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Williams YJ, McDonald S, Chaplin SJ. The changing nature of dairy production in Victoria, Australia: are we ready to handle the planning and development of large, intensive dairy operations? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Around the world, dairy production continues to intensify, with farmers increasing stocking rates, feeding more supplements, and transitioning into fully housed systems. Dairy production in Victoria is no exception and farmers are starting a move towards intensive (i.e. permanently housed) dairy operations. Challenges associated with these transformations have included difficulties, or failure, to obtain planning approval and public concern around the effect of intensive developments on environmental degradation, animal welfare and industry image. We examined current land-use planning provisions, environmental requirements, animal-welfare regulations, industry guidelines and codes of practice for their applicability and suitability to the implementation of intensive dairy-production operations, particularly large-scale ones, in Victoria, Australia. Our aim was to clearly identify factors that have the potential to hinder the growth and expansion of existing dairy-production systems into intensive operations, and the establishment of new intensive dairy enterprises. The majority of legislation examined posed no obstacles to the development of large-scale intensive dairy operations. New definitions for intensive livestock production and the inclusion of an intensive dairy-farm category in the State planning provisions will reduce current confusion across and within planning departments. A standard methodology to determine separation distances is required and a code for intensive dairy farming would greatly assist with the planning-approval process. Many advisory publications fall short when applied to intensive dairy operations as they are currently written for pasture-based farms with limited infrastructure for regularly feeding or housing large herds of >700 cows.
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Bateki CA, Cadisch G, Dickhoefer U. Modelling sustainable intensification of grassland-based ruminant production systems: A review. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stewart EK, Beauchemin KA, Dai X, MacAdam JW, Christensen RG, Villalba JJ. Effect of tannin-containing hays on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen partitioning in beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3286-3299. [PMID: 31242504 PMCID: PMC6667269 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether feeding tannin-containing hays to heifers and mature beef cows influences enteric methane (CH4) emissions and nitrogen (N) excretion relative to feeding traditional legume and grass hays. Fifteen mature beef cows (Exp. 1) and 9 yearling heifers (Exp. 2) were each randomly assigned to treatment groups in an incomplete bock design with 2 periods and 6 types of hays with 3 hays fed each period (n = 5 cows and 3 heifers per treatment). Groups were fed tannin-containing [birdsfoot trefoil (BFT), sainfoin (SAN), small burnet (SML)] or non-tannin-containing [alfalfa (ALF), cicer milkvetch (CMV), meadow bromegrass (MB)] hays. Each period consisted of 14 d of adjustment followed by 5 d of sample collection. Nine cows and 9 heifers were selected for the measurement of enteric CH4 emissions (sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique), and excretion of feces and urine, while dry matter intake (DMI) was measured for all animals. The concentration of condensed tannins in SAN and BFT was 2.5 ± 0.50% and 0.6 ± 0.09% of dry matter (DM), respectively, while SML contained hydrolyzable tannins (4.5 ± 0.55% of DM). Cows and heifers fed tannin-containing hays excreted less urinary urea N (g/d; P < 0.001) and showed lower concentrations of blood urea N (mg/dL; P < 0.001) than animals fed ALF or CMV, indicating that tannins led to a shift in route of N excretion from urine to feces. Additionally, cows fed either BFT or CMV showed the greatest percentage of retained N (P < 0.001). Enteric CH4 yield (g/kg of DMI) from heifers (P = 0.089) was greatest for MB, while daily CH4 production (g/d) from heifers (P = 0.054) was least for SML. However, digestibility of crude protein was reduced for cows (P < 0.001) and heifers (P < 0.001) consuming SML. The results suggest that tannin-containing hays have the potential to reduce urinary urea N excretion, increase N retention, and reduce enteric CH4 emissions from beef cattle. The non-bloating tannin-free legume CMV may also reduce environmental impacts relative to ALF and MB hays by reducing N excretion in urine and increasing N retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Xin Dai
- Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Jennifer W MacAdam
- §Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Rachael G Christensen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND
| | - Juan J Villalba
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT
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Kebreab E, Reed KF, Cabrera VE, Vadas PA, Thoma G, Tricarico JM. A new modeling environment for integrated dairy system management. Anim Front 2019; 9:25-32. [PMID: 32002248 PMCID: PMC6951933 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kristan F Reed
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Victor E Cabrera
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Greg Thoma
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
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Review: Modeling production and environmental impacts of small ruminants—Incorporation of existing ruminant modeling techniques, and future directions for research and extension. APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15232/aas.2018-01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bannink A, Spek WJ, Dijkstra J, Šebek LBJ. A Tier 3 Method for Enteric Methane in Dairy Cows Applied for Fecal N Digestibility in the Ammonia Inventory. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Bosma PM, Lantinga EA, Reijs JW. Modeling the Effect of Nutritional Strategies for Dairy Cows on the Composition of Excreta Nitrogen. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Resource allocation in living organisms. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:945-952. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative prediction of resource allocation for living systems has been an intensive area of research in the field of biology. Resource allocation was initially investigated in higher organisms by using empirical mathematical models based on mass distribution. A challenge is now to go a step further by reconciling the cellular scale to the individual scale. In the present paper, we review the foundations of modelling of resource allocation, particularly at the cellular scale: from small macro-molecular models to genome-scale cellular models. We enlighten how the combination of omic measurements and computational advances together with systems biology has contributed to dramatic progresses in the current understanding and prediction of cellular resource allocation. Accurate genome-wide predictive methods of resource allocation based on the resource balance analysis (RBA) framework have been developed and ensure a good trade-off between the complexity/tractability and the prediction capability of the model. The RBA framework shows promise for a wide range of applications in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, and for pursuing investigations of the design principles of cellular and multi-cellular organisms.
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McNamara J, Hanigan M, White R. Invited review: Experimental design, data reporting, and sharing in support of animal systems modeling research. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9355-9371. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Feng X, Jarrett J, Knowlton K, James R, Hanigan M. Short communication: Comparison of predicted dietary phosphorus balance using bioavailabilities from the NRC (2001) and Virginia Tech model. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1237-1241. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Karonen M, Oraviita M, Mueller-Harvey I, Salminen JP, Green RJ. Binding of an Oligomeric Ellagitannin Series to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): Analysis by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10647-54. [PMID: 26608224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A unique series of oligomeric ellagitannins was used to study their interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by isothermal titration calorimetry. Oligomeric ellagitannins, ranging from monomer to heptamer and a mixture of octamer-undecamers, were isolated as individual pure compounds. This series allowed studying the effects of oligomer size and other structural features. The monomeric to trimeric ellagitannins deviated most from the overall trends. The interactions of ellagitannin oligomers from tetramers to octa-undecamers with BSA revealed strong similarities. In contrast to the equilibrium binding constant, enthalpy showed an increasing trend from the dimer to larger oligomers. It is likely that first the macrocyclic part of the ellagitannin binds to the defined binding sites on the protein surface and then the "flexible tail" of the ellagitannin coats the protein surface. The results highlight the importance of molecular flexibility to maximize binding between the ellagitannin and protein surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Karonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2, Turun Yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Marianne Oraviita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2, Turun Yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Irene Mueller-Harvey
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , Earley Gate, P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Vatselankatu 2, Turun Yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Rebecca J Green
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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Moraes L, Fadel J, Castillo A, Casper D, Tricarico J, Kebreab E. Modeling the trade-off between diet costs and methane emissions: A goal programming approach. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5557-71. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vetharaniam I, Vibart RE, Hanigan MD, Janssen PH, Tavendale MH, Pacheco D. A modified version of the Molly rumen model to quantify methane emissions from sheep1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3551-63. [PMID: 26440024 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nitrogen sustainability and beef-cattle feedyards: I. Introduction and influence of pen surface conditions and diet 11Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.22The USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.33Funded by the Beef Checkoff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2014-01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Warner D, Ferreira LMM, Breuer MJH, Dijkstra J, Pellikaan WF. Stable isotope labeled n-alkanes to assess digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of ruminants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75496. [PMID: 24124493 PMCID: PMC3790813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of carbon stable isotope (13C) labeled n-alkanes as a potential internal tracer to assess passage kinetics of ingested nutrients in ruminants. Plant cuticular n-alkanes originating from intrinsically 13C labeled ryegrass plants were pulse dosed intraruminally in four rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows receiving four contrasting ryegrass silage treatments that differed in nitrogen fertilization level (45 or 90 kg nitrogen ha−1) and maturity (early or late). Passage kinetics through the gastrointestinal tract were derived from the δ13C (i.e. the ratio 13C:12C) in apparently undigested fecal material. Isotopic enrichment was observed in a wide range of long-chain n-alkanes (C27–C36) and passage kinetics were determined for the most abundant C29, C31 and C33n-alkanes, for which a sufficiently high response signal was detected by combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Basal diet treatment and carbon chain length of n-alkanes did not affect fractional passage rates from the rumen (K1) among individual n-alkanes (3.71–3.95%/h). Peak concentration time and transit time showed a quantitatively small, significant (p≤0.002) increase with carbon chain length. K1 estimates were comparable to those of the 13C labeled digestible dry matter fraction (3.38%/h; r = 0.61 to 0.71; p≤0.012). A literature review has shown that n-alkanes are not fermented by microorganisms in the rumen and affirms no preferential depletion of 13C versus 12C. Our results suggest that 13C labeled n-alkanes can be used as nutrient passage tracers and support the reliability of the δ13C signature of digestible feed nutrients as a tool to measure nutrient-specific passage kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Warner
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis M. M. Ferreira
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Advances in predicting nutrient partitioning in the dairy cow: recognizing the central role of genotype and its expression through time. Animal 2013; 7 Suppl 1:89-101. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Chanthakhoun V, Wanapat M, Berg J. Level of crude protein in concentrate supplements influenced rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Niemann H, Kuhla B, Flachowsky G. Perspectives for feed-efficient animal production1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:4344-63. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Legesse G, Small JA, Scott SL, Crow GH, Block HC, Alemu AW, Robins CD, Kebreab E. Predictions of enteric methane emissions for various summer pasture and winter feeding strategies for cow calf production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alemu A, Ominski KH, Kebreab E. Estimation of enteric methane emissions trends (1990–2008) from Manitoba beef cattle using empirical and mechanistic models. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2010-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alemu, A. W., Ominski, K. H. and Kebreab, E. 2011. Estimation of enteric methane emissions trends (1990–2008) from Manitoba beef cattle using empirical and mechanistic models. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 305–321. The objective of this study was to estimate and assess trends in enteric methane (CH4) emissions from the Manitoba beef cattle population from the base year of 1990 to 2008 using mathematical models. Two empirical (statistical) models: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 and a nonlinear equation (Ellis), and two dynamic mechanistic models: MOLLY (v3) and COWPOLL were used. Beef cattle in Manitoba were categorized in to 29 distinct subcategories based on management practice, physiological status, gender, age and production environment. Data on animal performance, feeding and management practices and feed composition were collected from the literature as well as from provincial and national sources. Estimates of total enteric CH4 production from the Manitoba beef cattle population varied between 0.9 and 2.4 Mt CO2 eq. from 1990 to 2008. Regardless of the type of models used, average CH4 emissions for 2008 were estimated to be 45.2% higher than 1990 levels. More specifically, CH4 emissions tended to increase between 1990 and 1996. Emissions were relatively stable between 1996 and 2002, increased between 2003 and 2005, but declined by 13.2% between 2005 and 2008, following the same trend as that observed in the beef cattle population. Models varied in their estimates of CH4 conversion rate (Ym, percent gross energy intake), emission factor (kg CH4 head−1 yr−1) and CH4 production. Total CH4 production estimates ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 Mt CO2 eq. for IPCC Tier 2, from 0.9 to 1.5 Mt CO2 eq. for Ellis, from 1.3 to 2.1 Mt CO2 eq. for COWPOLL and from 1.5 to 2.4 Mt CO2 eq. for MOLLY. The results indicate that enteric CH4 estimates and emission trends in Manitoba were influenced by the type of model and beef cattle population. As such, it is necessary to use appropriate models for reliable estimates for enteric CH4 inventory. A more robust approach may be to integrate different models by using mechanistic models to estimate regional Ym values, which may then be used as input for the IPCC Tier 2 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Alemu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 (e-mail: )
| | - K. H. Ominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 (e-mail: )
| | - E. Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Flachowsky G. Carbon-footprints for food of animal origin, reduction potentials and research need. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.570047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Puggaard L, Kristensen N, Sehested J. Effect of decreasing dietary phosphorus supply on net recycling of inorganic phosphate in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1420-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sejian V, Lal R, Lakritz J, Ezeji T. Measurement and prediction of enteric methane emission. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2011; 55:1-16. [PMID: 20809221 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-010-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector account for about 25.5% of total global anthropogenic emission. While CO(2) receives the most attention as a factor relative to global warming, CH(4), N(2)O and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also cause significant radiative forcing. With the relative global warming potential of 25 compared with CO(2), CH(4) is one of the most important GHGs. This article reviews the prediction models, estimation methodology and strategies for reducing enteric CH(4) emissions. Emission of CH(4) in ruminants differs among developed and developing countries, depending on factors like animal species, breed, pH of rumen fluid, ratio of acetate:propionate, methanogen population, composition of diet and amount of concentrate fed. Among the ruminant animals, cattle contribute the most towards the greenhouse effect through methane emission followed by sheep, goats and buffalos, respectively. The estimated CH(4) emission rate per cattle, buffaloe, sheep and goat in developed countries are 150.7, 137, 21.9 and 13.7 (g/animal/day) respectively. However, the estimated rates in developing countries are significantly lower at 95.9 and 13.7 (g/animal/day) per cattle and sheep, respectively. There exists a strong interest in developing new and improving the existing CH(4) prediction models to identify mitigation strategies for reducing the overall CH(4) emissions. A synthesis of the available literature suggests that the mechanistic models are superior to empirical models in accurately predicting the CH(4) emission from dairy farms. The latest development in prediction model is the integrated farm system model which is a process-based whole-farm simulation technique. Several techniques are used to quantify enteric CH(4) emissions starting from whole animal chambers to sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer techniques. The latest technology developed to estimate CH(4) more accurately is the micrometeorological mass difference technique. Because the conditions under which animals are managed vary greatly by country, CH(4) emissions reduction strategies must be tailored to country-specific circumstances. Strategies that are cost effective, improve productivity, and have limited potential negative effects on livestock production hold a greater chance of being adopted by producers. It is also important to evaluate CH(4) mitigation strategies in terms of the total GHG budget and to consider the economics of various strategies. Although reductions in GHG emissions from livestock industries are seen as high priorities, strategies for reducing emissions should not reduce the economic viability of enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasamy Sejian
- Adaptation Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology & Biochemistry, Central Sheep & Wool Research Insitute, Avikanagar, Via-Jaipur, Rajasthan, 304501, India.
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Theodoridou K, Aufrère J, Andueza D, Pourrat J, Le Morvan A, Stringano E, Mueller-Harvey I, Baumont R. Effects of condensed tannins in fresh sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vivo and in situ digestion in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Place S, Mitloehner F. Invited review: Contemporary environmental issues: A review of the dairy industry's role in climate change and air quality and the potential of mitigation through improved production efficiency. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3407-16. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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HIROOKA H. Systems approaches to beef cattle production systems using modeling and simulation. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:411-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Deaville E, Givens D, Mueller-Harvey I. Chestnut and mimosa tannin silages: Effects in sheep differ for apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and losses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kebreab E, Johnson KA, Archibeque SL, Pape D, Wirth T. Model for estimating enteric methane emissions from United States dairy and feedlot cattle1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2738-48. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kebreab E, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, France J. Recent advances in modeling nutrient utilization in ruminants. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:E111-22. [PMID: 18820154 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling techniques have been applied to study various aspects of the ruminant, such as rumen function, postabsorptive metabolism, and product composition. This review focuses on advances made in modeling rumen fermentation and its associated rumen disorders, and energy and nutrient utilization and excretion with respect to environmental issues. Accurate prediction of fermentation stoichiometry has an impact on estimating the type of energy-yielding substrate available to the animal, and the ratio of lipogenic to glucogenic VFA is an important determinant of methanogenesis. Recent advances in modeling VFA stoichiometry offer ways for dietary manipulation to shift the fermentation in favor of glucogenic VFA. Increasing energy to the animal by supplementing with starch can lead to health problems such as subacute rumen acidosis caused by rumen pH depression. Mathematical models have been developed to describe changes in rumen pH and rumen fermentation. Models that relate rumen temperature to rumen pH have also been developed and have the potential to aid in the diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis. The effect of pH has been studied mechanistically, and in such models, fractional passage rate has a large impact on substrate degradation and microbial efficiency in the rumen and should be an important theme in future studies. The efficiency with which energy is utilized by ruminants has been updated in recent studies. Mechanistic models of N utilization indicate that reducing dietary protein concentration, matching protein degradability to the microbial requirement, and increasing the energy status of the animal will reduce the output of N as waste. Recent mechanistic P models calculate the P requirement by taking into account P recycled through saliva and endogenous losses. Mechanistic P models suggest reducing current P amounts for lactating dairy cattle to at least 0.35% P in the diet, with a potential reduction of up to 1.3 kt/yr. A model that integrates nutrient utilization and health has great potential benefit for ruminant nutrition research. Finally, whole-animal or farm level models are discussed. An example that used a multiple-criteria decision-making framework is reviewed, and the approach is considered to be appropriate in dealing with the multidimensional nature of agricultural systems and can be applied to assist the decision process in cattle operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Bannink A, France J, Lopez S, Gerrits W, Kebreab E, Tamminga S, Dijkstra J. Modelling the implications of feeding strategy on rumen fermentation and functioning of the rumen wall. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Auditing and Assessing Air Quality in Concentrated Feeding Operations1231Contribution from the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Res. Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Exp. St., Amarillo, and West Texas A&M Univ., Canyon.2Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.3Presented at the Annual ARPAS Symposium Current and Future On-Farm Auditing and Assessment, San Antonio, TX, July, 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kebreab E, Odongo N, McBride B, Hanigan M, France J. Phosphorus Utilization and Environmental and Economic Implications of Reducing Phosphorus Pollution from Ontario Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:241-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Predicting the profile of nutrients available for absorption: from nutrient requirement to animal response and environmental impact. Animal 2007; 1:99-111. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107657760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Nasri MHF, Mesgaran MD, France J, Cant JP, Kebreab E. Evaluation of models to describe ruminal degradation kinetics from in situ ruminal incubation of whole soybeans. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3087-95. [PMID: 16840626 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different mathematical models were evaluated as candidates to describe ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics of raw and roasted whole soybeans from data obtained using the in situ polyester bag technique. Three models were used: segmented with up to 3 straight lines (model I), negative exponential (model II), and rational function or inverse polynomial (linear over linear; model III). A fourth, a generalized sigmoidal model, was also considered but the data did not exhibit sigmoidicity, so it was dropped from the analysis. Lagged and nonlagged versions of each model were fitted to the DM and CP disappearance curves of 6 different feeds (2 cultivars of raw or differently heat-processed whole soybean). The comparison between lagged and nonlagged versions of each model, based on statistical and behavior characteristics, showed for all models that the discrete lag parameter did not significantly improve the fit to ruminal DM and CP disappearance curves. The comparison between models (using nonlagged equations) showed that models I and II gave better goodness-of-fit than model III. Based on biological characteristics, models II and III underestimated the undegradable DM and CP fractions, but there was no significant difference between models for extent of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fathi Nasri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 91775-1163
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Todd RW, Cole NA, Clark RN. Reducing crude protein in beef cattle diet reduces ammonia emissions from artificial feedyard surfaces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:404-11. [PMID: 16455840 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrated animal feeding operations are major sources of ammonia to the atmosphere. Control methods to reduce emissions include acidifying amendments, urease inhibitors, and absorbents. For beef cattle, decreasing crude protein (CP) in diets may be the most practical and cost-effective method to reduce ammonia emissions. Our objective was to quantify the effect of reducing CP in beef cattle diet on ammonia emissions. Two groups of steers were fed diets with either 11.5 or 13.0% CP and all urine and feces were collected. Manures from the two diet treatments were applied in a replicated laboratory chamber experiment, and ammonia emission was quantified using acid gas washing. In four seasonal field trials, manures from the two diet treatments were applied to two 10-m-diameter, circular, artificial feedyard surfaces, and ammonia emission was quantified using the integrated horizontal flux method. Manure from steers fed 11.5% CP diet had less urine, less urinary N, and a lesser fraction of total N in urine, compared with the 13.0% CP diet. Decreasing crude protein in beef cattle diets from 13 to 11.5% significantly decreased ammonia emission by 44% (p < 0.01) in the closed chamber laboratory experiment, and decreased mean daily ammonia flux by 30% (p = 0.10), 52% (p = 0.08), and 29% (p < 0.01) in summer, autumn, and spring field trials, respectively. No difference was observed in winter. On an annual basis, decreasing crude protein reduced daily ammonia flux by 28%. Reducing crude protein in beef cattle diets may provide the most practical and cost-effective way to reduce ammonia emissions from feedyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Todd
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, P.O. Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012, USA.
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KOJIMA H, KUME SI, NONAKA K, OSHITA T, KOZAKAI T, HIROOKA H. Effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium excretion by Holstein cows. Anim Sci J 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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