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Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar G, Zepeda-Batista JL, González-Reyes M, García-Casillas AC, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G. Improvement of Ruminal Neutral Detergent Fiber Degradability by Obtaining and Using Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070843. [PMID: 35405833 PMCID: PMC8997131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Carrillo-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Edo. México, Mexico;
| | - Griselda Chávez-Aguilar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria Agricultura Familiar (CENID AF), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ojuelos de Jalisco 47540, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - José Luis Zepeda-Batista
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Mónica González-Reyes
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Arturo César García-Casillas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán 8930, Colima, Mexico; (M.I.C.-D.); (J.L.Z.-B.); (A.C.G.-C.)
| | - Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (DEPI), Tecnológico Nacional de México Aguascalientes (TecNM)/Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (D.N.T.-G.); (G.T.-E.)
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Cherdthong A, Suntara C, Khota W, Wanapat M. Feed utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics of Thai-indigenous beef cattle fed ensiled rice straw with Lactobacillus casei TH14, molasses, and cellulase enzymes. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sakita GZ, Bompadre TFV, Dineshkumar D, Lima PDMT, Abdalla Filho AL, Campioni TS, de Oliva Neto P, Bremer Neto H, Louvandini H, Abdalla AL. Fibrolytic enzymes improving in vitro rumen degradability of tropical forages. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1267-1276. [PMID: 32924194 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During specific times of the year, especially dry seasons, tropical forages typically have poor nutritional value due to high contents of neutral and acid detergent fibres, and low crude protein in their composition, which may reduce productivity of ruminant livestock production and lead to increased enteric methane (CH4 ) emissions per unit of generated product in forage-bases systems. In order to increase fibre degradability and the efficiency of energy utilisation from low-quality forages, exogenous fibrolytic enzymes have been studied. In this assay, we evaluated the effects of increasing dose levels of fibrolytic enzymes extract (FEE) produced by Trichoderma reesei on in vitro rumen organic matter degradability, fermentation parameters, total gas and CH4 production of tropical forages. Forage samples were analysed for their bromatological composition, and enzyme activity from FEE was performed for xylanase and endoglucanase. The in vitro gas production technique was used in a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement with five FEE dose levels (0, 5, 50, 500 and 5,000 µl) and three substrates (Cynodon spp., Panicum maximum and Cenchrus ciliaris L.). The highest dose level of FEE increased degradability, total gas and CH4 production in all substrates (p < .05). Butyrate concentration also increased while acetate:propionate ratio and pH decreased with the addition of FEE (p < .05). These results indicated that the use of fibrolytic enzymes can be a reliable strategy to improve degradability of low-quality forages, contributing to the sustainability and intensification of livestock production in tropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zanuto Sakita
- Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dhanasekaran Dineshkumar
- Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Mello Tavares Lima
- Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Sila Campioni
- Unidade de Bioprocessos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Oliva Neto
- Unidade de Bioprocessos, Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herman Bremer Neto
- Laboratório de Biofísica, Departamento de Ciências Funcionais, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder Louvandini
- Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla
- Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cherdthong A, Suntara C, Khota W. Lactobacillus casei
TH14 and additives could modulate the quality, gas kinetics and the in vitro digestibility of ensilaged rice straw. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1690-1703. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC) Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Chanon Suntara
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC) Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Waroon Khota
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC) Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
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Der Bedrosian MC, Kung L. The effect of various doses of an exogenous acid protease on the fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10925-10933. [PMID: 31563320 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of treating whole-plant corn at harvest with various doses of an exogenous acidic protease on fermentation and changes in nutritive value after a short period (45 d) of ensiling. Whole-plant corn (37% dry matter) was chopped and treated with 0, 20, 200, 1,000, or 2,000 mg of protease/kg of wet forage. Forages (~500 g) were packed in bag silos and ensiled at 22 to 23°C for 45 d. Data were analyzed as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the main effects of the dose of protease, day of ensiling, and their interaction. Treatment with protease did not alter the concentrations of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, starch, lactic acid, or acetic acid compared with untreated silage, with the exception that the concentration of starch was lower in silage treated with 20 mg of protease/kg compared with untreated silage. However, the 2 highest doses of protease resulted in silages with higher concentrations of ethanol and more yeasts compared with untreated silage. Protease treatment did not affect the ruminal in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Concentrations of soluble protein (percentage of crude protein) increased after ensiling for all treatments but was not different between silage treated with the lowest dose of protease and untreated silage. Soluble protein increased in a dose-dependent manner above the low dose of protease in silages. Concentrations of NH3-N were higher only in silages treated with the 2 highest doses of protease compared with untreated silage. Silages treated with the 3 highest doses of protease were higher in ruminal in vitro digestibility of starch compared with untreated silage but were similar to each other. The concentrations of total AA were determined in fresh forage and silages for the untreated and 200 and 2,000 mg/kg doses of protease. Neither amount of added protease affected the total concentrations of essential, nonessential, or total AA in silage. However, of the essential AA, treatment with protease resulted in silages with lower concentrations of lysine and arginine but higher concentrations of leucine compared with untreated silage. The 200 mg/kg dose of protease substantially improved ruminal in vitro starch digestion in corn silage after a short period of ensiling without affecting concentrations or numbers of ethanol and yeasts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Limin Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-1304.
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Khota W, Pholsen S, Higgs D, Cai Y. Comparative analysis of silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility of tropical grass prepared with Acremonium and Tricoderma species producing cellulases. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1913-1922. [PMID: 29879827 PMCID: PMC6212740 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective To find out ways of improving fermentation quality of silage, the comparative analysis of fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility of tropical grasses silage applied with cellulases produced from Acremonium or Tricoderma species were studied in Thailand. Methods Fresh and wilted Guinea grass and Napier grass silages were prepared with cellulases from Acremonium (AC) or Trichoderma (TC) at 0.0025%, 0.005%, and 0.01% on a fresh matter (FM), and their fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility were analyzed. Results All silages of fresh Napier grass were good quality with lower pH, butyric acid, and ammonia nitrogen, but higher lactic acid content than wilted Napier grass and Guinea grass silage. Silages treated with AC 0.01% had the best result in terms of fermentation quality. They also had higher in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility at 6 and 48 h after incubation than other silages. Silages treated with lower levels at 0.005% or 0.0025% of AC and all levels of TC did not improve silage fermentation. Conclusion The AC could improve silage fermentation and in vitro degradation of Guinea grass and Napier grass silages, and the suitable addition ration is 0.01% (73.5 U) of FM for tropical silage preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waroon Khota
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suradej Pholsen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - David Higgs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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Almaraz I, González SS, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Miranda LA. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in sacco and in vitro degradation of diets and on growth performance of lambs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tirado-González DN, Miranda-Romero LA, Ruíz-Flores A, Medina-Cuéllar SE, Ramírez-Valverde R, Tirado-Estrada G. Meta-analysis: effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1399135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Agustín Ruíz-Flores
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), Aguascalientes, México, CP, Mexico
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Khota W, Pholsen S, Higgs D, Cai Y. Fermentation quality and in vitro methane production of sorghum silage prepared with cellulase and lactic acid bacteria. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1568-1574. [PMID: 28728399 PMCID: PMC5666192 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase enzyme on fermentation quality, microorganism population, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of sorghum silages were studied. Methods Commercial inoculant Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso 1 (CH), local selected strain Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) TH 14 and Acremonium cellulase (AC) were used as additives in sorghum silage preparation. Results Prior to ensiling Sorghum contained 104 LAB and 106 cfu/g fresh matter coliform bacteria. The chemical compositions of sorghum was 26.6% dry matter (DM), 5.2% crude protein (CP), and 69.7% DM for neutral detergent fiber. At 30 days of fermentation after ensiling, the LAB counts increased to a dominant population; the coliform bacteria and molds decreased to below detectable level. All sorghum silages were good quality with a low pH (<3.5) and high lactic acid content (>66.9 g/kg DM). When silage was inoculated with TH14, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower and the CP content significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to control, CH and AC-treatments. The ratio of in vitro methane production to total gas production and DM in TH 14 and TH 14+AC treatments were significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared with other treatments while in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production did not differ among treatments. Conclusion The results confirmed that L. casei TH14 could improve sorghum silage fermentation, inhibit protein degradation and decrease methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waroon Khota
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suradej Pholsen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - David Higgs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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Li M, Zhou H, Zi X, Cai Y. Silage fermentation and ruminal degradation of stylo prepared with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1531-1537. [PMID: 28402051 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the silage fermentation of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) in tropical areas, stylo silages were prepared with commercial additives Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso-1 (CH1), L. rhamnasus Snow Lact L (SN), Acremonium cellulase (CE) and their combination as SN+CE or CH1 + CE, and the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of these silages were studied. Stylo silages treated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or cellulase, the pH value and NH3 -N ⁄ total-N were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased while the ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) and acid detergent fiber (ADFom) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to control. Compared to LAB or cellulase-treated silages, the DM, CP contents and relative feed value (RFV), and the ruminal degradability in LAB plus cellulase-treated silages were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, but the aNDFom content was significantly (P < 0.05) lower. CH1 + CE treatment was more effective in silage fermentation and ruminal degradation than SN+CE treatment. The results confirmed that LAB or LAB plus cellulase treatment could improve the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of stylo silage. Moreover, the combined treatment with LAB and cellulase may have beneficial synergistic effects on ruminal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Xuejuan Zi
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Khota W, Pholsen S, Higgs D, Cai Y. Natural lactic acid bacteria population of tropical grasses and their fermentation factor analysis of silage prepared with cellulase and inoculant. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9768-9781. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Production of cellulases and xylanases by white-rot fungi cultured in corn stover media for ruminant feed applications. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Romero J, Macias E, Ma Z, Martins R, Staples C, Beauchemin K, Adesogan A. Improving the performance of dairy cattle with a xylanase-rich exogenous enzyme preparation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3486-3496. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Romero J, Zarate M, Arriola K, Gonzalez C, Silva-Sanchez C, Staples C, Adesogan A. Screening exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations for improved in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2555-67. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lynch J, Baah J, Beauchemin K. Conservation, fiber digestibility, and nutritive value of corn harvested at 2 cutting heights and ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes, either alone or with a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1214-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Romero J, Zarate M, Adesogan A. Effect of the dose of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations on preingestive fiber hydrolysis, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:406-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Adesogan AT, Ma ZX, Romero JJ, Arriola KG. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Improving cell wall digestion and animal performance with fibrolytic enzymes. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1317-30. [PMID: 24663173 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to summarize published responses to treatment of cattle diets with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE), to discuss reasons for variable EFE efficacy in animal trials, to recommend strategies for improving enzyme testing and EFE efficacy in ruminant diets, and to identify proteomic differences between effective and ineffective EFE. A meta-analysis of 20 dairy cow studies with 30 experiments revealed that only a few increased lactational performance and the response was inconsistent. This variability is attributable to several enzyme, feed, animal, and management factors that were discussed in this paper. The variability reflects our limited understanding of the synergistic and sequential interactions between exogenous glycosyl hydrolases, autochthonous ruminal microbes, and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes that are necessary to optimize ruminal fiber digestion. An added complication is that many of the standard methods of assaying EFE activities may over- or underestimate their potential effects because they are based on pure substrate saccharification and do not simulate ruminal conditions. Our recent evaluation of 18 commercial EFE showed that 78 and 83% of them exhibited optimal endoglucanase and xylanase activities, respectively, at 50 °C, and 77 and 61% had optimal activities at pH 4 to 5, respectively, indicating that most would likely act suboptimally in the rumen. Of the many fibrolytic activities that act synergistically to degrade forage fiber, the few usually assayed, typically endoglucanase and xylanase, cannot hydrolyze the recalcitrant phenolic acid-lignin linkages that are the main constraints to ruminal fiber degradation. These factors highlight the futility of random addition of EFE to diets. This paper discusses reasons for the variable animal responses to dietary addition of fibrolytic enzymes, advances explanations for the inconsistency, suggests a strategy to improve enzyme efficacy in ruminant diets, and describes differences among the proteomes of effective and ineffective EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
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Windle MC, Walker N, Kung L. Effects of an exogenous protease on the fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage harvested at different dry matter contents and ensiled for various lengths of time. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3053-60. [PMID: 24630660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of adding an experimental protease to corn plants harvested at different maturities on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal starch digestibility (IVSD). Corn plants were harvested at maturities resulting in plants with 31 or 40% dry matter (DM). Plants were chopped, kernel processed, and treated with (1) only a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.5, 5% vol/wt of fresh forage), (2) buffer with protease to obtain a final concentration of 20mg of protease/kg of wet forage, and (3) buffer with protease to obtain a final concentration of 2,000 mg of protease/kg of wet forage. Treated forages (about 500 g) were ensiled in nylon-polyethylene pouches and stored between 21 and 23°C for 0, 45, 90, and 150 d. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments, with the main effects of harvest DM, dose of protease, days of ensiling, and their interactions. The treatment with the highest dose of protease resulted in more robust fermentations across harvest DM with higher concentrations of lactic and acetic acids compared with untreated silage. Concentrations of soluble protein (% of crude protein) increased with time of ensiling, regardless of DM content at harvest. However, averaged over both harvest DM contents, it increased by 37% for silages treated with the high dose of protease compared with an average 11% increase for untreated silages and silage treated with the low dose of protease, between d 0 and 45. Averaged over both harvest DM contents, the concentration of soluble protein peaked in silages treated with the high dose of protease after 45 d of ensiling, whereas it peaked at d 90 in untreated silages and silage treated with the low dose of protease. Similar changes occurred in the concentration of NH3-N due to length of ensiling and treatment with protease. In fresh forages, the concentration of starch for early- and late-harvested forages was similar, but IVSD was lower in the latter. After 45 d of ensiling, IVSD was highest in both early- and late-harvested silages that were treated with the high level of protease. After 150 d of ensiling, IVSD was similar among silages treated with protease, regardless of DM at harvest. Treating corn plants with a high dose of an experimental protease at harvest accelerated proteolysis during ensiling, resulting in corn silages with levels of IVSD after 45 d of ensiling that were only obtained in untreated corn silages after 150 d of ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Windle
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717
| | - N Walker
- AB Vista - Division of AG Agri Ltd., Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717.
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Ni K, Wang Y, Pang H, Cai Y. Effect of Cellulase and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Fermentation Quality and Chemical Composition of Wheat Straw Silage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.513201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effects of Supplementing a Fibrolytic Feed Enzyme on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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