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Soster P, Vieira SL, Feijo JC, Altevogt WE, Tormes GB. Dietary phytase effects on copper requirements of broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1170488. [PMID: 37781289 PMCID: PMC10535567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1170488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on the availability of Cu from plant feedstuffs for broilers in the presence of phytase is scarce. The present research has been conducted with the objective of evaluating the Cu requirements of broilers when fed corn-soy diets with or without phytase. A total of 640 one-day-old male Cobb x Cobb 500, allocated into 80 battery cages with 8 chicks in each, were fed a low Cu content diet (formulated with 8.58 ± 0.21 mg/kg Cu) without phytase from placement to day 7. Starting on day 8, battery cages were distributed into a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (phytase-added diets X 5 with graded increases of supplemental Cu) until day 28. Feeding treatments (feeds added or not with phytase and 5 graded increases of Cu) were randomly distributed with 8 cages of 8 chicks. The basal non-supplemented feeds were formulated with corn and soybean meal (SBM) without any other significant Cu contributors. Supplemental Cu was from laboratory-grade Cu sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO5H20) which was increasingly added to the feeds. Phytase was added in excess to the producer recommendation (2,500 FYT) and had average analyzed values of 2,768 ± 135.2 FYT/kg whereas analyzed Cu values were: 8.05 ± 0.25, 11.25 ± 0.15, 14.20 ± 0.40, 16.55 ± 0.05, and 19.45 ± 0.45 mg/kg. Statistics were conducted using linear and quadratic polynomial regression models. No interactions occurred between dietary Cu and phytase (p > 0.05) for any response and no effects were found for the individual factors (phytase or dietary Cu) for Ht, Hb, varus, valgus, rotated tibia, and tibia breaking strength, as well as for Cu contents in breast, gastrocnemius tendon, and kidney (p > 0.05). However, the phytase-added diets led to higher BWG, lower FCR, and increased ileal digestible Cu (p < 0.05). The gradual increase in dietary Cu produced linear increases in Cu content in livers, as well as in excreta and retention (p < 0.05). Supplementing phytase at levels expected to maximize phytate degradation was demonstrated to improve BWG and FCR; however, no effects were observed when dietary Cu was increased to a maximum of 19.45 mg/kg. An increase of 8.8% in ileal digestible Cu was observed when birds were fed phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Luiz Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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David LS, Anwar MN, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Calcium Nutrition of Broilers: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101590. [PMID: 37238019 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) plays an essential role in poultry nutrition as 99% of Ca is located in birds' skeletal system. However, oversupply of Ca rather than deficiency of Ca is the current concern in commercial broiler diets. Calcium is an inexpensive dietary nutrient due to the cheap and abundant availability of limestone, the major Ca source; therefore, little attention was given to the oversupply of Ca in the past. The recent shift in the use of digestible P in broiler feed formulations has necessitated a closer look at digestible Ca, as Ca and P are interrelated in their absorption and postabsorptive utilisation. In this context, data on ileal digestibility of Ca and P in ingredients has been determined. Preliminary data on the digestible Ca and digestible P requirements for the different growth stages of broilers have also recently become available. The present review focusses on these recent advances in Ca nutrition. In addition, aspects of homeostatic control mechanisms, different Ca sources and factors influencing Ca digestibility in poultry are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Shiromi David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Naveed Anwar
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Van Den Brink Poultry Ltd., Christchurch 7677, New Zealand
| | - M Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Niu Y, Rogiewicz A, Shi L, Patterson R, Slominski BA. The effect of multi-carbohydrase preparations on non-starch polysaccharides degradation and growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing high inclusion level of canola meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fortes BDA, de Carvalho Mello HH, Café MB, Arnhold E, Stringhini JH. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of protein sources associated with exogenous enzymes for broilers. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1030-1038. [PMID: 34991202 PMCID: PMC9271388 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzyme complex (EC) on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn gluten meal (60%) (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), dried bovine plasma (DBP) and poultry offal meal (POM). Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (1 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. Methods The treatments consisted of a protein-free diet (PFD) containing feedstuffs either supplemented with EC (xylanase, amylase, and protease) or not. In Experiment I, a total of 360 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with eight birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. In Experiment II a total of 270 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with six birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. The PFD groups were used to assess the endogenous AA losses. The birds were slaughtered to collect the ileal content. Results In the pre-starter phase, the SID of arginine, branched chain-aminoacids, glycine, serine, aspartate, and glutamic acid increased with EC addition. The EC improved the SID of arginine and glutamic acid of CGM; the SID of valine and cystine of SPC; the SID of leucine, glycine, and aspartate of POM and the SID of isoleucine of DBP. In the starter phase, the SID of isoleucine, phenylalanine and glycine increased in EC-supplemented diets. The EC improved the SID of isoleucine of DBP; the SID of phenylalanine of CGM and POM. The SID of AA of SPC was not influenced by the EC. Conclusion The addition of an enzyme complex to broiler pre-starter and starter diets is efficient in increasing the SID of AA on SPC, POM and DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
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Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Männer K, Boros D, Wiśniewska M, Kühnel S, Beckmann K, Lukaszczuk M, Zentek J. Spontaneous and enzymatic fermentation of rapeseed cake for broiler nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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6
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Performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers fed diets containing solid-state fermented and enzyme-supplemented canola meals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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David LS, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. True ileal calcium digestibility in soybean meal and canola meal, and true ileal phosphorous digestibility in maize-soybean meal and maize-canola meal diets, without and with microbial phytase, for broiler growers and finishers. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:293-303. [PMID: 33196290 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1849559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Published data on the ileal Ca digestibility in soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM), and the effect of microbial phytase on the Ca digestibility of these ingredients are limited. Therefore, two experiments were conducted, with the primary objective of determining the true ileal digestibility of calcium (Ca) in SBM and CM, without and with microbial phytase, during broiler grower (Experiment 1) and finisher (Experiment 2) periods. A secondary objective was to investigate the influence of microbial phytase on the true ileal digestibility of phosphorus (P), apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) and minerals, and phytate disappearance in maize-SBM and maize-CM diets. Six experimental diets based on SBM and CM, with three phytase doses (0, 500 and 2000 FTU/kg), were fed to broilers from day 18 to 21 (Experiment 1) or 39 to 42 (Experiment 2) post-hatch. A Ca- and P-free diet, with no added phytase, was also developed to determine the endogenous Ca and P losses. Titanium dioxide was incorporated in all diets as an indigestible indicator. Each experimental diet was randomly allocated to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage). Apparent ileal digestibility was calculated using the indicator method and the true ileal digestibility was calculated by correcting for endogenous losses. Apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of Ca and P was also measured.2. Ileal endogenous losses of Ca and P were determined to be 236 and 310 mg/kg of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively, in broiler growers and 29 and 130 mg/kg of DMI, respectively, in broiler finishers. True ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of SBM and CM, without added phytase, were determined to be 0.51 and 0.53, respectively, in broiler growers and 0.33 and 0.22, respectively, in broiler finishers. Increasing phytase doses increased (P < 0.05) the true ileal Ca digestibility of CM in both broiler growers and finishers, but Ca digestibility of SBM increased (P < 0.05) only at the superdose (2000 FTU/kg) in broiler finishers. The ATTR of Ca (P < 0.001) in growers was higher in CM than in SBM and was increased in both ingredients by increasing phytase doses. In finishers, the ATTR of Ca was increased (P < 0.001) by both phytase doses in CM, but only by the superdose in SBM, resulting in an ingredient × phytase interaction (P < 0.001).3. True ileal P digestibility coefficients of maize-SBM and maize-CM diets, without added phytase, were determined to be 0.89 and 0.66, respectively, in broiler growers and 0.82 and 0.57, respectively, in broiler finishers. Supplemental phytase increased (P < 0.05) the true ileal P digestibility of the maize-CM diet in both broiler growers and finishers. However, the P digestibility of the maize-SBM diet was increased (P < 0.05) in broiler finishers only at the superdose (2000 FTU/kg). The ATTR of P was higher (P < 0.001) in the maize-SBM diet during both periods.4. The apparent ileal digestibility of N, Mg, K and Mn was higher (P < 0.001) in the maize-SBM diet for broiler growers and finishers. Phytase addition had no effect (P > 0.05) on the apparent digestibility of N and minerals in growers and finishers.5. Increasing phytase doses increased IP6 disappearance in the maize-CM diet, but not in the maize-SBM diet, resulting in an ingredient × phytase interaction (P < 0.001) for growers and finishers.6. In conclusion, true ileal Ca digestibility coefficients of SBM and CM for broilers were determined in this study. The findings confirmed the influence of broiler age of Ca digestibility. Superdosing of phytase increased the digestibility and ATTR of Ca in CM and SBM by two-fold compared to the normal phytase dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Phytase and carbohydrase inclusion strategies to explore synergy within low-energy diets to optimize 56-day male broiler performance and processing. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Moss AF, Chrystal PV, Dersjant-Li Y, Liu SY, Selle PH. The ranked importance of dietary factors influencing the performance of broiler chickens offered phytase-supplemented diets by the Plackett-Burman screening design. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:439-448. [PMID: 30966791 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1605154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1.The objective of the present study was to rank the importance of the following dietary factors; canola meal, wheat, whole barley, digestible lysine, phytate-P, calcium, available P, sodium and three NSP-degrading feed enzymes. Their influence on growth performance, gastro-intestinal tract parameters, energy utilisation, ileal N digestibility and disappearance rates were determined via the Plackett-Burman design in broiler chickens offered phytase-supplemented diets. 2. The eleven dietary factors were assigned two levels in the Plackett-Burman design matrix. The resulting twelve dietary treatments were offered to six replicates per treatment (six birds per cage) with a total of 468 male Ross 308 broiler chicks from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. 3. Increasing digestible lysine levels improved weight gain by 15.6% (P < 0.001) and gain:feed by 9.36% (P < 0.001). Increasing calcium levels reduced weight gain by 6.36% (P < 0.001) and gain:feed by 2.60% (P < 0.001). The high calcium level increased gizzard pH from 2.78 to 3.01 (P < 0.005). Whole barley significantly increased relative gizzard weights and contents, pancreas weights and both ileal N digestibility coefficients (0.774 versus 0.803; P < 0.001) and ileal N disappearance rates (23. 3 versus 24.5 g/bird/day; P < 0.001). 4. Overall, digestible lysine level and calcium level were identified as the most influential dietary factors to influence growth performance of broilers offered phytase-supplemented diets, which hold implications for practical diet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Moss
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
| | - P V Chrystal
- b Baiada Poultry Pty Limited , Pendle Hill , Australia
| | - Y Dersjant-Li
- c Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Marlborough , UK
| | - S Y Liu
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
| | - P H Selle
- a Poultry Research Foundation within The University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
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Varzaru I, Panaite TD, Cornescu GM, Olteanu M. Apparent Faecal Digestibility of Essential Amino Acids from Ω3 Pufa Diets for Laying Hens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Varzaru
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Romania
| | - TD Panaite
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Romania
| | - GM Cornescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Romania
| | - M Olteanu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Romania
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EL ENSHASY H, DAİLİN DJ, ABD MANAS NH, WAN AZLEE Nİ, EYAHMALAY ,J, YAHAYA ,SA, ABD MALEK R, SİWAPİRAGAM V, SUKMAWATİ D. Current and Future Applications of Phytases in Poultry Industry: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN VETBIO SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2018; 3:65-74. [DOI: 10.31797/vetbio.455687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytases
are enzymes that initiate the removal of phosphate from phytate. This enzyme
has been widely utilized in animal feeding especially in the poultry industry
to enhance phosphorus intake and minimize environmental pollution. Phytases are
widely distributed in microbial, plants and animals. Supplementations of
phytase into the diets of poultry have great impact to the improvement of
poultry immune systems and increase bird weight. In addition to that, phytase
are able to improve both quantity and quality of eggs, egg mass and egg shell
quality. This review covers the classifications and distribution of phytases in
different biofactoris. In addition, it shed more light on the recent trends of
application and beneficial impact in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dalia SUKMAWATİ
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
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