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In Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Post-Ruminal Digestibility of Sorghum-Soybean Forage as Affected by Ensiling Length, Storage Temperature, and Its Interactions with Crude Protein Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233400. [PMID: 36496920 PMCID: PMC9737225 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of ensiling length, storage temperature, and its interaction with crude protein (CP) levels in sorghum−soybean forage mixtures on in vitro rumen fermentation and post-ruminal digestibility of nutrients. The dietary treatments consisted of fresh forages (d 0) and silages of sorghum and soybean stored indoors or outdoors for 75 and 180 d with additional ingredients to make two dietary CP levels, 90 and 130 g/kg dry matter (DM) and a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 80 to 20. An in vitro procedure was conducted using the ANKOM RF technique to study rumen fermentation. The dietary treatments were incubated in duplicate for 8 and 24 h in three runs. After each incubation time, in vitro rumen fermentation parameters were measured, and the protozoa population was counted using a microscope. Post-ruminal digestibility was determined using the pepsin and pancreatic solubility procedure. Cumulative gas production (GP) increased quadratically with ensiling length (8 h, p < 0.01; 24 h, p = 0.02), and the GP differed between CP levels at both incubation times (p < 0.01). However, total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in rumen inoculum increased quadratically with ensiling length (p < 0.01; for both incubation times), and interaction between ensiling length and CP levels was observed in proportions of acetate and propionate after 24 h of incubation (p < 0.01; for both incubation times). Similarly, an interaction between ensiling length and CP levels was found in the proportion of valerate after 24 h of incubation (p < 0.01). There was a quadratic response to ensiling length in the NH4−N concentration after 8 h (p < 0.01) and 24 h (p < 0.05), and the CP level also differed (p < 0.01) at both incubation times. The ciliate protozoa count after 24 h was higher in low CP diets than in high CP diets (p = 0.04). The amount of CP in the undegraded substrate at both incubation times differed between CP levels (p < 0.01; for both incubation times). An interaction effect between ensiling length and storage temperature after 8 h (p = 0.02) and 24 h (p < 0.01) was observed for intestinal CP digestibility. The effect of CP levels on intestinal CP digestibility differed after 8 h (p < 0.01) and 24 h (p < 0.01). In conclusion, increasing ensiling length beyond 75 d reduced CP digestibility, and additional CP inclusion did not ameliorate this.
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Compromised Hindgut Microbial Digestion, Rather Than Chemical Digestion in the Foregut, Leads to Decreased Nutrient Digestibility in Pigs Fed Low-Protein Diets. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142793. [PMID: 35889750 PMCID: PMC9316789 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reduced nutrient digestibility due to low-protein (LP) diets occurring in the foregut or hindgut of pigs remains unclear. Methods: Growing barrows (21.7 ± 1.7 kg) were allotted into LP and high-protein (HP) diet treatments. Ileal digesta and feces were collected for in vitro cross-fermentation and microbial sequencing, and cross-feeding assessed nutrient digestibility. Results: No difference in foregut digesta flora and nutrient digestibility between treatments was observed. LP diet caused decreased total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) compared with the HP diet (p < 0.05). The fermentation broth from LP diet-fed pigs induced less full fermentation digestion of DM, OM, crude protein, and GE than HP broth (p < 0.05). Additionally, LP broth fermentation presented lower fermentation gas and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generation than HP group (p < 0.05). This situation above may be related to decreased abundances of Lachnospiraceae, Eubacterium_eligens_group, Roseburia, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-009, which can efficiently ferment nutrients to produce SCFA. Conclusions: Change in the flora caused compromise in hindgut microbial fermentation digestion leads to decreased total tract nutrient digestibility in pigs fed an LP diet.
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Amanzougarene Z, Fondevila M. Fitting of the In Vitro Gas Production Technique to the Study of High Concentrate Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1935. [PMID: 33096765 PMCID: PMC7590040 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro rumen fermentation systems are often adapted to forage feeding conditions, with pH values ranging in a range close to neutrality (between 6.5 and 7.0). Several attempts using different buffers have been made to control incubation pH in order to evaluate microbial fermentation under conditions simulating high concentrate feeding, but results have not been completely successful because of rapid exhaustion of buffering capacity. Recently, a modification of bicarbonate ion concentration in the buffer of incubation solution has been proposed, which, together with using rumen inoculum from donor ruminants given high-concentrate diets, allows for mimicking such conditions in vitro. It is important to consider that the gas volume recorded is in part directly produced from microbial fermentation of substrates, but also indirectly from the buffering capacity of the medium. Thus, the contribution of each (direct and indirect) gas source to the overall production should be estimated. Another major factor affecting fermentation is the rate of passage, but closed batch systems cannot be adapted to its consideration. Therefore, a simple semicontinuous incubation system has been developed, which studies the rate and extent of fermentation by gas production at the time it allows for controlling medium pH and rate of passage by manual replacement of incubation medium by fresh saliva without including rumen inoculum. The application of this system to studies using high concentrate feeding conditions will also be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Fondevila
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, M. Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Nayan N, Sonnenberg AS, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Prospects and feasibility of fungal pretreatment of agricultural biomass for ruminant feeding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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He Y, Cone JW, Hendriks WH, Dijkstra J. Corn stover usage and farm profit for sustainable dairy farming in China. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:36-47. [PMID: 32054177 PMCID: PMC7888508 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study determined the optimal ratio of whole plant corn silage (WPCS) to corn stover (stems+leaves) silage (CSS) (WPCS:CSS) to reach the greatest profit of dairy farmers and evaluated its consequences with corn available for other purposes, enteric methane production and milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) at varying milk production levels. Methods An optimization model was developed. Chemical composition, rumen undegradable protein and metabolizable energy (ME) of WPCS and CSS from 4 cultivars were determined to provide data for the model. Results At production levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg milk/cow/d, the WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit of dairy farmers was 16:84, 22:78, 44:56, and 88:12, respectively, and the land area needed to grow corn plants was 4.5, 31.4, 33.4, and 30.3 ha, respectively. The amount of corn available (ton DM/ha/yr) for other purposes saved from this land area decreased with higher producing cows. However, compared with high producing cows (30 kg/d milk), more low producing cows (10 kg/d milk) and more land area to grow corn and soybeans was needed to produce the same total amount of milk. Extra land is available to grow corn for a higher milk production, leading to more corn available for other purposes. Increasing ME content of CSS decreased the land area needed, increased the profit of dairy farms and provided more corn available for other purposes. At the optimal WPCS:CSS, MNE and enteric methane production was greater, but methane production per kg milk was lower, for high producing cows. Conclusion The WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit for dairy farms increases with decreased milk production levels. At a fixed total amount of milk being produced, high producing cows increase corn available for other purposes. At the optimal WPCS:CSS, methane emission intensity is smaller and MNE is greater for high producing cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Nozière P, Reynolds CK, Bayat AR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Yu Z. Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5811-5852. [PMID: 31030912 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a component of essential nutrients critical for the productivity of ruminants. If excreted in excess, N is also an important environmental pollutant contributing to acid deposition, eutrophication, human respiratory problems, and climate change. The complex microbial metabolic activity in the rumen and the effect on subsequent processes in the intestines and body tissues make the study of N metabolism in ruminants challenging compared with nonruminants. Therefore, using accurate and precise measurement techniques is imperative for obtaining reliable experimental results on N utilization by ruminants and evaluating the environmental impacts of N emission mitigation techniques. Changeover design experiments are as suitable as continuous ones for studying protein metabolism in ruminant animals, except when changes in body weight or carryover effects due to treatment are expected. Adaptation following a dietary change should be allowed for at least 2 (preferably 3) wk, and extended adaptation periods may be required if body pools can temporarily supply the nutrients studied. Dietary protein degradability in the rumen and intestines are feed characteristics determining the primary AA available to the host animal. They can be estimated using in situ, in vitro, or in vivo techniques with each having inherent advantages and disadvantages. Accurate, precise, and inexpensive laboratory assays for feed protein availability are still needed. Techniques used for direct determination of rumen microbial protein synthesis are laborious and expensive, and data variability can be unacceptably large; indirect approaches have not shown the level of accuracy required for widespread adoption. Techniques for studying postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous compounds, urea recycling, and mammary AA metabolism are also laborious, expensive (especially the methods that use isotopes), and results can be variable, especially the methods based on measurements of digesta or blood flow. Volatile loss of N from feces and particularly urine can be substantial during collection, processing, and analysis of excreta, compromising the accuracy of measurements of total-tract N digestion and body N balance. In studying ruminant N metabolism, nutritionists should consider the longer term fate of manure N as well. Various techniques used to determine the effects of animal nutrition on total N, ammonia- or nitrous oxide-emitting potentials, as well as plant fertilizer value, of manure are available. Overall, methods to study ruminant N metabolism have been developed over 150 yr of animal nutrition research, but many of them are laborious and impractical for application on a large number of animals. The increasing environmental concerns associated with livestock production systems necessitate more accurate and reliable methods to determine manure N emissions in the context of feed composition and ruminant N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237 Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M McGee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237 Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - A R Bayat
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - D R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production Solutions, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Nayan N, Sonnenberg AS, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Variation in the solubilization of crude protein in wheat straw by different white-rot fungi. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nayan N, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Differences between two strains of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora on improving the nutritive value of wheat straw for ruminants. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:352-361. [PMID: 28517113 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated differences between two strains of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora on improving the nutritive value and in vitro degradability of wheat straw. METHODS AND RESULTS Wheat straw was treated with the fungi for 7 weeks. Weekly samples were analysed for ergosterol content, in vitro gas production (IVGP), chemical composition and lignin-degrading enzyme activity. Ergosterol data showed CS1 to have a faster initial growth than CS2 and reaching a stationary phase after 3 weeks. The IVGP of CS1-treated wheat straw exceeded the control earlier than CS2 (4 vs 5 weeks). CS1 showed a significantly higher (P < 0·001) selectivity in lignin degradation compared to CS2. Both strains showed peak activity of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) at week 1. CS1 showed a significantly higher (P < 0·001) laccase activity, but lower (P = 0·008) MnP activity compared to CS2. CONCLUSION Both CS strains improved the nutritive value of wheat straw. Variation between strains was clearly demonstrated by their growth pattern and enzyme activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The differences among the two strains provide an opportunity for future selection and breeding programs in improving the extent and selectivity of lignin degradation in agricultural biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nayan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A S M Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Maccarana L, Cattani M, Tagliapietra F, Schiavon S, Bailoni L, Mantovani R. Methodological factors affecting gas and methane production during in vitro rumen fermentation evaluated by meta-analysis approach. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:35. [PMID: 27307988 PMCID: PMC4908760 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of some methodological factors on in vitro measures of gas production (GP, mL/g DM), CH4 production (mL/g DM) and proportion (% CH4 on total GP) were investigated by meta-analysis. These factors were considered: pressure in the GP equipment (0 = constant; 1 = increasing), incubation time (0 = 24; 1 = ≥ 48 h), time of rumen fluid collection (0 = before feeding; 1 = after feeding of donor animals), donor species of rumen fluid (0 = sheep; 1 = bovine), presence of N in the buffer solution (0 = presence; 1 = absence), and ratio between amount of buffered rumen fluid and feed sample (BRF/FS; 0 = ≤ 130 mL/g DM; 1 = 130–140 mL/g DM; 2 = ≥ 140 mL/g DM). The NDF content of feed sample incubated (NDF) was considered as a continuous variable. From an initial database of 105 papers, 58 were discarded because one of the above-mentioned factors was not stated. After discarding 17 papers, the final dataset comprised 30 papers (339 observations). A preliminary mixed model analysis was carried out on experimental data considering the study as random factor. Variables adjusted for study effect were analyzed using a backward stepwise analysis including the above-mentioned variables. The analysis showed that the extension of incubation time and reduction of NDF increased GP and CH4 values. Values of GP and CH4 also increased when rumen fluid was collected after feeding compared to before feeding (+26.4 and +9.0 mL/g DM, for GP and CH4), from bovine compared to sheep (+32.8 and +5.2 mL/g DM, for GP and CH4), and when the buffer solution did not contain N (+24.7 and +6.7 mL/g DM for GP and CH4). The increase of BRF/FS ratio enhanced GP and CH4 production (+7.7 and +3.3 mL/g DM per each class of increase, respectively). In vitro techniques for measuring GP and CH4 production are mostly used as screening methods, thus a full standardization of such techniques is not feasible. However, a greater harmonization of analytical procedures (i.e., a reduction in the number of available protocols) would be useful to facilitate comparison between results of different experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maccarana
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mirko Cattani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lucia Bailoni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Chen CN, Lee TT, Yu B. Comparison of the dietary fiber digestibility and fermentability of feedstuffs determined by conventional methods and in vitrogas production technique in pigs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2014.923036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The influence of casein and urea as nitrogen sources on in vitro equine caecal fermentation. Animal 2012; 6:1096-102. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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