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Guerra A, Simoni M, Longobardi V, Goi A, Mantovani G, Danese T, Neglia G, De Marchi M, Righi F. Effectiveness of near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the chemical composition of feces and total-tract apparent nutrients digestibility estimated with uNDF or AIA in lactating buffaloes' feces. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00634-9. [PMID: 38554826 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Following a comparison of nutrient total-tract digestibility estimates in lactating buffaloes using single-point undigestible NDF (uNDF) or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as internal markers, the potential of fecal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to provide calibration equations for the assessment of the chemical composition of feces and nutrient total-tract digestibility estimated with internal markers was explored. Chemical analyses were performed on 147 fecal samples from lactating buffaloes reared in 5 farms in central Italy (Naples). Each farm fed a silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) to the buffaloes, which was sampled in the 2 d before the fecal collection. The TMR and individual fecal samples were collected and analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, AIA, ether extract (EE), starch, fiber fractions (aNDFom, aNDF, ADFom, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, ADL, uNDF), N, CP and CP bound to aNDF (NDICP) and to ADF (ADICP). The uNDF content was determined through a 240-h in vitro fermentation and employed, together with AIA as markers to estimate the total-tract apparent digestibility (ttaDe) and total-tract digestibility (ttDe) of DM, OM, ash, N, CP, EE, aNDFom, aNDF, NDIP, ADFom and ADF, ADIN, ADL, hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and fraction B3 of N. No correlation was found between DM and OM digestibility estimated with AIA and uNDF as internal markers. Weak correlations were detected for all the other nutients digestibilities while strong correlations were observed for EE, ADFom, HC, NDIN, ADIN, NB3, NFC and starch.Inizio modulo The sample set (n = 147) was divided in a calibration set (n = 111) and a validation set (n = 36) to "train" and "validate" the fecal NIRS curve through an external validation process. An estimation usable for preliminary or initial evaluation was obtained for N, CP and aNDF fecal content. An excellent prediction was obtained for ttADINDe (R2 = 0.90) when estimated with uNDF as internal marker. The NIRS technology was not able to accurately predict all the other traits and the estimated nutrient digestibility of lactating buffalo diets from fecal spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guerra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy
| | - M Simoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Italy.
| | - V Longobardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - A Goi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Italy
| | - T Danese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Italy
| | - G Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy
| | - F Righi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Italy
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Buonaiuto G, Cavallini D, Mammi LME, Ghiaccio F, Palmonari A, Formigoni A, Visentin G. The accuracy of NIRS in predicting chemical composition and fibre digestibility of hay-based total mixed rations. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1990804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Buonaiuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Ludovica Maria Eugenia Mammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Francesca Ghiaccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alberto Palmonari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giulio Visentin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Comparison of two in situ reference methods to estimate indigestible NDF by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in alfalfa. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07313. [PMID: 34189328 PMCID: PMC8220244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Undigested forage neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) from long-term ruminal in situ incubations are used to estimate indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF). Measurement of iNDF is important in forage evaluation because it defines the potentially digestible pool of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can be calibrated to in situ reference sets to rapidly predict uNDF. Our objective was to compare uNDF estimates after 240 h of incubation when two types of bags were used in the in situ reference method. The bags compared were 4 cm × 5 cm Ankom F57 bags (25 micron pore size), and 5 cm × 10 cm Ankom in situ bags (50 micron pore size). Alfalfa samples from Pennsylvania and Wisconsin (n = 144) of different varieties and harvest intervals were used. One-half or two gram samples, respectively, were weighed into the small and large bags in triplicate. Mass to surface area was 0.05 and 0.02 g/cm2 for the small and large bags, respectively. The iNDF content after 240 h incubation was evaluated by two types bags in three rumen-cannulated Holstein cows. Each dried and ground forage was also scanned to determine the visible-near-infrared-reflectance spectra with a FOSS 6500 spectrophotometer. Prediction equations were developed for each bag type using modified partial least square regressions. The estimated iNDF fraction from small and large bags were 13.75% and 9.97%, respectively (SED = 0.39, P < 0.001). The coefficient of determination for calibration (R2), cross-validation (1 - VR), calibration standard deviation (SEC), and interactive authentication standard deviation (SECV) was 0.94, 0.92, 0.85 and 0.98 for values determined with the small bag and 0.88, 0.85, 1.12 and 1.27 for iNDF for values determined with the large bag, respectively. Results indicate that iNDF varies among alfalfa cultivars and NIRS can be used to quickly and quantitatively estimate iNDF content in alfalfa. Bag type influences 240h NDF residues. NIRS predictions of iNDF from the small bag calibration set had higher R2 and lower SEC and SECV than the large bag calibrations.
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In Vitro Neutral Detergent Cellulase Method and Chemical Composition to Predict In Vivo Fermentable Organic Matter of Roughages. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061594. [PMID: 34071510 PMCID: PMC8228038 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various methods such as in situ, gas production and enzymatic methods are exercised to estimate the in vivo fermentable organic matter (FOM). However, each of these methods has its limitations. The in vivo method with fistulated animals for FOM determination is expensive, laborious and negatively affects animal welfare. Similarly, the in situ method also requires rumen fluid and is costly. However, enzymatic methods eliminate the need for fistulated animals and are comparatively simple, cheaper, faster, have greater repeatability, and also ensure the standardization of the process. Additionally, in situ technique can be disregarded as a standard method to test the accuracy of other techniques in cases where in vivo testing is not feasible. Therefore, in the current study, we compared the in situ nylon bag technique with the in vitro neutral detergent cellulase method and chemical composition to estimate in vivo FOM of roughages. Abstract In Vivo fermentable organic matter (FOM) reflects the energy production and the potential of rumen’s microbial protein synthesis. However, the in vivo method with fistulated animals for FOM measurement compromises animal welfare and is laborious as well as expensive. Although the alternative in situ nylon bag technique has been widely used, it is also costly and requires rumen liquor. Therefore, the present study was performed to compare the in situ nylon bag technique with the in vitro neutral detergent cellulase (NDC) method or chemical composition to estimate in vivo FOM of roughages. For this purpose, we selected 12 roughages, including six each from forages and crop residues. Our results have shown the strong correlation equations between FOMin situ and FOMNDC of forages (n = 6; R2 = 0.79), crop residues (n = 6; R2 = 0.80), and roughages (n = 12; R2 = 0.84), respectively. Moreover, there were also strong correlations between the chemical composition of roughages and FOMin situ (n = 12; R2 = 0.84–0.93) or FOMNDC (n = 12; R2 = 0.79–0.89). In conclusion, the in vitro NDC method and chemical composition were alternatives to in situ nylon bag technique for predicting in vivo FOM of roughages in the current experiment.
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Huhtanen P, Bayat A, Lund P, Guinguina A. Residual carbon dioxide as an index of feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5332-5344. [PMID: 33663828 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High feed costs make feed conversion efficiency a desirable target for genetic improvement. Residual feed intake (RFI), calculated as the difference between observed and predicted intake, is a commonly used estimate of feed efficiency. However, determination of feed efficiency in dairy herds is challenging due to difficulties in measuring feed intake of individual animals reliably. Using residual CO2 (RCO2) production as an estimate of feed efficiency would allow ranking the cows according to feed efficiency, provided that CO2 production is closely related to heat production and feed intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of RCO2 as an index of feed efficiency using data from respiration calorimetry studies (289 cow per period observations). Heat production was precisely predicted from CO2 production [root mean square error (RMSE)] adjusted for random effects was 1.5% of observed mean]. Dry matter intake (DMI) was better predicted from energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield and CO2 production than from ECM yield and body weight in the model (adjusted RSME = 0.92 vs. 1.39 kg/d). Residual CO2 production estimated as the difference between actual CO2 production and that predicted from ECM yield, metabolic body weight was closely related to RFI (adjusted RMSE = 0.42) that was calculated as the difference between actual DMI and that predicted from ECM, metabolic body weight, and energy balance (EB). When the cows were categorized in 3 groups of equal sizes on the basis of RCO2 (low, medium, and high), low RCO2 cows had lower DMI, RFI, methane production and intensity (g/kg ECM), and heat production, but higher efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for lactation than high RCO2 cows. When RFI was predicted from RCO2, the residuals (observed - predicted) were negatively related to EB and digestibility. Predicting RFI with a 2-variable model based on RCO2 and digestibility, adjusted RMSE decreased to 0.23 kg/d, and residuals were not significantly related to EB. The cows in low RCO2 group had a higher energy digestibility than the cows in the high RCO2 group, and differences in EB were observed between the groups. Error of the model predicting residual ECM production from RCO2 was 1.41 kg/d. The residuals were positively related to ECM yield and energy digestibility. Predicting residual ECM from RCO2 and ECM yield decreased adjusted RMSE to 1.07 kg/d, and further to 0.78 kg/d when digestibility was included in the 2-variable model. It is concluded that RCO2 has a potential for ranking individual cows based on feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Alireza Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Peter Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Abdulai Guinguina
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Characterization of the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) dominated pastures using updated chemical methods with application for the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vahidi MF, Gharechahi J, Behmanesh M, Ding XZ, Han JL, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Diversity of microbes colonizing forages of varying lignocellulose properties in the sheep rumen. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10463. [PMID: 33510967 PMCID: PMC7808268 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rumen microbiota contributes strongly to the degradation of ingested plant materials. There is limited knowledge about the diversity of taxa involved in the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomasses with varying chemical compositions in the rumen. Method We aimed to assess how and to what extent the physicochemical properties of forages influence the colonization and digestion by rumen microbiota. This was achieved by placing nylon bags filled with candidate materials in the rumen of fistulated sheep for a period of up to 96 h, followed by measuring forage's chemical characteristics and community structure of biofilm-embedded microbiota. Results Rumen degradation for all forages appeared to have occurred mainly during the first 24 h of their incubation, which significantly slowed down after 48 h of rumen incubation, depending on their chemical properties. Random Forest analysis predicted the predominant role of Treponema and Butyrivibrio in shaping microbial diversity attached to the forages during the course of rumen incubation. Exploring community structure and composition of fiber-attached microbiota revealed significant differential colonization rates of forages depending on their contents for NDF and cellulose. The correlation analysis highlighted the significant contribution of Lachnospiraceae and Veillonellaceae to fiber degradation in the sheep rumen. Conclusion Our findings suggested that forage cellulose components are critical in shaping the pattern of microbial colonization and thus their final digestibility in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farhad Vahidi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Gharechahi
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xue-Zhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Lin Han
- Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
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Hristov AN, Harper MT, Roth G, Canale C, Huhtanen P, Richard TL, DiMarco K. Effects of ensiling time on corn silage neutral detergent fiber degradability and relationship between laboratory fiber analyses and in vivo digestibility. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:2333-2346. [PMID: 31882208 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate analysis of degradability of silage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is important for diet formulation and to predict lactational performance of dairy cows. In this study, 5 corn silage hybrids ensiled for 0 (unfermented), 30, 60, 120, and 150 d were used to determine the effects of ensiling time on silage neutral detergent fiber degradability (NDFD) and to assess the relationships between near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) NDF-related analyses and in situ NDFD variables. In addition, the relationships between dietary concentration of indigestible NDF, 288-h incubation (iNDF288), or undegraded NDF, 240-h incubation (uNDF240), and in vivo total-tract apparent organic matter and NDF digestibility were studied in total mixed ration samples from 16 experiments with lactating dairy cows. Ensiling time had no effect on silage NDF concentration; however, the ratio of acid detergent fiber ÷ NDF increased, and estimated hemicellulose concentration decreased quadratically with ensiling time. Also, concentration of NDF-bound protein decreased, and that of lignin increased linearly with ensiling time. These changes in silage fiber composition resulted in a linear decrease in in situ effective degradability of silage NDF with increasing ensiling time. The indigestible fraction of NDF and concentration of structural carbohydrates were not affected by ensiling time. Correlations of in situ NDFD variables with laboratory NIR NDFD analyses were weak to moderate. The relationship of corn silage uNDF240 with lignin concentration or 30-h NDFD (all NIR analyses) was remarkably good (R2 = 0.73 and 0.88, respectively). The relationship between in situ iNDF288 concentration (but not uNDF240) and in vivo total-tract apparent digestibility of dietary organic matter and NDF was good (R2 = 0.72 and 0.80, respectively). In conclusion, in situ degradability of silage NDF linearly decreased from 0 to 150 d ensiling time, primarily caused by a decrease in concentrations of hemicellulose and NDF-bound protein. In situ NDF degradability measurements and common laboratory NIR NDF-related analyses were generally poorly correlated. We found a good relationship between in vivo NDF digestibility and dietary concentration of iNDF288 determined in situ, but the relationship with uNDF240 was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - M T Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - G Roth
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C Canale
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Shippensburg, PA 17257
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T L Richard
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - K DiMarco
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Raffrenato E, Nicholson C, Van Amburgh M. Development of a mathematical model to predict pool sizes and rates of digestion of 2 pools of digestible neutral detergent fiber and an undigested neutral detergent fiber fraction within various forages. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:351-364. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Raffrenato E, Lombard R, Erasmus L, McNeill D, Barber D, Callow M, Poppi D. Prediction of indigestible NDF in South African and Australian forages from cell wall characteristics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Raffrenato E, Ross D, Van Amburgh M. Development of an in vitro method to determine rumen undigested aNDFom for use in feed evaluation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9888-9900. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ahvenjärvi S, Nyholm L, Nousiainen J, Mäntysaari E, Lidauer M. Polyethylene glycol as an indigestible marker to estimate fecal output in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4245-4258. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brogna N, Palmonari A, Canestrari G, Mammi L, Dal Prà A, Formigoni A. Technical note: Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict fecal indigestible neutral detergent fiber for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1234-1239. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Righi F, Simoni M, Visentin G, Manuelian CL, Currò S, Quarantelli A, De Marchi M. The use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict faecal indigestible and digestible fibre fractions in lactating dairy cattle. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Palmonari A, Gallo A, Fustini M, Canestrari G, Masoero F, Sniffen CJ, Formigoni A. Estimation of the indigestible fiber in different forage types. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:248-54. [PMID: 26812331 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of indigestible NDF is essential in relation to OM digestibility prediction, total tract digestibility, rumen fill, passage rate, and digestion kinetics. Moreover, the truly indigestible NDF (iNDF) represents a core point in dynamic models used for diet formulations. However, despite its wide possible applications, few trials have been conducted to quantify iNDF and even fewer to investigate whether or not it is consistent among different forage sources. The objective of this study was to predict the iNDF by measuring the residual NDF after 240-h in vitro fermentation to determine the unavailable NDF (uNDF) within and among various forage types. Finally, a mathematical approach was investigated for the estimation of the uNDF fraction. In all, 688 forages were analyzed in this study. This pool included 122 alfalfa hays, 282 corn silages, and 284 grass hays. Values of uNDF varied among different forages and within the same type (22.7% ± 4.48%, 20.1% ± 4.23%, and 11.8% ± 3.5% DM for grass hay, alfalfa hay, and corn silages, respectively). The relationship among uNDF and ADL was not constant and, for grass hay and corn silage, was different ( 0.05) from the 2.4 × lignin value applied by the traditional Chandler equation. The observed uNDF:ADL ratio was 3.22 for grass hay and 3.11 for corn silage. Relationships among chemical and biological parameters and uNDF were investigated via simple and multiple regression equations. The greatest correlation with a single variable was obtained by ADL and ADF when applied to the whole data set ( = 0.63). Greater coefficients of determination resulted from a multiple regression equation for the whole data set ( = 0.80) and within each forage type ( = 0.65, 0.77, and 0.54 for grass hay, alfalfa hay, and corn silage, respectively). In conclusion, a regression approach requires specific equations and different regression coefficients for each forage type. The direct measurement of uNDF represented the best approach to obtain an accurate prediction of the iNDF and to optimize its specific purpose in dynamic nutrition models.
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Huuskonen A. Effects of skim milk and whey-based milk replacers on feed intake and growth of dairy calves. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1217868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arto Huuskonen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ruukki, Finland
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Bender R, Cook D, Combs D. Comparison of in situ versus in vitro methods of fiber digestion at 120 and 288 hours to quantify the indigestible neutral detergent fiber fraction of corn silage samples. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5394-5400. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li X, Zhang Y, Hannoufa A, Yu P. Transformation with TT8 and HB12 RNAi Constructs in Model Forage (Medicago sativa, Alfalfa) Affects Carbohydrate Structure and Metabolic Characteristics in Ruminant Livestock Systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9590-9600. [PMID: 26492548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a phenylpropanoid polymer present in secondary cell walls, has a negative impact on feed digestibility. TT8 and HB12 genes were shown to have low expression levels in low-lignin tissues of alfalfa, but to date, there has been no study on the effect of down-regulation of these two genes in alfalfa on nutrient chemical profiles and availability in ruminant livestock systems. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of transformation of alfalfa with TT8 and HB12 RNAi constructs on carbohydrate (CHO) structure and CHO nutritive value in ruminant livestock systems. The results showed that transformation with TT8 and HB12 RNAi constructs reduced rumen, rapidly degraded CHO fractions (RDCA4, P = 0.06; RDCB1, P < 0.01) and totally degraded CHO fraction (TRDCHO, P = 0.08). Both HB12 and TT8 populations had significantly higher in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at 30 h of incubation (ivNDF30) compared to the control (P < 0.01). The TT8 populations had highest ivDM30 and ivNDF240. Transformation of alfalfa with TT8 and HB12 RNAi constructs induced molecular structure changes. Different CHO functional groups had different sensitivities and different responses to the transformation. The CHO molecular structure changes induced by the transformation were associated with predicted CHO availability. Compared with HB12 RNAi, transformation with TT8 RNAi could improve forage quality by increasing the availability of both NDF and DM. Further study is needed on the relationship between the transformation-induced structure changes at a molecular level and nutrient utilization in ruminant livestock systems when lignification is much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
- Tianjin Agricultural University , Tianjin 300384, China
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New recommendations for the ruminal in situ determination of indigestible neutral detergent fibre. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Du S, Xu M, Yao J. Relationship between fibre degradation kinetics and chemical composition of forages and by-products in ruminants. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Considerations on the use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve forage utilization. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:247437. [PMID: 25379525 PMCID: PMC4212537 DOI: 10.1155/2014/247437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion of cell wall fractions of forage in the rumen is incomplete due to the complex links which limit their degradation. It is therefore necessary to find options to optimize the use of forages in ruminant production systems. One alternative is to use exogenous enzymes. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes are of fungal or bacterial origin and increase nutrient availability from the cell wall, which consists of three fractions in different proportions depending on the species of forage: digestible, potentially digestible, and indigestible. The response to addition of exogenous enzymes varies with the type of forage; many researchers infer that there are enzyme-forage interactions but fail to explain the biological mechanism. We hypothesize that the response is related to the proportion of the potentially digestible fraction. The exogenous enzyme activity depends on several factors but if the general conditions for enzyme action are available, the potentially digestible fraction may determine the magnitude of the response. Results of experiments with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in domestic ruminants are inconsistent. This, coupled with their high cost, has made their use unattractive to farmers. Development of cheaper products exploring other microorganisms with fibrolytic activity, such as Fomes fomentarius or Cellulomonas flavigena, is required.
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Tassone S, Masoero G, Peiretti P. Vibrational spectroscopy to predict in vitro digestibility and the maturity index of different forage crops during the growing cycle and after freeze- or oven-drying treatment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Pesonen M, Honkavaara M, Huuskonen A. Production, carcass and meat quality traits of Hereford, Charolais and Hereford×Charolais bulls offered grass silage-grain-based rations and slaughtered at high carcass weights. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.777091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Krizsan SJ, Huhtanen P. Effect of diet composition and incubation time on feed indigestible neutral detergent fiber concentration in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1715-26. [PMID: 23312997 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) predicts forage digestibility accurately and precisely when determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation, and it is an important parameter in mechanistic rumen models. The long incubation time required is a disadvantage. Further, intrinsic cell wall characteristics of feeds should be determined under ideal conditions for fiber digestion. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of diet composition and rumen incubation time on the concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) for a wide range of feeds in dairy cows. Additionally, predicted concentrations of unavailable NDF generated using the National Research Council (NRC) model and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) were evaluated. Indigestible NDF was evaluated in 18 feeds using 4 cows in a split-split plot design. Treatments were in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of different diets and incubation times. Diet composition was primarily varied by changing the level of concentrate supplementation between 190 (low), 421 (medium), and 625 (high)g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Grass silage was used as the basal forage for all cows. The feeds were incubated for 144, 216, and 288 h. Indigestible NDF was determined from 2-g samples weighed into polyester bags with a pore size of 12 µm and a pore area equal to 6% of the total surface area, giving a sample size to surface ratio of 10mg/cm(2). Across all feeds, the measured iNDF concentrations ranged from 6 to 516 g/kg of DM. The feed iNDF concentration was not affected by the cow used, but diet composition had a significant effect. The mean measured iNDF concentrations for cows consuming low-, medium-, and high-concentrate diets were 178, 186, and 197 g/kg of DM, respectively. The incubation time also affected the feed iNDF concentrations, which averaged 199, 185, and 177 g/kg of DM for 144-, 216-, and 288-h incubations, respectively. We also observed significant interactions between incubation time and feed, and between diet composition and feed, with fiber-rich feeds being most sensitive to these factors. The evaluation of model predictions of unavailable NDF indicated poor precision with prediction errors of 56 (NRC) and 84 (CNCPS)g/kg of DM. Indigestible NDF should be determined based on 288-h ruminal in situ incubations in cows consuming diets with a low proportion of concentrate to represent the feed fraction that is unavailable to the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Krizsan
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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27
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Slavov G, Allison G, Bosch M. Advances in the genetic dissection of plant cell walls: tools and resources available in Miscanthus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23847628 PMCID: PMC3701120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tropical C4 grasses from the genus Miscanthus are believed to have great potential as biomass crops. However, Miscanthus species are essentially undomesticated, and genetic, molecular and bioinformatics tools are in very early stages of development. Furthermore, similar to other crops targeted as lignocellulosic feedstocks, the efficient utilization of biomass is hampered by our limited knowledge of the structural organization of the plant cell wall and the underlying genetic components that control this organization. The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS) has assembled an extensive collection of germplasm for several species of Miscanthus. In addition, an integrated, multidisciplinary research programme at IBERS aims to inform accelerated breeding for biomass productivity and composition, while also generating fundamental knowledge. Here we review recent advances with respect to the genetic characterization of the cell wall in Miscanthus. First, we present a summary of recent and on-going biochemical studies, including prospects and limitations for the development of powerful phenotyping approaches. Second, we review current knowledge about genetic variation for cell wall characteristics of Miscanthus and illustrate how phenotypic data, combined with high-density arrays of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, are being used in genome-wide association studies to generate testable hypotheses and guide biological discovery. Finally, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the molecular biology of cell wall biosynthesis in Miscanthus and closely related grasses, discuss the key conceptual and technological bottlenecks, and outline the short-term prospects for progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gancho Slavov
- *Correspondence: Gancho Slavov, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23 3EB, UK e-mail:
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Krizsan SJ, Nyholm L, Nousiainen J, Südekum KH, Huhtanen P. Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3162-73. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Krizsan
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - L. Nyholm
- Valio Ltd., Farm Services, PO Box 10, FI-00039 Valio, Finland
| | - J. Nousiainen
- Valio Ltd., Farm Services, PO Box 10, FI-00039 Valio, Finland
| | - K.-H. Südekum
- University of Bonn, Institute of Animal Science, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Huhtanen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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29
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Norring M, Valros A, Munksgaard L. Milk yield affects time budget of dairy cows in tie-stalls. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:102-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Huuskonen A, Huumonen M, Joki-Tokola E, Tuomisto L. Effects of different liquid feeding strategies during the pre-weaning period on the performance and carcass characteristics of dairy bull calves. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2011.645863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Huuskonen A. Effects of barley grain processing method (steam-processed vs. dry-rolled) on intake and growth performance of dairy calves. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2011.619563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Huuskonen A, Tuomisto L, Kauppinen R. Effect of drinking water temperature on water intake and performance of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2475-80. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Kuoppala K, Ahvenjärvi S, Rinne M, Vanhatalo A. Effects of feeding grass or red clover silage cut at two maturity stages in dairy cows. 2. Dry matter intake and cell wall digestion kinetics. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5634-44. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Schievano A, Pognani M, D'Imporzano G, Adani F. Predicting anaerobic biogasification potential of ingestates and digestates of a full-scale biogas plant using chemical and biological parameters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:8112-8117. [PMID: 18440801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop simple and fast tests to predict anaerobic biogasification potential (ABP) of ingestates and digestates from a biogas plant. Forty-six samples of both ingestates and digestates were collected within an eight-month observation period and were analyzed in terms of biological and chemical parameters, namely, ABP test, oxygen demand in a 20-h respirometric test (OD20), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia, cell solubles (CS), acid detergent fibers (ADF), lignin (ADL), cellulose, and hemicellulose. Considering both quantitative (VS and TOC) and qualitative aspects (OD20 and CS) of organic matter (OM), four models (linear regressions; 0.80<R2<0.913; 16%<standard errors<23%) were proposed to predict ABP. The models were chosen according to the needed accuracy of the evaluation in terms of time schedule and the availability of the required laboratory analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schievano
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Cozzolino D, Fassio A, Restaino E, Fernandez E, La Manna A. Verification of silage type using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:79-83. [PMID: 18038995 DOI: 10.1021/jf072566d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to authenticate the feed given to animals has become a major challenge in animal production, where the diet fed to the animal is one of the most important production factors affecting the composition of milk and meat from cattle, sheep, and goats. Hence, there is currently an increased consumer demand for information on herbivore production factors and particularly the animal diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy as a tool to verify and authenticate the type of silage used as fed for ruminants. Grain silage (GrS, n = 94), grass and legume silage (GLegS, n = 121), and sunflower silage (SunS, n = 50) samples were collected from commercial farms and analyzed in the visible and NIR regions (400-2500 nm) in a monochromator instrument in reflectance. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS1-DA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models were used as methods to verify the different silage types. The classification models based on the NIR data correctly classified more than 90% of the silage samples according to their type. The results from this study showed that NIR spectra combined with multivariate analysis could be used as a tool to objectively authenticate silage samples used as a feed for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cozzolino
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Alberto Boerger, INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, km 12, Colonia, Uruguay.
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Nordheim H, Volden H, Fystro G, Lunnan T. Prediction of in situ degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) in temperate grasses and red clover using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Ahvenjärvi S, Joki-Tokola E, Vanhatalo A, Jaakkola S, Huhtanen P. Effects of Replacing Grass Silage with Barley Silage in Dairy Cow Diets. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:1678-87. [PMID: 16606738 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of gradually replacing grass silage with whole-crop barley silage on feed intake, ruminal and total tract digestibility, and milk yield in lactating dairy cows. Four dairy cows in early lactation, equipped with rumen cannulas, were fed 4 diets over four 21-d periods. The diets consisted of 4 forage mixtures of grass silage and whole-crop barley silage supplemented with 8.9 kg/d of concentrates [dry matter (DM) basis]. The proportion of barley silage in the forage was adjusted to 0, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.60 kg/ kg of DM. Ruminal nutrient metabolism was measured on the basis of digesta flow entering the omasal canal. Ammonia concentrations and volatile fatty acid profiles were determined in the rumen fluid. Ruminal digestion and passage kinetics were assessed by the rumen evacuation technique. Replacement of grass silage with barley silage had no effect on DM, digestible organic matter, or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, but starch intake increased, whereas nitrogen and digestible NDF (dNDF) intake decreased. Increases in the proportion of barley silage linearly decreased milk yield, and the molar proportion of acetate in the rumen, and increased that of propionate, butyrate, and valerate. Decreases in milk yield due to inclusion of barley silage were attributed to decreases in diet digestibility and nutrient supply to the animal. Barley silage linearly decreased organic matter digestibility in the total tract and NDF and dNDF digestibility in the rumen and the total tract, and decreased nonammonia N flow entering the omasal canal. No significant differences between diets were noted in the digestion rate of dNDF or passage rate of indigestible NDF from the rumen. Decreases in organic matter and NDF digestibility were attributed to the higher indigestible NDF concentration of barley silage compared with that of grass silage and to the smaller pool size of dNDF in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahvenjärvi
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, Animal Nutrition, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Huuskonen A, Khalili H, Kiljala J, Joki-Tokola E, Nousiainen J. Effects of Vegetable Fats Versus Lard in Milk Replacers on Feed Intake, Digestibility, and Growth in Finnish Ayrshire Bull Calves. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3575-81. [PMID: 16162531 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study whether vegetable fat mixtures could be used instead of lard [15.2% in dry matter (DM)] in milk replacers without impairing the performance of Finnish Ayrshire bull calves (n = 58). The growth performance of the calves was measured before and after weaning from 14 d to 6 mo of age. The following 3 fat sources in a milk replacer were studied: 1) a mixture of palm, coconut, and rapeseed oil, 2) palm and coconut oil, and 3) lard. The calves were bucket-fed 2 L of milk replacer 3 times per day. The milk replacer contained 116 g of DM/L, resulting in an average DM intake of 4.8 g of DM/kg of body weight0.75 (BW0.75) during the 8-wk trial, after which the calves were weaned. All the calves had free access to water, commercial starter, and grass silage before weaning. The weaned calves had free access to water and grass silage and were given 3 kg/d (air-dry basis) of a commercial concentrate mixture. The concentrate was replaced by barley when the bulls were 4.5 mo old. There were no significant differences between the diets in feed intake and apparent diet digestibility. The health and BW of the calves were similar during the study. The feed conversion rate (kg of DM intake/kg of gain) before weaning was significantly greater for the lard diet compared with the 2 vegetable fat mixtures. After weaning, the feed conversion rate was slightly lower for the diet that included the palm, coconut, and rapeseed oil mixture than for the diet that included palm and coconut oil mixture. The study showed that the 2 mixtures consisting solely of vegetable oils were effective dietary components, thus providing 2 alternative fat mixtures of milk replacers, for use instead of lard in formulating commercial calf milk replacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huuskonen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, North Ostrobothnia Research Station, FIN-92400 Ruukki, Finland
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Andrés S, Giráldez FJ, González JS, Peláez R, Prieto N, Calleja A. Prediction of aspects of neutral detergent fibre digestion of forages by chemical composition and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ar04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-two herbage samples, harvested in natural meadows located in the mountains of León (north-west Spain), and characterised by a diverse botanical composition and different stages of maturity of the plants, were used to evaluate the ability of chemical composition and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction. In vitro digestibility was performed as described by the Goering and Van Soest procedure. Three dry Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with a rumen cannula were used to incubate the herbage samples. A Bran+Luebbe InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer was used to obtain the NIR spectra corresponding to the 62 original herbage samples. Prediction equations for the estimation of in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability parameters of the NDF fraction were generated using NIR spectra or chemical data as independent variables. The results showed that the in vitro digestibility and kinetic parameters of degradation of the NDF fraction could not be predicted accurately, probably as a consequence of the errors corresponding to the reference methods. In contrast, these errors did not greatly affect the extent of disappearance of the NDF fraction at later times, so the accuracy of prediction of these parameters was higher, especially when NIR spectra were used as independent variables. This is probably due to the close relationship that the parameters showed with the chemical data, since this kind of information, together with some physical characteristics of the samples, is included in the NIR spectra.
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