[Mortality prognostic factors of cardiogenic shock complicating an acute myocardial infarction and treated by percutaneous coronary intervention]

A Review of Prognosis Model Associated With Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objective: Cardiogenic shock seriously affects the survival rate of patients. However, few prognostic models are concerned with the score of cardiogenic shock, and few clinical studies have validated it. In order to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock and facilitate the classification of clinical trials, the prognosis score model is urgently needed. Methods: Cardiogenic shock, severe case, prognosis score, myocardial infarction and external verification were used as the search terms to search PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, EBSCO (Medline), Scopus, BMC, NCBI, Oxford Academy, Science Direct, and other databases for pertinent studies published up until 1 August 2021. There are no restrictions on publication status and start date. Filter headlines and abstracts to find articles that may be relevant. The list of references for major studies was reviewed to obtain more references. Results and Conclusions: The existing related models are in urgent need of more external clinical verifications. In the meanwhile, with the development of molecular omics and the clinical need for optimal treatment of CS, it is urgent to establish a prognosis model with higher differentiation and coincidence rates.

Deadly association of cardiogenic shock and chronic total occlusion in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

The association between cardiogenic shock and 1 or >1 chronic total occlusion (CTO) in unselected patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) (STEMI) has not been characterized.

METHODS

Patients with STEMI referred with or without cardiogenic shock were categorized into no CTO, 1 CTO, and >1 CTO. The primary end point was the 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

Between 2006 and 2011, 2,020 consecutive patients were included. A total of 141 patients (7%) presented with cardiogenic shock on admission. The prevalence of 1 CTO and >1 CTO in a non-infarct-related artery was 23% and 5%, respectively, among patients with shock compared with 6% and 0.5% in patients without shock (P < .0001). Independent predictors of cardiogenic shock included left main-related MI (odds ratio [OR] 6.55, 95% CI 1.39-26.82, P = .019), CTO (OR 4.20, 95% CI 2.64-6.57, P < .001), creatinine clearance <60 mL/min (OR 3.41, 95% CI 2.32-4.99, P < .0001), and left anterior descending-related MI (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.51-3.23, P < .0001). Thirty-day mortality was 100% in shock patients with >1 CTO, 65.6% with 1 CTO, and 40.2% in patients without CTO (P < .0001). After adjustment for left ventricular ejection fraction and renal function, CTO remained an independent predictor for 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83; 95% CI 1.10-3.01, P = .02).

CONCLUSION

In patients with STEMI, CTO was strongly associated with cardiogenic shock on admission. In this setting, mortality was substantially higher in patients with 1 CTO and exceedingly high in those with >1 CTO. The presence of CTO was an independent predictor of early mortality.

[The ambulatory care of the acute myocardial infarction in Quebec: description, classification and typology]

OBJECTIVE

Description of ambulatory care of AMI, in Quebec population.

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study was designed to classify and propose a typology of ambulatory care.

METHODS

The studied population was included in all 25 years and older inpatients residing in Quebec, whose admission were from January to December 2000. The principal variables were: the number of medical visits, the type of consulted physicians and the place of consultation. The secondary variables were: age, sex and the presence of a revascularization.

RESULTS

A typology of ambulatory care was created from principal variables. Men, younger patients and receiving a revascularization in the index hospitalization were cared for by a specialist.

Early risk stratification of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention

The mortality rate of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction remains exceedingly high despite early mechanical revascularization. Early risk stratification is of great importance to identify patients who could benefit from ventricular assist devices and urgent heart transplantation (UHT). All consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction admitted from June 2001 to December 2007 were prospectively included. Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic variables were registered on admission and patients were followed for a median of 297 days. A total of 74 patients were included. One-year mortality was 55% and 7 patients (9%) underwent UHT. One-year mortality or need for UHT for patients with postprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3, 2, and 0 or 1 flows were 38%, 92%, and 90%, respectively (p <0.001). After adjustment by multivariate analysis, the most important predictors of mortality or need for UHT were age >75 years (hazard ratio [HR] 3.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07 to 11.80), left main coronary artery occlusion (HR 3.75, 95% CI 1.09 to 12.84), left ventricular ejection fraction <25% (HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.17 to 6.22), and postprocedural TIMI grade <3 flow (HR 3.37, 95% CI 1.48 to 7.72). A simple risk score constructed with these 4 variables effectively predicted 1-year survival without the need for UHT (83% for score 0, 19% for score 1, and 6% for score 2, p <0.001). In conclusion, age >75 years, left main coronary artery occlusion, left ventricular ejection fraction <25%, and postprocedural TIMI grade <3 flow were significantly associated with worse prognosis. A simple risk score rapidly available in the catheterization laboratory can efficiently estimate prognosis.

Medium-term survival after primary angioplasty for myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock after the age of 75 years

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To assess mortality in people > or =75 years of age 6 months after myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock and treated by angioplasty with complete revascularisation and optimal anti-thrombotic treatment; to compare results to those of younger patients with or without shock and to analyse predictive factors for death.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study is based on 1011 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction admitted for primary angioplasty, subdivided into four groups by age and the presence or absence of cardiogenic shock: group 1 (<75 years of age without shock, n=733), group 2 (<75 years of age with shock, n=49), group 3 (> or =75 years of age without shock, n=208) and group 4 (> or =75 years of age with shock, n=20). These four patient groups were compared for mortality rates and predictive factors for in-hospital and 6 month mortality.

RESULTS

In-hospital mortality in groups 1 to 4 was 1.7%, 30.6%, 9.1%, and 70% (p<0.0001) respectively and 6-month mortality was 3.1%, 40%, 16% and 78% (P<0.0001). By univariate analysis renal failure was a predictive factor for death at 6 months in patients without cardiogenic shock (groups 1 and 3), and left ventricular function in patients in group 2. No predictive factors were found in group 4 patients. The independent predictive factors for death at 6 months were: age >75 years of age (P<0.0003), cardiogenic shock (P<0.0001), triple vessel lesions (P<0.01) and creatinine clearance (P=0.004).

CONCLUSION

Mortality after angioplasty remains high in people > or =75 years with cardiogenic shock despite all the advances in the management of myocardial infarction. These disappointing results should encourage us to assess the role of surgical revascularisation and circulatory assistance.

Revascularization and cardioprotective drug treatment in myocardial infarction patients: how do they impact on patients' survival when delivered as usual care

Background

Randomized clinical trials showed the benefit of pharmacological and revascularization treatments in secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), in selected population with highly controlled interventions. The objective of this study is to measure these treatments' impact on the cardiovascular (CV) mortality rate among patients receiving usual care in the province of Quebec.

Methods

The study population consisted of a "naturalistic" cohort of all patients ≥ 65 years old living in the Quebec province, who survived a MI (ICD-9: 410) in 1998. The studied dependant variable was time to death from a CV disease. Independent variables were revascularization procedure and cardioprotective drugs. Death from a non CV disease was also studied for comparison. Revascularization procedure was defined as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The exposure to cardioprotective drugs was defined as the number of cardioprotective drug classes (Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA), Beta-Blockers, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors, Statins) claimed within the index period (first 30 days after the index hospitalization). Age, gender and a comorbidity index were used as covariates. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox proportional hazard models, logistic regressions and regression trees were used.

Results

The study population totaled 5596 patients (3206 men; 2390 women). We observed 1128 deaths (20%) within two years following index hospitalization, of them 603 from CV disease. The CV survival rate at two years is much greater for patients with revascularization, regardless of pharmacological treatments. For patients without revascularization, the CV survival rate increases with the number of cardioprotective drug classes claimed. Finally, Cox proportional hazard models, regression tree and logistic regression analyses all revealed that the absence of revascularization and, to a lower extent, absence of cardioprotective drugs were major predictors for CV death, even after adjusting for age, gender and comorbidity.

Conclusion

Considering usual care management of MI in the province of Quebec in 1998, CV survival is positively correlated to the presence of a revascularization procedure and to the intensity of cardioprotective pharmacological treatment. These results are coherent with data from randomized control trials.