1
|
Al-Saiady M, Al-Shaheen T, El-Waziry A, Mohammed AENA. Effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate ® inclusion in the diet on milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and degradation, and kinetic flow of digesta and fluid in lactating dairy cows in the subtropics. Vet World 2024; 17:540-549. [PMID: 38680160 PMCID: PMC11045532 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.540-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Dietary supplements play pivotal roles in promoting productive and reproductive performance in ruminant animals. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate® (Ballard Group, Inc, OH, USA) inclusion in diets on milk yield and composition, ruminal degradation and fermentation, and flow of fluids and digesta in lactating cattle. Materials and Methods Six rumen-fistulated Holstein lactating cows were distributed to a 6 × 6 design of Latin square (L.S.). The groups were assorted into a control group fed a basal control diet and two treated groups fed diets containing extruded flaxseed (7.0%) or Salmate® (25 g/head/day). The basal control, extruded flaxseed, and Salmate® diets were formulated as isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Each L.S. period of the group comprised 21 days, including 10 days for adaptation to the diet and 11 days for data sampling and recording. Results Feed intake did not differ among the control, extruded flaxseed, and Salmate® groups. Milk yield (kg) and protein and fat composition (%) were improved on feeding the extruded flaxseed diet compared with the Salmate® and control diets. Extruded flaxseed or Salmate® diet had no effect on the values of ruminal pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids except isobutyrate, which decreased in the Salmate® group. Degradable efficiency and ruminal digestibility were significantly decreased with the inclusion of extruded flaxseed and/or Salmate® in the diets. The extruded flaxseed and Salmate® groups had a greater digesta passage rate than the control group. The extruded flaxseed and control groups had a greater liquid passage rate than the Salmate® group. Conclusion The inclusion of extruded flaxseed in the diet improved (p < 0.05) milk yield, milk composition, and milk Omega-6: Omega-3 ratio with no changes in ruminal fermentation, notable negative effects on degradable efficiency and ruminal digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Saiady
- Department of ARASCO Research and Development, P.O. Box 53845, Riyadh, 11593, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Al-Shaheen
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed El-Waziry
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21454, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kargar S, Taasoli G, Akhlaghi A, Zamiri M. In vitro rumen fermentation pattern: insights from concentrate level and plant oil supplement. Arch Anim Breed 2023; 66:1-8. [PMID: 36687214 PMCID: PMC9850243 DOI: 10.5194/aab-66-1-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of oil to ruminant diets and oil fatty acid profiles are major factors that negatively affect ruminal fermentation, while increased forage level attenuates the adverse effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of oil source supplementation and concentrate level in the diet on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics. Pomegranate, garlic or sunflower oils were added (2 % dry matter (DM) basis) to the diets containing 40 % or 60 % (DM basis) concentrates. In vitro gas production parameters, pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration and total protozoa count were measured. Additionally, metabolizable energy (ME), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were determined. Rumen fermentation parameters and protozoal population counts were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, and gas production parameters were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized block design. The results showed that the HCPO (high (60 %) concentrate diet containing pomegranate oil) and HCSO (high (60 %) concentrate diet containing sunflower oil) diets produced the highest (5.40 mg dL - 1 ) and lowest (2.61 mg dL - 1 ) concentrations of NH 3 -N ( p > 0.01 ), respectively. Total protozoa count tended ( p = 0.07 ) to be highest in HCPO and lowest in HCSO diets (5.10 vs. 4.81 Log 10 g - 1 digesta). No interaction effects between the concentrate level and oil source were found on in vitro gas production parameters, pH, estimated ME, SCFA and OMD, and Entodinium and Diplodinium populations ( p > 0.05 ). It is concluded that dietary supplementation with highly unsaturated oil from three different sources at 2 % level (DM basis) had no apparent effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Kargar
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University,
Shiraz 71441–65186, Iran
| | - Golnaz Taasoli
- Department of Animal Science, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and
Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shahrekord 88156–89554, Iran
| | - Amir Akhlaghi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University,
Shiraz 71441–65186, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University,
Shiraz 71441–65186, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fomichev Y, Bogolyubova N, Ermakov I. Effect of carbohydrate hydrolytic enzyme complex in combination with energy feed on rumen digestion, metabolism, productivity and fatty acid composition of milk fat in cows. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The research was carried out on 2 groups of dairy cows of 30 heads on the farm with the formation of technological groups according to the timing of calving and milking on the unit with individual accounting of milk yield. Cows of the experimental group in the period two weeks before calving and for 2 months after calving were added to the diet, respectively, 150 and 300 ml / head / day energy feed based on propylene glycol and glycerin with a complex of enzymes cellulase, xylase, beta-gluconase and glucoamylase activity (EFEC). The main diet consisted of traditional feed and was designed to receive an average daily milk yield of 25 kg of milk. EFEC had practically no effect on the pH and ammonia content in the rumen chyme, but increased the content of VFA in it by 3.6%. It had no effect on the total microbial mass, but reduced the population of infusoria by 23.5% and increased the bacterial population by 27.8%. EFEC had a positive effect on protein-nitrogen metabolism, liver function, antioxidant activity, hormonal status and hematology. As a result, during 3 months of lactation, the average daily milk yield in cows of the experimental group was 19.9, 20.9 and 21.1 kg of milk (P<0.001), which was higher than in the control by 13.0, 9.4 and 16.5%, respectively.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gabbi A, McManus C, Marques L, Abreu A, Machado S, Zanela M, Barbosa R, Fischer V. Different levels of supplied energy for lactating cows
affect physicochemical attributes of milk. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/83703/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Brossillon V, Reis SF, Moura DC, Galvão JGB, Oliveira AS, Côrtes C, Brito AF. Production, milk and plasma fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization in Jersey cows fed flaxseed oil and corn grain with different particle size. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2127-2143. [PMID: 29274984 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare the effects of ground (GC) or cracked corn (CC), with or without flaxseed oil (FSO), on milk yield, milk and plasma fatty acid (FA) profile, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey cows fed diets formulated to contain similar starch concentrations. Twelve multiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 455 ± 41.9 kg of body weight and 152 ± 34 d in milk and 4 primiparous organic-certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 356 ± 2.41 kg of body weight and 174 ± 30 d in milk in the beginning of the experiment were used. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 24 d with 18 d for diet adaptation and 6 d for data and sample collection. Treatments were fed as total mixed rations consisting of (dry matter basis): (1) 0% FSO + 27.1% GC, (2) 0% FSO + 28.3% CC, (3) 3% FSO + 27.1% GC, and (4) 3% FSO + 28.3% CC. All cows were offered 55% of the total diet dry matter as mixed grass-legume baleage and treatments averaged 20% starch. Significant FSO × corn grain particle size interactions were observed for some variables including milk concentration of lactose and proportions of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 in milk and plasma. The proportion of cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 in milk and plasma decreased slightly when comparing GC versus CC in 0% FSO cows, but a larger reduction was observed in 3% FSO cows. Dry matter intake did not differ and averaged 16.1 kg/d across diets. Feeding 3% FSO increased yields of milk and milk fat and lactose and feed and milk N efficiencies, but decreased fat, true protein, and MUN concentrations and apparent total-tract digestibility of fiber. The Σ branched-chain, Σ<16C, Σ16C, and Σn-6 FA decreased, whereas Σ18C, Σcis-18:1, and Σtrans-18:1 FA increased in 3% versus 0% FSO cows. No effect of corn particle size was observed for production and milk components. However, the apparent total-tract digestibility of starch was greater in GC than CC cows. Compared with CC, GC increased Σ branched-chain, Σ<16C, Σ16C, Σn-6 FA, and decreased Σ18C and Σ cis-18:1 FA in milk fat. Overall, results of this study are more directly applicable to dairy cows fed low starch, mixed grass-legume baleage-based diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Brossillon
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, Angers, France 49007
| | - S F Reis
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - D C Moura
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil 78557-267
| | - J G B Galvão
- Instituto Federal de Educação do Rio Grande do Norte, Ipanguaçu, RN, Brazil 59508-000
| | - A S Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil 78557-267
| | - C Côrtes
- Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, Angers, France 49007
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leduc M, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gervais R, Chouinard P. Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8906-8927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Dórea J, French E, Armentano L. Use of milk fatty acids to estimate plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations as an indicator of animal energy balance. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6164-6176. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids with different particle sizes on lactation performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Liu K, Hao X, Xin H. The relationships between odd- and branched-chain fatty acids to ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial populations with different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1103-1114. [PMID: 27862409 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate (F:C) on ruminal odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) contents and to evaluate the relationships between OBCFA and ruminal fermentation parameters as well as bacterial populations tested by real-time PCR technique. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 Latin square. Three rumen-fistulated dry Holstein cows were fed three rations with different dietary F:C ratios (F:C; 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30). The rumen samples were collected every two hours (0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 0200 and 0400 h) over three consecutive days in each sampling period. The results showed that rumen OBCFA profiles are significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the dietary F:C ratios. The concentrations of C11:0, C13:0, iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, iso-C17:0 and C17:0 were higher in the cows fed dietary F:C ratio of 70:30 than those fed with other two rations. However, the concentrations of anteiso-C15:0, C15:0 and total OBCFA were on the lowest level in the high forage diet. Correlation and regression analysis showed that ruminal OBCFAs had strong relationships with ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial populations. In particular, the iso-fatty acids had potential power to predict butyrate and isoacids metabolized in the rumen, whereas the fatty acids with 17 carbon atoms correlated with ruminal NH3 -N content. The OBCFA contents have different relationships with fibrolytic and starch bacteria in the rumen. C17:0 and its isomers might be used to predict populations of fibrolytic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - K Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - X Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|