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Lambo MT, Ma H, Zhang H, Song P, Mao H, Cui G, Dai B, Li Y, Zhang Y. Mechanism of action, benefits, and research gap in fermented soybean meal utilization as a high-quality protein source for livestock and poultry. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:130-146. [PMID: 38357571 PMCID: PMC10864219 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal nutritionists have incessantly worked towards providing livestock with high-quality plant protein feed resources. Soybean meal (SBM) has been an essential and predominantly adopted vegetable protein source in livestock feeding for a long time; however, several SBM antinutrients could potentially impair the animal's performance and growth, limiting its use. Several processing methods have been employed to remove SBM antinutrients, including fermentation with fungal or bacterial microorganisms. According to the literature, fermentation, a traditional food processing method, could improve SBM's nutritional and functional properties, making it more suitable and beneficial to livestock. The current interest in health-promoting functional feed, which can enhance the growth of animals, improve their immune system, and promote physiological benefits more than conventional feed, coupled with the ban on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters, has caused a renewed interest in the use of fermented SBM (FSBM) in livestock diets. This review details the mechanism of SBM fermentation and its impacts on animal health and discusses the recent trend in the application and emerging advantages to livestock while shedding light on the research gap that needs to be critically addressed in future studies. FSBM appears to be a multifunctional high-quality plant protein source for animals. Besides removing soybean antinutrients, beneficial bioactive peptides and digestive enzymes are produced during fermentation, providing probiotics, antioxidants, and immunomodulatory effects. Critical aspects regarding FSBM feeding to animals remain uncharted, such as the duration of fermentation, the influence of feeding on digestive tissue development, choice of microbial strain, and possible environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modinat T. Lambo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haokai Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haosheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peng Song
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research and Development Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Hongxiang Mao
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research and Development Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Guowen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Baisheng Dai
- College of Electrical Engineering and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhong X, Zhu J, Yu X, Lu Y, Lu Z, Sun X, Han H, Wang M. Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammatory Response, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Hu Sheep in Response to Dietary Soluble Protein Levels with Decreased Crude Protein Content. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2098. [PMID: 38136218 PMCID: PMC10741046 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating dietary nutrients, especially protein fractions, holds significance in enhancing the antioxidant capacity and immunity function of ruminants. This study investigated the impact of dietary adjustments in soluble protein (SP) levels, in conjunction with a reduction in crude protein (CP) content, on the antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of sheep. This study had four dietary treatments, including a control diet (CON) adhering to NRC standards with a CP content of 16.7% on a dry matter basis and three diets with an approximately 10% reduction in CP content compared to CON with SP levels (% of CP) of 21.2 (SPA), 25.9 (SPB) and 29.4% (SPC), respectively. Thirty-two healthy male Hu sheep, with an initial live weight of 40.37 ± 1.18 kg and age of 6 months, were randomly divided into four groups to receive these respective diets. Our data revealed no significant differences in slaughter performance among treatments (p > 0.05), although low-protein treatments decreased the stomachus compositus index (p < 0.05). Compared with CON, as SP was adjusted to 21.2%, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) concentrations were decreased in the serum (p < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) content was decreased in jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration was reduced in the duodenum (p < 0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased in spleen and ileum (p < 0.05). On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) contents were upregulated in the serum (p < 0.05), while immunoglobulin (IgA and IgM) contents were reduced in the duodenum (p < 0.05) with SP adjustments. Additionally, the SPB and SPC diets reduced the content of saturated fatty acids and increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with CON (p < 0.05), along with retention in the tenderness and water-holding capacity of the longissimus lumborum muscle. In summary, reducing CP by 10% with an SP proportion of ~25-30% improved meat quality without compromising antioxidant capacity and immunity function, while lower SP levels had adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiquan Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinhuang Zhong
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqi Lu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuezhao Sun
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Huanyong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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A Novel Fermented Rapeseed Meal, Inoculated with Selected Protease-Assisting Screened B. subtilis YY-4 and L. plantarum 6026, Showed High Availability and Strong Antioxidant and Immunomodulation Potential Capacity. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142118. [PMID: 35885361 PMCID: PMC9317248 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the yield of small peptides from rapeseed meal (RSM) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with acid-protease-assisting B. subtilis YY-4 and L. plantarum CICC6026 (FRSMP). This study explored the availability, antioxidant capacity and immunomodulation activity. The objective of this study was to develop a novel functional food ingredient to contribute to health improvement. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble peptides and free amino acids significantly increased after fermentation (p < 0.001), and the concentration of small molecular peptides (molecular weight < 1 KDa) significantly increased (p < 0.001). The dense surface microstructure of the RSM after fermentation was changed to be loose and porous. The FRSMP exhibited high availability and high antioxidant activity, and it displayed high immunomodulation activity. The novel fermentation was effective for improving the nutritional and biological properties, which provided a feasible method of enhancing the added value.
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Wang Z, Yu Y, Shen W, Tan Z, Tang S, Yao H, He J, Wan F. Metabolomics Analysis Across Multiple Biofluids Reveals the Metabolic Responses of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows to Fermented Soybean Meal Replacement. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:812373. [PMID: 35647087 PMCID: PMC9136663 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.812373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was performed to reveal the metabolic responses of dairy cows to the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Twenty-four lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle were assigned to either the SBM group [the basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet containing 5.77% SBM] or the FSBM group (the experimental TMR diet containing 5.55% FSBM), in a completely randomized design. The entire period of this trial consisted of 14 days for the adjustment and 40 days for data and sample collection, and sampling for rumen liquid, blood, milk, and urine was conducted on the 34th and 54th day, respectively. When SBM was completely replaced by FSBM, the levels of several medium-chain FA in milk (i.e., C13:0, C14:1, and C16:0) rose significantly (p < 0.05), while the concentrations of a few milk long-chain FA (i.e., C17:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, and C20:0) declined significantly (p < 0.05). Besides, the densities of urea nitrogen and lactic acid were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, while the glucose concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the blood of the FSBM-fed cows than in the SBM-fed cows. Based on the metabolomics analysis simultaneously targeting the rumen liquid, plasma, milk, and urine, it was noticed that substituting FSBM for SBM altered the metabolic profiles of all the four biofluids. According to the identified significantly different metabolites, 3 and 2 amino acid-relevant metabolic pathways were identified as the significantly different pathways between the two treatments in the rumen fluid and urine, respectively. Furthermore, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were the three key integrated different pathways identified in this study. Results mainly implied that the FSBM replacement could enhance nitrogen utilization and possibly influence the inflammatory reactions and antioxidative functions of dairy cattle. The differential metabolites and relevant pathways discovered in this experiment could serve as biomarkers for the alterations in protein feed and nitrogen utilization efficiency of dairy cows, and further investigations are needed to elucidate the definite roles and correlations of the differential metabolites and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuannian Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Rudong Agriculture Bureau, Nantong, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoxun Tang
| | - Hui Yao
- Nanshan Dairy Co., Ltd., Shaoyang, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Jianhua He
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Fachun Wan
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Active dry yeast supplementation improves the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune response of weaned beef calves. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1352-1359. [PMID: 34786508 PMCID: PMC8577086 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the potential benefits of active dry yeast (ADY) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters of weaned beef calves. Thirty Simmental crossbred male calves (body weight = 86.47 ± 4.41 kg and 70 ± 4 d of age) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (CON) (fed basal ration) and ADY (fed basal ration and 5 g/d ADY per calf). The dietary concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 35:65. All the calves were regularly provided rations 3 times a day at 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The average daily gain of ADY group was higher (P = 0.007) than that of the CON group, and the ratio of feed intake to average daily gain in the ADY group was reduced (P = 0.022) as compared to the CON group. The concentration of ruminal ammonia-N was higher (P = 0.023) in the CON group than that in the ADY group, but an opposite trend of microbial protein was found between the 2 groups. Also, the ruminal concentrations of propionate and butyrate were higher (P < 0.05) in the ADY group than those in the CON group. Calves fed ADY exhibited higher (P < 0.05) crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Supplementation of ADY increased (P < 0.05) the contents of glucose, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and interleukin 10 in the serum of calves, but an opposite trend was observed in malondialdehyde, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha contents between the 2 groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with ADY could improve the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant ability, and immune response of weaned beef calves.
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Wang Z, Yu Y, Li X, Xiao H, Zhang P, Shen W, Wan F, He J, Tang S, Tan Z, Wu D, Yao H. Fermented Soybean Meal Replacement in the Diet of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows: Modulated Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Microflora. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625857. [PMID: 33584627 PMCID: PMC7879537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the influences of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diet of lactating Holstein cattle on rumen fermentation and ruminal bacterial microbiome. Twenty-four lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle were assigned to each of the two treatments in a completely randomized design: the SBM group [the basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet containing 5.77% SBM] and the FSBM group (the experimental TMR diet containing 5.55% FSBM). This trial lasted for 54 days (14 days for adjustment and 40 days for data and sample collection), and samples of rumen liquid were collected on 34 d and 54 d, respectively. The results showed that replacing SBM with FSBM significantly increased the molar percentages of propionate (P < 0.01) and valerate (P < 0.05), but reduced the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration (P < 0.05), butyrate molar proportion (P < 0.05), and the acetate to propionate ratio (P < 0.01). The copy numbers of total bacteria (P < 0.05), Fibrobacter succinogenes (P < 0.01), Selenomonas ruminantium (P < 0.01), and Prevotella spp. (P < 0.05) in the FSBM group were greater, while the density of Prevotella ruminicola (P < 0.05) was lower than those in the SBM treatment. Additionally, Succiniclasticum ruminis and Saccharofermentans acetigenes were significantly enriched (P < 0.05) in the rumen fluid of FSBM-fed cows, despite the fact that there was no remarkable difference in the Alpha diversity indexes, structure and KEGG pathway abundances of the bacterial community across the two treatments. It could hence be concluded that the substitution of FSBM for SBM modulated rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial microbiota in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Further research is required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms of FSBM, and provide more insights into the application of FSBM in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuannian Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Duanqin Wu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Nanshan Dairy Co., Ltd., Shaoyang, China
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Effects of hydrolyzed cottonseed protein added to poor or good quality colostrum and milk on performance, health, and metabolism in Holstein dairy calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Feizi LK, Zad SS, Jalali SAH, Rafiee H, Jazi MB, Sadeghi K, Kowsar R. Fermented soybean meal affects the ruminal fermentation and the abundance of selected bacterial species in Holstein calves: a multilevel analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12062. [PMID: 32694544 PMCID: PMC7374609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of soybean meal (SBM) replacement with fermented SBM (FSBM) on ruminal fermentation and bacterial abundance in Holstein calves was investigated in this study. Thirty nine calves were randomized to: (1) control: 27% SBM + 0% FSBM (FSBM0, n = 13); (2) 18% SBM + 9% FSBM (FSBM9, n = 13); and (3) 13.5% SBM + 13.5% FSBM (FSBM13, n = 13). SBM contained a greater amount of large peptides containing 3 to 10 amino acids (AAs), while FSBM had a greater amount of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), free AAs, and small peptides containing 2 to 3 AAs. The calves fed FSBM13 had the lowest acetic acid, NH3-N, and the ratio of acetate to propionate, with the greatest concentration of caproic acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid in ruminal fluid. Compared to those fed FSBM9 or FSBM13, the calves fed FSBM0 had the greatest proportion of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminococcus albus in rumen fluid. However, the ruminal abundance of Prevotella ruminicola in calves fed FSBM13 was greater than in calves fed FSBM0. Network analysis showed that the abundance of the Ruminococcus albus was associated with large peptides, and butyric acid was correlated with small peptide. Taken together, our findings suggest that FSBM may have the potential to boost calf performance by changing the fermentation products and the relative abundance of some members of the bacterial community in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kaviani Feizi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sabihe Soleymanian Zad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, 10 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Jalali
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, 10 Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Rafiee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Boroumand Jazi
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, 81846-35745, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Khaled Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Kowsar
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
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Ma J, Shah AM, Shao Y, Wang Z, Zou H, Kang K. Dietary supplementation of yeast cell wall improves the gastrointestinal development of weaned calves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:507-512. [PMID: 33364467 PMCID: PMC7750790 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of yeast cell wall (YCW) on the gastrointestinal development of weaned calves. Twenty healthy Holstein male calves (BW = 92 ± 8.29 kg and 60 ± 5 d of age) were randomly allocated into 2 groups: CON with no YCW, and YCW (accounted for 0.16% of the basal diet). The dietary concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 40:60. All the calves were fed regularly twice a day at 09:00 and 16:00 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The results showed that calves fed YCW showed higher (P < 0.05) length, width, and surface area of papillae in the ventral sac of the rumen as compared to CON. For the dorsal sac of the rumen, the muscularis thickness was thicker (P < 0.05) in the YCW group when compared with CON group. The villus height of YCW calves was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CON in the ileum. Calves supplemented with YCW also showed a higher (P < 0.05) villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the ileum. The YCW calves exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) thickness of the wall in the duodenum and jejunum. Calves supplemented with YCW improved (P < 0.05) the claudin 1 mRNA expression in the ileum and occludin mRNA expression in the jejunum and ileum. The YCW increased (P < 0.05) the contents of secretory immunoglobulin A in the jejunum and ileum of calves. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with YCW could improve the gastrointestinal development of weaned calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ali M Shah
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaqun Shao
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kun Kang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, China
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