1
|
Saleem AM, Bierworth RM, Yang W, Nyachiro J, Oatway L, McAllister TA. Identifying physical, chemical and biological characteristics to assess grain processing responses of barley as a trait for the selection of feed varieties for cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
2
|
Feng X, Prates LL, Rodríguez Espinosa ME, Peng Q, Zhang H, Zhang W, Yu P. Dry heating, moist heating, and microwave irradiation of cold-climate-adapted barley grain-Effects on ruminant-relevant carbohydrate and molecular structural spectral profiles. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:113-120. [PMID: 35352398 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Different feed processing techniques affect barley digestibility and nutrient utilization in ruminants. To our knowledge, there are few studies on the interactive relationship between carbohydrate molecular structure profiles of cool-season-adapted barley grain and nutritional characteristics for ruminants. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the effect of different technological processing methods on carbohydrate chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System-carbohydrate subfractions, ruminal and intestinal carbohydrate digestion of barley grain in dairy cows; (2) to study the effect of heat processing on carbohydrate molecular structure of barley grain using advanced molecular spectroscopy; and (3) to associate processing-induced changes in carbohydrate molecular structure with changes in carbohydrate metabolic profiles in dairy cows. Barley grain samples collected from Crop Research Field in Western Canada underwent four different processing treatments: control, dry heating (120°C for 60 min in an air-ventilated oven), moist heating (120°C for 60 min in an autoclave), and microwave irradiation (900 W and 2450 MHz for 5 min in a microwave). The heating conditions used in the current study induced some changes in rumen-degradable and -undegradable digestible fibre (CB3) fraction. Intestinally digestible CB3 was decreased after moist heating. Moist heating decreased starch digestibility compared to the other three treatments. The processing-induced carbohydrate molecular structure changes, which was revealed by advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopic technique (attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared), could be used to predict carbohydrate nutritional value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Luciana L Prates
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - María E Rodríguez Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Weixian Zhang
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereira MC, Johnson JA, Brattain RS, Wehrle H, Penner GB. Effect of processing method and severity for hybrid fall rye on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility in ruminally cannulated beef heifers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study compared dry-rolled and tempered hybrid rye when processed to a coarse or fine severity on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility for beef cattle. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental heifers (327 ± 33.1 kg, mean ± SD) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (21 d periods with 16 d for adaptation and 5 d collection) balanced for carry-over effects with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Feeding tempered rye increased (P = 0.01) DMI when compared to dry-rolled rye, but there was no effect of processing severity. Cattle fed dry-rolled rye had greater (P = 0.04) area that pH was less than 5.5 when compared to tempered rye. Feeding dry-rolled rye increased dry matter digestibility (P = 0.02), and crude protein digestibility (P = 0.01) when compared to tempered rye, and there was a greater effect to increase total tract starch digestibility with increasing severity of processing for tempering than for dry-rolling (interaction, P = 0.03). In conclusion, tempered hybrid rye processed to a fine severity may result in similar total tract starch digestibility to dry-rolled hybrid rye without the marked reductions in DMI and ruminal pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murillo C.S. Pereira
- University of Saskatchewan, 7235, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Johnson
- University of Saskatchewan, 7235, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | - Gregory B. Penner
- University of Saskatchewan, 7235, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Belov A, Vasilyev A, Dorokhov A. Effect of microwave pretreatment on the exchange energy of forage barley. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Belov
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Vasilyev
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Dorokhov
- Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM Moscow Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tosta MR, Prates LL, Feng X, Rodríguez-Espinosa ME, Zhang H, Zhang W, Yu P. Research progress in structural and nutritional characterization and technologically processing impact on cool-season adapted oat and barley cereal kernels with wet chemistry and advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5130-5139. [PMID: 33612010 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1882380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to provide research progress and update on structural, physicochemical, nutritional characteristics and technologically processing impact on cool-season adapted oat and barley cereal kernels. The study focused on cool-season adapted oats grain production and nutrition in ruminant systems and strategies to improve the utilization of the oat grain through processing techniques. The updated evaluation methods and advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques to study molecular structures with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy were reviewed. This study summarizes the methods and provides a potential approach on how to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy to study molecular chemistry and molecular structure and molecular nutrition interaction of grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Tosta
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - L L Prates
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - X Feng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - M E Rodríguez-Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - W Zhang
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ran T, Saleem AM, Beauchemin KA, Penner GB, Yang W. Processing index of barley grain and dietary undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration affected chewing behavior, ruminal pH, and total tract nutrient digestibility of heifers fed a high-grain diet. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab011. [PMID: 33523183 PMCID: PMC7850052 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of processing index (PI) of barley grain and dietary undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration on dry matter (DM) intake, chewing activity, ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics, total tract digestibility, gastrointestinal barrier function, and blood metabolites of finishing beef heifers. The PI was measured as the density after processing expressed as a percentage of the density before processing, and a smaller PI equates to a more extensively processed. Six ruminally cannulated heifers (average body weight, 715 ± 29 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with three PI (65%, 75%, and 85%) × 2 uNDF concentration (low and high; 4.6% vs. 5.6% of DM) factorial arrangement. The heifers were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration consisting of 10% barley silage (low uNDF), or 5% silage and 5% straw (high uNDF), 87% dry-rolled barley grain, and 3% mineral and vitamin supplements. Interactions (P < 0.01) of PI × uNDF were observed for DM intake, ruminating and total chewing time, and DM digestibility in the total digestive tract. Intake of DM, organic matter (OM), starch, and crude protein (CP) did not differ (P > 0.14) between low and high uNDF diets, but intakes of NDF and acid detergent fiber were greater (P = 0.01) for high uNDF diets regardless of barley PI. Heifers fed high uNDF diets had longer (P = 0.05) eating times (min/d or min/kg DM) and tended (P = 0.10) to have longer total chewing times (min/kg DM) than those fed low uNDF diets. Additionally, heifers sorted (P = 0.01) against long particles (>19 mm) for high uNDF diets but not for low uNDF diets. Altering PI of barley grain did not affect (P > 0.12) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, molar percentages of individual VFA, or duration of ruminal pH < 5.8 and <5.6. Total VFA concentration was less (P = 0.01), acetate percentage was greater (P = 0.01), and duration of ruminal pH < 5.8 and <5.6 was less (P = 0.05) for high compared with low uNDF diets. Digestibility of DM, OM, and CP was greater (P = 0.02) for low vs. high uNDF diets with PI of 65% and 75%, with no difference between low and high uNDF diets at PI of 85%. Blood metabolites and gastrointestinal tract barrier function were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by the treatments. These results suggest that increasing dietary uNDF concentration is an effective strategy to improve ruminal pH status in finishing cattle, regardless of the extent of grain processing, whereas manipulating the extent of barley processing did not reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ran
- College of Pastoral Science and Technology, University of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, China
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Atef M Saleem
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wenzhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saleem AM, Nyachiro J, Gomaa WMS, Yang W, Oatway L, McAllister TA. Effects of barley type and processing method on rumen fermentation, dry matter disappearance and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Feng X, Sun B, Yu P. Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
DeFeo ME, Shampoe KV, Carvalho PHV, Silva FAS, Felix TL. In vitro and in situ techniques yield different estimates of ruminal disappearance of barley. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:141-148. [PMID: 32704974 PMCID: PMC7200464 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives were to compare in vitro and in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch of traditional (unprocessed and rolled) and hulless (unprocessed) barley. Experiment 1: three barley sources were compared using in vitro techniques. The sources were: 1) traditional barley that was not processed, 2) traditional barley processed through a roller mill, and 3) hulless barley that was not processed. For in vitro incubation, each barley source was ground through a 1-mm screen. Ground barley sources were weighed into bags (25 micron porosity) and incubated in ruminal fluid from two steers fed 80% rolled corn for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h. Intact bags were assayed for NDF; remaining bags were opened and the residual was removed and analyzed to determine disappearance of DM and starch. Experiment 2: the barley sources used in Exp. 1 were compared using in situ techniques. For in situ analysis, each barley source was ground in a Wiley mill with no screen to mimic mastication. Artificially masticated samples were weighed into Dacron bags (50 ± 10 micron porosity) and incubated in eight ruminally fistulated steers (n = 8) for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Residual contents were analyzed to determine in situ disappearance of DM, NDF, and starch. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS (9.4 SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with repeated measures. DM disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for hulless barley in vitro and for rolled barley in situ, regardless of time postincubation. For both trials, NDF disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for hulless barley, regardless of time postincubation. Starch disappearance at all time points was greatest (P < 0.05) for rolled barley in situ. Starch disappearance was greater (P < 0.05) for hulless barley at 6 h of in vitro incubation compared to rolled and unprocessed barley, whereas starch disappearance in vitro was comparable (P = 0.60) between barley sources. When the grains were compared in vitro, minor differences were noted, presumably because barley sources were finely ground prior to incubation. Compared to in vitro estimates, in situ techniques had greater variation in ruminal degradation estimates. Differences observed between in situ and in vitro techniques are driven largely by differences between the procedures. Although laboratory methods are widely used to estimate ruminal degradation, these techniques did not provide comparable estimates of ruminal degradation of barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E DeFeo
- Animal Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kelsey V Shampoe
- Animal Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pedro H V Carvalho
- Animal Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Flavia A S Silva
- Animal Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Tara L Felix
- Animal Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feng X, Sun B, Zhang H, Yu P. Using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced protein structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234126. [PMID: 32502162 PMCID: PMC7274425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different techniques have been applied in feed processing to improve ruminal degradation and nutrient utilization in ruminant. There are limited studies investigating how moist heating process impacts barley protein utilization and internal molecular structures. The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) how moist heating affects barley protein chemical profiles and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation parameters, and predicted intestinal protein supply and feed milk value; 2) how moist heating affects protein molecular spectral features; and 3) the relationship between protein molecular structure spectral features and protein chemical profiles and metabolic characteristics. The barley variety CDC cowboy samples collected from the research farm during two consecutive years were used. Half of each sample was kept as raw and the other half underwent moist heating. The advanced molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley protein molecular structure spectral features. It was found that moist heating decreased the fractions of soluble protein and increased the moderately degradable protein and ingestible protein fractions. This further resulted in the changes of in situ rumen degradation parameters and intestinal protein digestion characteristics. The protein molecular structure spectral features detected by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can be used as potential predictors for protein related chemical and metabolic parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hosoda K, Ohmori H, Nakamura YN, Kamiya M. Effect of inclusion rate of corn silage in ensiled total mixed ration on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in Japanese Wagyu steer. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Bowman JGP, Boss DL, Surber LMM, Blake TK. Estimation of the net energy value of barley for finishing beef steers. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1550-1560. [PMID: 32704918 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify barley grain characteristics measured by laboratory procedures that could be used to predict barley energy content for finishing beef steers. Twenty-eight different barley genotypes were evaluated including 18 cultivars and 10 experimental lines. Laboratory analysis of barley samples included bulk density, particle size, N, ADF, starch, and ISDMD (in situ DM disappearance after 3 h of ruminal incubation). Animal performance data (BW, DMI, ADG, steer NEm, and NEg requirements) were collected from 26 feedlot experiments conducted in Montana and Idaho during a 10-yr period and were used to estimate barley NEm and NEg content. A total of 80 experimental units were available with each experimental unit being a diet mean from an individual feedlot experiment. Fifty-eight of the 80 experimental units were randomly selected and used in the development data set and the remaining 22 experimental units were used in the validation data set. Forward, backward, and stepwise selection methods were used to identify variables to be included in regression equations for NEm using PROC REG of SAS. Barley samples in the model development data set represented a wide range in concentrations (DM basis): N (1.6% to 2.8%), ISDMD (25.7% to 58.7%), ADF (3.6% to 8.0%), starch (44.1% to 62.4%), particle size (1,100 to 2,814 µm), and bulk density (50.8 to 69.4 kg/hL). The barley grain characteristics of particle size, ISDMD, starch, and ADF were the most important variables in six successful models (R 2 = 0.48 to 0.60; P = 0.001). The six prediction equations gave mean predicted values for NEm ranging from 1.99 to 2.05 Mcal/kg (average 2.04 Mcal/kg; 0.45% CV). The mean actual NEm values from animal performance trials ranged from 1.75 to 2.48 Mcal/kg (average 2.03 Mcal/kg; 6.5% CV). The mean bias or difference in predicted vs. actual values ranged from -0.001 to 0.005 Mcal/kg. Barley NEg values calculated from animal performance ranged from 1.13 to 1.78 Mcal/kg (average 1.39 Mcal/kg; 8.4% CV). Average predicted barley NEm and NEg were 0.02 and 0.01 Mcal/kg less, respectively, than the 2.06 Mcal/kg NEm and 1.40 Mcal/kg NEg reported by NRC. Barley NE can be predicted from simple laboratory procedures which will aid plant breeders developing new feed varieties and nutritionists formulating finishing rations for beef cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan G P Bowman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Darrin L Boss
- Department of Research Centers, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Lisa M M Surber
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Tom K Blake
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma D, Li J, Huang C, Yang F, Wu Y, Liu L, Jiang W, Jia Z, Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang S. Determination of the energy contents and nutrient digestibility of corn, waxy corn and steam-flaked corn fed to growing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1573-1579. [PMID: 31011011 PMCID: PMC6718911 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The research was conducted to determine the digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in corn, waxy corn and steam-flaked corn fed to growing pigs. Methods Eighteen growing pigs with initial body weight of 15.42±1.41 kg were randomly allotted to three diets including a corn diet, a waxy corn diet and a steam-flaked corn diet in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained six replicates. The experiment lasted for 12 days, which comprised 7-d adaptation to diets followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. The energy contents and the nutrient digestibility in three ingredients were calculated using direct method. Results Compared to normal corn, both the amylose and dietary fiber contents in waxy corn were numerically lower, but the starch gelatinization degree was numerically greater. Moreover, the DE and ME contents as well as the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in waxy corn were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those in normal corn when fed to growing pigs. Furthermore, the steam-flaked corn had greater (p<0.05) DE and ME contents, and ATTD of ether extract and ADF compared to normal corn. Conclusion Both variety and processing procedure have influence on chemical compositions, energy contents and nutrient digestibility of corn. The waxy corn and steam-flaked corn had greater degree of starch gelatinization and DE and ME contents compared to normal corn when fed to growing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhicheng Jia
- Baotou Beichen Feed Sci-tech Co., Ltd. Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 014040, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Baotou Beichen Feed Sci-tech Co., Ltd. Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 014040, China
| | - Xuezhen Liu
- Baotou Beichen Feed Sci-tech Co., Ltd. Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 014040, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Miyaji M, Nonaka K. Effects of altering total mixed ration conservation method when feeding dry-rolled versus steam-flaked hulled rice on lactation and digestion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29526465 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of different methods of conserving the total mixed ration (TMR) and processing hulled rice (Oryza sativa L.) on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (126 ± 19 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The experimental diets used fresh TMR and ensiled TMR containing either dry-rolled (DR) hulled rice or steam-flaked (SF) hulled rice. The fresh TMR was prepared every morning. The ensiled TMR was prepared by baling fresh TMR and then sealing it with a bale wrapper; this was stored outdoors at 10 to 30°C for >4 mo. The method of grain processing did not affect the dry matter (DM) intake. The DM intake tended to be greater for ensiled TMR than for fresh TMR. Apparent total-tract DM digestibility and milk yield were increased by feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR and by replacing DR with SF. An interaction effect between the TMR conservation method and the grain processing method was detected for DM digestibility and milk yield; replacing DR with SF increased the DM digestibility and milk yield in cows fed fresh TMR, but this did not affect the cows fed ensiled TMR. The milk fat and lactose contents did not differ among dietary treatments. The milk protein concentration was higher for the cows fed SF processed hulled rice than those fed DR, but it was not influenced by the TMR conservation method. The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher for the cows fed ensiled TMR compared with those fed fresh TMR, but it was not affected by the grain processing method. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased by feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR and by replacing DR with SF. The concentrations of rumen ammonia N and plasma urea N were higher for the cows fed ensiled TMR than fresh TMR and were lower for SF than DR. Feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR increased the cows' urinary N excretion and decreased the retention N. Replacing DR with SF decreased the urinary N excretion, increased the milk N secretion, and then improved the nitrogen efficiency. These results show that feeding ensiled TMR instead of fresh TMR has an adverse effect on N utilization, but it increases digestion and milk production. Replacing DR with SF also increases digestion, milk yield, and milk protein content, and the improvement of milk yield by replacing DR with SF was prominent in the cows fed fresh TMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaji
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan.
| | - K Nonaka
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2793, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang C, Liu Q, Guo G, Huo WJ, Zhang YL, Pei CX, Zhang SL, Yang WZ, Wang H. Effects of substituting corn with steam-flaked sorghum on growth, digestion and blood metabolites in young cattle fed feedlot diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting ground corn grain with steam-flaked sorghum (SFS) grain on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and blood metabolites in beef bulls. Fifty-six Simmental beef bulls averaging 12 months of age and 356.4 ± 2.6 kg of bodyweight were randomly assigned to four groups. The treatments were control, low-SFS, medium-SFS and high–SFS, with 0, 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 SFS grain, respectively, substituting ground corn grain of diets(dry matter (DM) basis). Diets consisted of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate (DM basis). The average daily gain and feed conversion rate improved quadratically with increasing the proportion of SFS grain. Ruminal pH and ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentration decreased quadratically, whereas ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration increased quadratically. Ratio of acetate to propionate decreased quadratically (P = 0.027) due to the quadratic decrease in acetate production and the quadratic increase in propionate production. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter and crude protein increased quadratically, whereas that of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased quadratically. The digestible N, retention N and the retention N to digestible N ratio improved quadratically. Inclusion of SFS grain in diets quadratically increased blood concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin and triglyceride, but quadratically decreased the concentration of urea N. The results indicated that partly substituting ground corn grain with SFS grain could improve growth performance by improving ruminal fermentation and N utilisation; the optimum substitution rate was 2/3 (DM basis).
Collapse
|
16
|
Benninghoff J, Hamann G, Steingaß H, Romberg FJ, Landfried K, Südekum KH. Effect of replacing maize grain and soybean meal with a xylose-treated wheat grain on feed intake and performance of dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2017; 71:246-255. [PMID: 28429992 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1312863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated wheat grain which was treated with xylose in aqueous Ca-Mg lignosulphonate solution at elevated temperatures (WeiPass®) in order to reduce ruminal degradation of starch and crude protein. The two tested isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets contained on dry matter (DM) basis either 16% maize grain and 6.4% soybean meal (Diet CON) or 17.8% xylose-treated wheat and 4.6% soybean meal (Diet Wheat). Thirty-six German Holstein dairy cows were assigned to one of the two groups according to parity, body weight after calving, and milk yield during the previous lactation. Data collection started at 21 d before the expected calving date until 120 d in milk. The average of DM intake, energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield, and milk fat and protein yields (all given as kg/d) were 18.9, 28.7, 1.25, and 1.02 for Diet CON and 19.3, 32.5, 1.36, and 1.11 for Diet Wheat, respectively. Only ECM and milk protein yields were greater (p < 0.05) for cows receiving Diet Wheat. In conclusion, the xylose-treated wheat grain can replace maize grain and part of soybean meal in diets for lactating dairy cows and may be an alternative feedstuff depending on overall ration composition and availability and costs of grain sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Benninghoff
- a Institute of Animal Science , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Gregor Hamann
- b Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Viehhaltung Hofgut Neumühle , Münchweiler/Alsenz , Germany
| | - Herbert Steingaß
- c Institute of Animal Science , University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Romberg
- d Dienstleistungszentrum ländlicher Raum Westpfalz , Münchweiler/Alsenz , Germany
| | - Karl Landfried
- b Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Viehhaltung Hofgut Neumühle , Münchweiler/Alsenz , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Miyaji M, Inoue H, Kawaide T, Tohno M, Kamiya Y, Nonaka K. Effects of conservation method and crushing method of rice grain on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
18
|
Humer E, Zebeli Q. Grains in ruminant feeding and potentials to enhance their nutritive and health value by chemical processing. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
19
|
Imani M, Mirzaei M, Baghbanzadeh-Nobari B, Ghaffari M. Effects of forage provision to dairy calves on growth performance and rumen fermentation: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1136-1150. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
20
|
Influence of barley grain particle size and treatment with citric acid on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in Holstein calves. Animal 2017; 11:1295-1302. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
21
|
Rezapour M, Chashnidel Y, Dirandeh E, Shohreh B, Ghaffari A. The effect of grain processing and grain source on performance, rumen fermentation and selected blood metabolites of Holstein calves. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/65549/2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Tagawa SI, Holtshausen L, McAllister TA, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA. Effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro disappearance and gas production for feedlot cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:479-485. [PMID: 27507183 PMCID: PMC5394833 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), gas production and fermentation pH were investigated for feedlot cattle. METHODS Rumen fluid from four fistulated feedlot cattle fed a diet of 860 dry-rolled barley grain, 90 maize silage and 50 supplement g/kg DM was used as inoculum in 3 batch culture in vitro studies. In Experiment 1, dry-rolled barley and barley ground through a 1-, 2-, or 4-mm screen were used to obtain four substrates differing in particle size. In Experiment 2, cellulase enzyme (ENZ) from Acremonium cellulolyticus Y-94 was added to dry-rolled and ground barley (2-mm) at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/g, while Experiment 3 examined the interactions between microwaving (0, 30, and 60 s microwaving) and ENZ addition (0, 1, and 2 mg/g) using dry-rolled barley and 2-mm ground barley. RESULTS In Experiment 1, decreasing particle size increased DMD and gas production, and decreased fermentation pH (p<0.01). The DMD (g/kg DM) of the dry-rolled barley after 24 h incubation was considerably lower (p<0.05) than that of the ground barley (119.1 dry-rolled barley versus 284.8 for 4-mm, 341.7 for 2-mm; and 358.6 for 1-mm). In Experiment 2, addition of ENZ to dry-rolled barley increased DMD (p<0.01) and tended to increase (p = 0.09) gas production and decreased (p<0.01) fermentation pH, but these variables were not affected by ENZ addition to ground barley. In Experiment 3, there were no interactions between microwaving and ENZ addition after microwaving for any of the variables. Microwaving had minimal effects (except decreased fermentation pH), but consistent with Experiment 2, ENZ addition increased (p<0.01) DMD and gas production, and decreased (p<0.05) fermentation pH of dry-rolled barley, but not ground barley. CONCLUSION We conclude that cellulase enzymes can be used to increase the rumen disappearance of barley grain when it is coarsely processed as in the case of dry-rolled barley. However, microwaving of barley grain offered no further improvements in ruminal fermentation of barley grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Wen Zhu Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gallo A, Giuberti G, Masoero F. Gas production and starch degradability of corn and barley meals differing in mean particle size. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4347-4359. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Effect of starch content and processing method on in situ ruminal and in vitro intestinal digestion of barley grain in beef heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Moya D, He ML, Jin L, Wang Y, Penner GB, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, McAllister TA. Effect of grain type and processing index on growth performance, carcass quality, feeding behavior, and stress response of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3091-100. [PMID: 26115295 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred sixty crossbred steers (538 ± 36 kg BW) were used in an 84-d experiment with a randomized block design to study the effects of wheat or barley grain processed to 2 different indices on growth performance, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, stress, and temperament of finishing beef cattle. Treatments were a wheat-based diet (88.4% of diet DM; WH) and a barley-based diet (89% of diet DM; BA), processed to an index of either 75% (HI) or 85% (LO) of their original volume weight. Cattle were allocated to 16 feedlot pens (10 animals per pen, 4 pens per treatment), 8 of which were equipped with the GrowSafe system for monitoring feeding behavior. Flight speed, hair, and saliva samples were collected on d 1, 28, 56, and 84 to determine temperament, acute, and chronic stress. All steers were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and carcass quality was evaluated. Cattle fed WH had a lower (P < 0.05) meal length and frequency of visits per meal and tended (P = 0.10) to have a lower DMI, meal size, and feeding time than those fed BA. The LO processing index increased (P = 0.05) DMI and reduced (P < 0.05) the G:F and the percentage of saleable meat of the carcass compared to HI. There was a trend (P = 0.09) for a grain × processing index interaction, where cattle fed BA-LO had a lower incidence of severe liver abscesses compared with cattle fed other treatments. Cattle fed WH had greater hair cortisol concentrations (P = 0.01) and flight speed (P < 0.01) than those fed BA. There was a trend (P = 0.07) for a grain × processing index interaction, where heifers fed WH-LO had a lower salivary cortisol than those fed other treatments. Results suggest that a LO processing index had a negative effect on feed efficiency and carcass performance and that the WH diet caused a range of effects on feed intake and behavior indicative of steers with greater excitability and chronic stress.
Collapse
|
26
|
Beloshapka AN, Buff PR, Fahey GC, Swanson KS. Compositional Analysis of Whole Grains, Processed Grains, Grain Co-Products, and Other Carbohydrate Sources with Applicability to Pet Animal Nutrition. Foods 2016; 5:E23. [PMID: 28231117 PMCID: PMC5302337 DOI: 10.3390/foods5020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to measure the proximate, starch, amino acid, and mineral compositions of grains, grain co-products, and other carbohydrate sources with potential use in pet foods. Thirty-two samples from barley (barley flake, cut barley, ground pearled barley, malted barley, whole pearled barley, pearled barley flakes, and steamed rolled barley); oats (groats, ground oatmeal, ground steamed groats, instant oats, oat bran, oat fiber, oat flour, quick oats, regular rolled oats, steamed rolled oat groats, and steel cut groats); rice (brown rice, polished rice, defatted rice bran, and rice flour); and miscellaneous carbohydrate sources (canary grass seed, hulled millet, whole millet, quinoa, organic spelt hull pellets, potato flake, sorghum, whole wheat, and whole yellow corn) were analyzed. Crude protein, amino acid, fat, dietary fiber, resistant starch, and mineral concentrations were highly variable among the respective fractions (i.e., barley flake vs. malted barley vs. steamed rolled barley) as well as among the various grains (i.e., barley flake vs. brown rice vs. canary grass seed). These ingredients not only provide a readily available energy source, but also a source of dietary fiber, resistant starch, essential amino acids, and macrominerals for pet diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison N Beloshapka
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Preston R Buff
- The Nutro Company 1550 West McEwen Drive, Suite 100, Franklin, TN 37067, USA.
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiang SZ, Yang ZB, Yang WR, Li Z, Zhang CY, Liu XM, Wan FC. Diets of differentially processed wheat alter ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial populations in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5378-85. [PMID: 26641057 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influences of differently processed wheat products on rumen fermentation, microbial populations, and serum biochemistry profiles in beef cattle were studied. Four ruminally cannulated Limousin × Luxi beef cattle (400 ± 10 kg) were used in the experiment with a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experimental diets contained (on a DM basis) 60% corn silage as a forage source and 40% concentrate with 4 differently processed wheat products (extruded, pulverized, crushed, and rolled wheat). Concentrations of ruminal NH-N and microbial protein (MCP) in cattle fed crushed and rolled wheat were greater ( < 0.05) than the corresponding values in cattle fed pulverized and extruded wheat. Ruminal concentrations of total VFA and acetate and the ratio of acetate to propionate decreased ( < 0.05) with increased geometric mean particle size (geometric mean diameter) of processed wheat, except for extruded wheat; cattle fed extruded wheat had the lowest concentrations of total VFA and acetate among all treatments. The relative abundance of , , ciliated protozoa, and was lower in cattle fed the pulverized wheat diet than in the other 3 diets ( < 0.05), whereas the relative abundance of was decreased in cattle fed extruded wheat compared with cattle fed crushed and rolled wheat ( < 0.05). No treatment effect was obtained for serum enzyme activity and protein concentration ( > 0.05). Our findings suggest that the method of wheat processing could have a significant effect on ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial populations in beef cattle and that crushed and rolled processing is better in terms of ruminal NH-N and MCP content, acetate-to-propionate ratio, and relative abundance of rumen microorganisms.
Collapse
|
28
|
In situ and in vitro ruminal degradation of maize grain and untreated or xylose-treated wheat, barley and rye grains. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Miyaji M, Matsuyama H. Lactation and digestion in dairy cows fed ensiled total mixed ration containing steam-flaked or ground rice grain. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:767-74. [PMID: 26353827 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of feeding ensiled total mixed ration (TMR) containing steam-flaked (SF) or ground brown rice (Oryza satira L.; BR) on feed intake, lactation performance, digestion, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen (N) utilization in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: diets containing either SF or fine ground (FG) BR at 24% of dietary dry matter. Dietary treatment did not affect dry matter intake or milk yield and composition. The whole-tract digestibility of organic matter and fiber decreased, and the digestibility of starch increased with the replacement of SF with FG in ensiled TMR, but these differences were small between diets. Crude protein digestibility was not different between diets. The processing method of BR did not affect ruminal pH, total volatile acid concentration, or volatile fatty acid proportion in cows. The N intake, milk N secretion, fecal and urinary N excretion and N retention were not influenced by dietary treatment. These results show that feeding ensiled TMR containing FG instead of SF reduces fiber digestibility but has little impact on lactation and N utilization when diets contained 24% on a dry matter basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyaji
- NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Anele U, Refat B, Swift ML, Zhao Y, Doublier C, McAllister T, Yang W. In vitro ruminal fermentation of ground and dry-rolled barley grain differing in starch content. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
31
|
Gimeno A, Alami AA, Abecia L, de Vega A, Fondevila M, Castrillo C. Effect of type (barley vs. maize) and processing (grinding vs. dry rolling) of cereal on ruminal fermentation and microbiota of beef calves during the early fattening period. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
32
|
Zhao Y, Yan S, He Z, Anele U, Swift M, McAllister T, Yang W. Effects of volume weight, processing method and processing index of barley grain on in situ digestibility of dry matter and starch in beef heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
33
|
Anele U, Refat B, Swift ML, He Z, Zhao Y, McAllister T, Yang W. Effects of bulk density, precision processing and processing index on in vitro ruminal fermentation of dry-rolled barley grain. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
Yahaghi M, Liang J, Balcells J, Valizadeh R, Jahromi M, Alimon R, Ho Y. Extrusion of sorghum starch enhances ruminal and intestinal digestibility, rumen microbial yield and growth in lambs fed on high-concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Giuberti G, Gallo A, Masoero F, Ferraretto LF, Hoffman PC, Shaver RD. Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giuberti
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | | | | | - Randy D. Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Deckardt K, Khol-Parisini A, Zebeli Q. Peculiarities of enhancing resistant starch in ruminants using chemical methods: opportunities and challenges. Nutrients 2013; 5:1970-88. [PMID: 23736826 PMCID: PMC3725487 DOI: 10.3390/nu5061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High-producing ruminants are fed high amounts of cereal grains, at the expense of dietary fiber, to meet their high energy demands. Grains consist mainly of starch, which is easily degraded in the rumen by microbial glycosidases, providing energy for rapid growth of rumen microbes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as the main energy source for the host. Yet, low dietary fiber contents and the rapid accumulation of SCFA lead to rumen disorders in cattle. The chemical processing of grains has become increasingly important to confer their starch resistances against rumen microbial glycosidases, hence generating ruminally resistant starch (RRS). In ruminants, unlike monogastric species, the strategy of enhancing resistant starch is useful, not only in lowering the amount of carbohydrate substrates available for digestion in the upper gut sections, but also in enhancing the net hepatic glucose supply, which can be utilized by the host more efficiently than the hepatic gluconeogenesis of SCFA. The use of chemical methods to enhance the RRS of grains and the feeding of RRS face challenges in the practice; therefore, the present article attempts to summarize the most important achievements in the chemical processing methods used to generate RRS, and review advantages and challenges of feeding RRS to ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Deckardt
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hetta M, Tahir M, Krizsan S, Puranen A, Huhtanen P. Effects of NaOH-treated wheat and a mixture of barley and oats on the voluntary feed intake and milk production in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
38
|
Fadaee S, Mesgaran MD, Vakili SA, Tahmasbi AM. Influence of sodium hydroxide treatment of barley grain on in vitrorumen gas production and microbial-N yield. QSCIENCE CONNECT 2013. [DOI: 10.5339/connect.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
39
|
Chen T, Wang P, Du Y, Shen Y, Li Y. PREPARATIVE ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF LUTONARIN AND SAPONARIN FROM BARLEY SEEDLINGS BY HSCCC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.636471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P. R. China
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P. R. China
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Du
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P. R. China
| | - Yuhu Shen
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mirghaffari SS, Karkoodi K, Mirza-Aghazadeh A, Maheri-Sis N. Effect of wheat processing on rumen characteristics and rumen parameters in Holstein-Friesian calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:911-8. [PMID: 22882188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment, effect of wheat processing on rumen conditions and development were investigated. Fifty-six neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves (22 male and 34 female) were fed calf starters and post-weaning diets containing 35 (pre-weaning) and 21.90% (post-weaning) popped wheat (PW), steam-flaked wheat (SFW), dry-rolled wheat (DRW) or ground wheat (GW) till 12 weeks of age. Calves were weaned at the end of 9th week, and a post-weaning-specific starter diets were fed for 1 month. Rumen liquor was analysed in days 30, 60 and 90 of the experiment to determine volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Twelve male calves (three calves/treatment) were slaughtered, and digestive tract was emptied. Forestomach empty weight and rumen parameters were assessed. Results indicated that calves received PW had the highest total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonia nitrogen, rumen wall thickness, papilla width and density. Calves fed DRW experienced the lowest rumen pH throughout the experiment probably because high proportion of fine particles in GW. Calves consuming PW apparently had more functional rumen in comparison with other groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Mirghaffari
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - K Karkoodi
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A Mirza-Aghazadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - N Maheri-Sis
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fox G, Kelly A, Bowman J, Inkerman A, Poulsen D, Henry R. Is Malting Barley Better Feed for Cattle than Feed Barley? JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
42
|
Inglett GE, Chen D, Berhow M. Influence of Jet-Cooking Prowashonupana Barley Flour on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activities, and Viscoelastic Properties. Cereal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-10-10-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E. Inglett
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Phone: 309-681-6363. Fax: 309-681-6685. E-mail address:
| | - Diejun Chen
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - Mark Berhow
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Balancing diets for physically effective fibre and ruminally degradable starch: A key to lower the risk of sub-acute rumen acidosis and improve productivity of dairy cattle. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
44
|
Iqbal S, Zebeli Q, Mazzolari A, Bertoni G, Dunn S, Yang W, Ametaj B. Feeding barley grain steeped in lactic acid modulates rumen fermentation patterns and increases milk fat content in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:6023-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Chemical Composition in Barley Grains and Malt Quality. ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01279-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|