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Tang Q, Lan T, Zhou C, Gao J, Wu L, Wei H, Li W, Tang Z, Tang W, Diao H, Xu Y, Peng X, Pang J, Zhao X, Sun Z. Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets: From the perspective of feeds. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:297-311. [PMID: 38800731 PMCID: PMC11127239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a globally significant threat to the swine industry. Historically, antibiotics as well as high doses of zinc oxide and copper sulfate have been commonly used to control PWD. However, the development of bacterial resistance and environmental pollution have created an interest in alternative strategies. In recent years, the research surrounding these alternative strategies and the mechanisms of piglet diarrhea has been continually updated. Mechanically, diarrhea in piglets is a result of an imbalance in intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion. In general, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and diarrheal viruses are known to cause an imbalance in the absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, resulting in diarrhea when Cl- secretion-driven fluid secretion surpasses absorptive capacity. From a perspective of feedstuffs, factors that contribute to imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion in the intestines of weaned piglets include high levels of crude protein (CP), stimulation by certain antigenic proteins, high acid-binding capacity (ABC), and contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) in the diet. In response, efforts to reduce CP levels in diets, select feedstuffs with lower ABC values, and process feedstuffs using physical, chemical, and biological approaches are important strategies for alleviating PWD in piglets. Additionally, the diet supplementation with additives such as vitamins and natural products can also play a role in reducing the diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Here, we examine the mechanisms of absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, summarize nutritional strategies to control PWD in piglets from the perspective of feeds, and provide new insights towards future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xie Peng
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaman Pang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Yibin Academy of Southwest University, Yibin 644005, China
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Dänicke S, Carlson L, Heymann AK, Grümpel-Schlüter A, Doupovec B, Schatzmayr D, Streit B, Kersten S, Kluess J. Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2. [PMID: 37249806 PMCID: PMC10393848 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON-, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS-, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS-. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS-. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Linn Carlson
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Heymann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
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He L, Zhao X, Li J, Yang C. Post-weaning diarrhea and use of feedstuffs in pigs. Anim Front 2022; 12:41-52. [PMID: 36530506 PMCID: PMC9749819 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Davis EM, Liang Y, Wallace KP, Zimmerman AJ, Siebecker MG, Broadway PR, Carroll JA, Ballou MA. A porous ceramic particle with or without a preservative blend did not impair apparent digestibility of macro- and micro-nutrients of postweaned pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac078. [PMID: 35795072 PMCID: PMC9249136 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing a commercial porous ceramic clay particle, with or without a blend of preservatives, on the performance and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs. Fifteen weanling pigs of the Yorkshire, Landrace, and Duroc breeds were blocked by breed and randomly assigned to one of three treatments (n = 5): (1) Control, non-medicated diet with no additional feed additives (CON); (2) PowerGuard, basal diet with 0.25% of the DM consisting of a ceramic particle mixed into the pelleted feed (PG; MB Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX, 79403); or (3) Power Guard + a blend of preservatives, basal diet with 0.3% of the DM consisting of the ceramic clay and preservatives mixed into the pelleted feed (PG-D). The facility was temperature controlled with an average temperature of 28.5 °C. Pigs were offered ad libitum access to feed and water and were housed individually in elevated crates. Body weights were collected upon enrollment on day 0 and at the end of the observation period on day 18. On day 15 , a 72-h total feed and fecal collection period began. Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for DM, CP, Ash, OM, ADF, NDF, zinc, copper, thiamin (vitamin B1), and retinol (vitamin A). Liver samples were collected immediately after harvest and frozen for later mineral analysis. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed in SAS with dietary group as the main effect and block as the random effect (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC). There were no treatment differences in performance measures including final BW, ADG, or G:F (P ≥ 0.701). There were no treatment differences in diet nutrient digestibility for DM, CP, Ash, OM, ADF, or NDF (P ≥ 0.312). Additionally, there were no treatment effects on zinc, copper, or retinol digestibility (P ≥ .298); however, thiamin inclusion rate was increased for the PG-D treatment, thus leading to an increased digestibility for thiamin (P = 0.018) in the PG-D treatment. There were no treatment differences in hepatic mineral concentrations (P ≥ 0.532); however, there was a tendency for pigs fed PG-D to have increased hepatic concentrations of lead and mercury when compared with both PG and CON pigs (P ≤ 0.066). In summary, supplementation of a commercial ceramic particle with or without a blend of preservatives to weaned pigs did not affect performance or apparent nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Davis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA
| | - Kayla P Wallace
- Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine , Amarillo, TX 79106 , USA
| | - Amanda J Zimmerman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA
| | - Matthew G Siebecker
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA
| | - Paul Rand Broadway
- Livestock Issues Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service USDA , Lubbock, TX 79403 , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Carroll
- Livestock Issues Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service USDA , Lubbock, TX 79403 , USA
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA
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Durairaj S, Guo Q, Wang Q, Chen A. Sensitive electrochemical detection of metabisulphite in gastrointestinal fluids. Analyst 2022; 147:5508-5517. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabisulphite in simulated gastrointestinal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Durairaj
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Qian Guo
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 90 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 90 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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Yu C, Lu P, Liu S, Li Q, Xu E, Gong J, Liu S, Yang C. Efficiency of Deoxynivalenol Detoxification by Microencapsulated Sodium Metabisulfite Assessed via an In Vitro Bioassay Based on Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8382-8393. [PMID: 33817499 PMCID: PMC8015119 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination occurs in feeds and causes a reduction in growth performance, damage to the intestinal epithelial cells, and increased susceptibility to enteric pathogen challenge. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) has shown promise in reducing DON; however, SMBS quickly degrades under aqueous acidic conditions such as the environment within a stomach. Thus, protection of SMBS is required for effective delivery to the small intestine to detoxify DON. This study was to encapsulate SMBS into hydrogenated palm oil-based microparticles for its delivery to the small intestine and to evaluate its efficacy on DON detoxification in simulated intestinal fluids using IPEC-J2 cells in vitro. The diameter of the SMBS containing microparticles was 511 ± 135 μm, and the loading capacity of SMBS in the microparticles was 45.50%; 1.41% of the encapsulated SMBS (ES) was released into the simulated gastric fluid, and 66.39% of ES was progressively released into the simulated intestinal fluid within 4 h at 37 °C. In IPEC-J2 cells, when DON was treated with the simulated gastric fluid containing 0.5% ES for 2 h, then mixed with the simulated intestinal fluid (1:1) and incubated for 2 h, cytotoxicity was not observed. DON treated with 0.5 ES decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the cells compared with DON alone and maintained the cell integrity. To conclude, the SMBS containing microparticles were stable in the simulated gastric fluid and allowed a progressive release of SMBS in the simulated intestinal fluid. The released SMBS in the simulated intestinal fluid effectively detoxified DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Yu
- Department
of Biosystems Engineering, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peng Lu
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Qiao Li
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Erhua Xu
- King
Techina Group, No. 8,
Yinxing Road, Renhe Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311107, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Song Liu
- Department
of Biosystems Engineering, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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