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Pech-Cervantes AA, Ferrarretto LF, Ogunade IM. Meta-analysis of the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations on performance, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac189. [PMID: 35589551 PMCID: PMC9387633 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the effects of the dietary application of exogenous alpha-amylase preparations (AMA) as a strategy to increase total tract starch digestibility (TTSD) and milk yield (MY) in dairy cows, but the results have been inconsistent. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary application of AMA on the performance, digestibility, and rumen fermentation of lactating dairy cows using a meta-analytic method. A total of 18 peer-reviewed manuscripts (N = 32 treatment comparisons) from 2003 to 2019 were systematically identified following the PRISMA method. The weighted raw mean differences between dietary AMA and control treatments were compared with a robust variance estimation. Likewise, diet characteristics like crude protein (CP) content, NDF content, starch content, days in milk (DIM), experimental design (Latin square and continuous), and AMA dose (0 to 732 Kilo Novo units [KNU]/kg TMR) were used as covariates in a meta-regression, subgrouping, and dose-response analysis. Compared to the control, dietary AMA increased (P < 0.05) DM digestibility (69.32% vs. 68.30%), TTSD (94.62% vs. 94.10%), milk protein concentration and yield (3.11% vs. 3.08%; 1.14 vs. 1.10 kg/d) and tended to increase (P = 0.09) fat-corrected milk (35.96 vs. 35.10 kg/d), but no effects were observed on DM intake (22.99 vs. 22.90 kg/d) and feed efficiency (1.50 vs. 1.48). Dietary AMA tended (P = 0.10) to reduce rumen pH (6.27 vs. 6.30). Both the enzyme dose and DIM strongly influenced (P < 0.05) the effects of AMA on digestibility and performance. The dose-response analysis revealed that feeding 600 KNU/kg to high-producing early lactation (< 70 DIM) dairy cows increased FCM and milk protein. Accounting for the type of experimental design was associated with a lower between-studies-variance among comparisons. Overall, this meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that dietary AMA supplementation is associated with a better lactational performance in dairy cows. However, these effects are only suitable for high-producing early lactation dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz F Ferrarretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ibukun M Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Muhlia-Almazán AT, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Understanding the Digestive Peptidases from Crustaceans: from Their Biochemical Basis and Classical Perspective to the Biotechnological Approach. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:480-491. [PMID: 35384610 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientific studies about decapod crustaceans' digestive physiology have increased, being an important topic with novel results in the last years. This revision aims to show how the study of crustacean peptidases has evolved, from the classical biochemical characterization studies to the assessment of their usefulness in biotechnological and industrial processes, with emphasis on commercial species of interest to world aquaculture and fisheries. First studies determined the proteolytic activity of the midgut gland crude extracts and evaluated the optimum biochemical properties of specific enzymes. Peptidase's identity was determined using inhibitors and specific protein substrates on tube tests and electrophoresis gels. Later, various studies focused on the characterization of purified peptidases and their gene expression. Recently, the integrated mechanisms of enzyme participation during the digestive process of food protein have been established using novel techniques. Scientific research has revealed some of the potential biotechnological applications of crustacean peptidases in the food industry and other processes. However, the knowledge field is enormous, and there is much to explore and study in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Teresita Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Hermosillo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, ZP 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Analía Verónica Fernández-Gimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, ZP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Effects of Addition of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Digestibility and Milk and Meat Production – A Systematic Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) added to the ruminant diet can increase fiber digestibility and production efficiency. A systematic review was conducted to understand the interactions between EFE and diet on digestibility and animal performance. The database included variables from 384 experiments with EFE and 264 controls from 85 papers published since 2000 (classification criteria: 1) type of study (in vitro, in situ, in vivo), 2) type of ruminants (sheep, buffaloes, goats, beef and dairy cattle), 3) primary EFE activity (cellulases (Cel) or xylanases (Xyl)), 4) forage proportion (FP), 5) type of plant (TP: legumes or grasses), 6) number of ingredients in diets, and 7) application time (AT)). In over 52.85% of cases, EFE improved the degradability of dry matter (DMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDFD and ADFD), in vitro gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the acetate: propionate ratio (A:P ratio), protein and fat milk, milk yield and average daily gain (ADG) (by 7.78–21.85%). Cel improved organic matter degradability (OMD), GP, VFA, milk yield, and milk protein and fat content. EFE in FP≥40% diets enhanced the ADG, and in grassbased diets increased the dry matter intake (DMI). The AT of EFE affected the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Significant correlations were found between the improvements of NDFD or ADFD with DMD (r>0.59), milk yield (r=0.64), and ADG (r=0.59). In conclusion, many factors interact with EFE supplementation effects, but EFE consistently enhanced the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD of ruminant diets, which are related to improvements in productive performance.
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SHAKYA JYOTI, BALHARA AK, DAHIYA SS, LAILER PC, SINGH INDERJEET. Improved dairy production through enzyme supplementation. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i10.94995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rumen ecosystem has the ability to transform low grade nutrients to high quality products owing to the numerous micro-flora colonies it harbours which produce different types of degrading enzymes. It has been assumed that normal rumen flora is able to digest only a small portion of the cellulosic biomass enteric rumen. This provides numerous opportunities for improving digestion via enhancing digestibility through degradation pathways in rumen. The modern animal nutrition science has utilized this knowledge to commercially harness enzymes for improving nutrient availability for production enhancement. Broadly categorized as fibrolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic, these enzymes act synergistically with the naturally available enzymes in rumen. Enzyme supplementations improve the digestibility of fibre and increase nutrient absorption and energy availability for production activities across physiological status of the animal. This review summaries response of large lactating ruminants to the external enzyme (in vivo) supplementation in terms of actual milk production, milk composition, body weights, dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients, as well as to assess the economic benefit in terms of additional expenses incurred and benefit derived with increase in milk production.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not work synergistically with exogenous enzymes to enhance feed utilization, ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of Nubian goats. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gallardo I, Bárcena R, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Cobos M, Carreón L, Ortega ME. Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes onin vitroandin saccodegradation of forages for ruminants. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Cobos
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, México
| | - Lorenzo Carreón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tecamachalco, México
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Tirado-González DN, Miranda-Romero LA, Ruíz-Flores A, Medina-Cuéllar SE, Ramírez-Valverde R, Tirado-Estrada G. Meta-analysis: effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1399135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deli Nazmín Tirado-González
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Agustín Ruíz-Flores
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Posgrado en Producción Animal (PPA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, CP, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Tirado-Estrada
- Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), Aguascalientes, México, CP, Mexico
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Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on performance and blood profile in early and mid-lactation Holstein cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:229-238. [PMID: 29767111 PMCID: PMC5945943 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) to dairy cows diets could be a strategy to improve fiber degradation in the rumen which is especially important for the early lactating cows characterized by a high milk energy output and an insufficient energy intake. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a fibrolytic enzyme product (Roxazyme G2 Liquid, 3.8 and 3.9 mL/kg total mixed ration [TMR] DM) supplemented to a TMR on production performance and blood parameters of dairy cows during early (trial 1) and mid-lactation (trail 2). In addition, rumination activity was measured in trial 2. The nutrient digestibility of the experimental TMR was obtained by using wethers. In the digestibility trial, EFE was supplemented at a rate of 4.4 mL/kg Roxazyme G2 Liquid TMR-DM. The TMR contained 60% forage and 40% concentrate (DM basis). Twenty eight 50 ± 16 days in milk (DIM) and twenty six 136 ± 26 DIM Holstein cows were used in two 8-wk completely randomized trails, stratified by parity and milk yield level. One milliliter of the enzyme product contained primarily cellulase and xylanase activities (8,000 units endo-1,4-ß glucanase, 18,000 units endo-1,3(4)-ß glucanase and 26,000 units 1,4-ß xylanase). No differences in digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were observed (P > 0.05) between the control and the EFE supplemented TMR. Addition of EFE to the TMR fed to early (trial 1) and mid-lactation cows (trial 2) did not affect daily dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk (ECM), concentration of milk fat, protein, fat-protein-quotients, somatic cell score, energy balance, and gross feed efficiency of early and mid-lactation cows (P > 0.05). Mid-lactation cows (trial 2) fed with TMR enzyme showed a tendency of a slightly higher ECM yield (P = 0.09). The tested blood parameters were not affected by treatment in trials 1 and 2 (P > 0.05). Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation did not alter daily time spent ruminating in trial 2 (P = 0.44). In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, no positive effects of enzyme supplementation on dairy performance and health status of dairy cows during early and mid-lactation were observed.
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Alsersy H, Salem AZM, Borhami BE, Olivares J, Gado HM, Mariezcurrena MD, Yacuot MH, Kholif AE, El-Adawy M, Hernandez SR. Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:51-8. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidy Alsersy
- Faculty of Agriculture; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem
- Faculty of Agriculture; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | | | - Jaime Olivares
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Carretera Altamirano - Iguala; Guerrero México
| | - Hany M. Gado
- Faculty of Agriculture; Animal Production Department; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Maria D. Mariezcurrena
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Estado de México México
| | | | - Ahmed E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mounir El-Adawy
- Faculty of Agriculture; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Saul R. Hernandez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Carretera Altamirano - Iguala; Guerrero México
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Dineshkumar D, Abdalla AL, Silva SCML, Lucas RC, Cavalcante SEAS, Souza GD, dos Santos PP, dos Santos JEM, Louvandini H. Effect of temperature and pre-incubation time of fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro degradability of Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ruminant production system in Brazil is based mostly on grazing and relies on native pastures and cultivated grass pastures. Improving forage digestibility is essential to overcome the energy loss and excessive nutrient excretion by livestock. Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on tropical grasses has shown promise in increasing forage utilisation and productive efficiency of ruminants. The present study was taken up to evaluate the effect of temperature and pre-incubation time of cellulose-treated substrate (CTS) and xylanase-treated substrate (XTS) on in vitro degradability of Brachiaria decumbens substrate. Two commercial fibrolytic enzymes, cellulase and xylanase, were applied at the manufacturer’s recommended dose of 7.5 and 0.46 enzymatic units per 500 mg DM, respectively. Effect of temperature regimes of substrate exposure (18°C, 25°C and 32°C) and pre-incubation times with the enzymes (0, 12 and 24 h) were investigated in a complete factorial design. Three adult rumen-cannulated Santa Inês sheep served as inoculum donors. Substrates were incubated in vitro in semi-automatic gas production (GP) system and blanks were included for each inoculum. The GP was calculated, rumen degradability and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Interaction effect between temperature of substrate exposure and pre-incubation time with the enzyme was significant on degradable neutral detergent fibre (DNDF, g/kg) for both CTS (P = 0.01) and XTS (P = 0.04). Net gas production (GP, mL/g DNDF) of XTS (P = 0.06) differ on temperature versus pre-incubation time, whereas CTS were similar (P = 0.34). Partition factor, total VFA and acetate : propionate ratio were non-significant for both the enzymes. These findings highlight that Brachiaria may respond well to exogenous application of cellulase at all the environmental conditions studied and does not need any pre-incubation period.
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Zeitz JO, Guertler P, Pfaffl MW, Eisenreich R, Wiedemann S, Schwarz FJ. Effect of non-starch-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes as feed additive on the rumen bacterial population in non-lactating cows quantified by real-time PCR. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:1104-13. [PMID: 23216628 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of non-starch-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, added to a maize silage- and grass silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) at least 14 h before feeding, on the rumen bacterial population were investigated. Six non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows were allocated to three treatment groups using a duplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 31-day periods (29 days of adaptation and 2 days of sampling). Treatments were control TMR [69% forage and 31% concentrates on a dry matter (DM) basis] or TMR with 13.8 or 27.7 ml/kg of feed DM of Roxazyme G2 liquid with activities (U/ml enzyme preparation) of xylanase 260 000, β-glucanase 180 000 and cellulase 8000 (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The concentrations of 16S rDNA of Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Prevotella ruminicola, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Selenomonas ruminantium and Treponema bryantii, and their relative percentage of total bacteria in rumen samples obtained before feeding and 3 and 7 h after feeding and from two rumen fractions were determined using real-time PCR. Sampling time had only little influence, but bacterial numbers and the composition of the population differed between the transition layer between rumen fluid and the fibre mat (fraction A) and the rumen fluid (fraction B) highlighting the importance to standardize sampling. The 16S rDNA copies of total bacteria and the six bacterial species as well as the population composition were mainly unaffected by the high levels of exogenous enzymes supplemented at all sampling times and in both rumen fractions. Occasionally, the percentages of the non-fibrolytic species P. ruminicola and A. lipolytica changed in response to enzyme supplementation. Some increases in the potential degradability of the diet and decreases in lag time which occurred collaterally indicate that other factors than changes in numbers of non-particle-associated bacteria are mainly responsible for the effects of exogenous enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Zeitz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Group Animal Nutrition, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Physiology Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Peters A, Lebzien P, Meyer U, Borchert U, Bulang M, Flachowsky G. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:221-37. [DOI: 10.1080/17450391003693142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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