suggestion that guinea pigs involved in AAT should have a retreat possibility, should have access to conspecifics, and should be given time to adapt to a new setting. In this way, stress might be reduced.
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