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You J, Zhang H, Zhu H, Xue Y, Cai Y, Zhang G. Microbial Community, Fermentation Quality, and in vitro Degradability of Ensiling Caragana With Lactic Acid Bacteria and Rice Bran. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:804429. [PMID: 35711776 PMCID: PMC9195136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.804429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of microbial inoculants and growth stage on fermentation quality, microbial community, and in vitro degradability of Caragana silage from different varieties. Caragana intermedia (CI) and Caragana korshinskii (CK) harvested at the budding (BU) and blooming (BL) stages were used as raw materials to prepare silage, respectively. The silages at each growth stage were treated for ensiling alone (control), with 5% rice bran (RB), a combination of RB with commercial Lactobacillus plantarum (RB + LP), and a combination of RB with a selected strain Lactobacillus plantarum L694 (RB + L694). The results showed that the crude protein (CP) content of CI was higher than that of CK, and delay in harvest resulted in greater CP content in Caragana at BL stage. After 60 days of fermentation, the concentrations of lactic acid (LA) in the RB + L694 treatments were higher than those in control treatments (p < 0.05), while the pH, concentrations of NH3-N, neutral detergent fiber with the addition of α-amylase (aNDF) were lower than those in control treatments (p < 0.05). RB + L694 treatments could decrease acid detergent fiber (ADF) content except in CIBL. In CK silages, adding RB + L694 could reduce bacterial diversity and richness (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, RB + L694 treatment contained higher Lactobacillus and Enterobacter (p < 0.05). In vitro NDF and DM degradability (IVNDFD and IVDMD) was mostly affected by growth period, and additive RB + l694 treatment had higher IVDMD and lower IVNDFD than other treatments (p < 0.05). Consequently, the varieties, growth stages, and additives could influence the fermentation process, while the blooming stage should be selected in both Caragana. Furthermore, the results showed that RB and L. plantarum could exert a positive effect on fermentation quality of Caragana silage by shifting bacterial community composition, and RB + L694 treatments outperformed other additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao You
- Department of Animal Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of Silage, Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Microbial Resources in Silage, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Guijie Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Ontiveros-Magadan M, Anderson RC, Ruiz-Barrera O, Arzola-Alvarez C, Salinas-Chavira J, Hume ME, Scholljegerdes EJ, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ, Castillo-Castillo Y. Evaluation of antimicrobial compounds to inhibit growth of select Gram-positive pathogenic or antimicrobial resistant bacteria in air-exposed silage. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spoiled silages can harbor pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant microbes. The potential of some antimicrobial additives to inhibit certain pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in air-exposed silage was measured using pure and mixed bacterial cultures. With pure cultures, laurate and monolaurin (5 mg·mL−1) caused decreases (P < 0.05) of 4 to >7 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)·mL−1 in Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis compared to controls. Ten-fold higher amounts of these inhibitors were needed to equivalently decrease staphylococci. 2-Nitropropanol (1 mg·mL−1) decreased (P < 0.05) E. faecalis and L. monocytogenes 2.9–3.8 and 2.4–7.2 log10 CFU·mL−1 after 6 and 24 h incubations, respectively. In air-exposed whole-plant corn silage the inhibitors caused decreases, although not necessarily significant, of 0.7–2.2 log10 CFU·mL−1 in L. monocytogenes, staphylococci and culturable aerobes after 24 h incubation, with modest yet significant (P < 0.05) inhibition (<0.1–0.3 log10 CFU·mL−1) of yeasts and molds. Tests for carry-over effects against ruminal microbes revealed laurate, monolaurin, and 2-nitropropanol inhibited methanogenesis by >50% (P < 0.05) after 24 h incubation and inhibited L. monocytogenes and enterococci. The antimicrobial activities exhibited by these compounds may yield opportunities to optimize their use to rescue spoiled silages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael E. Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | | | - Roger B. Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - David J. Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Li P, Lu Y, Zhao M, Chen L, Zhang C, Cheng Q, Chen C. Effects of Phenyllactic Acid, Lactic Acid Bacteria, and Their Mixture on Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Community Composition of Timothy Silage. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743433. [PMID: 34975781 PMCID: PMC8716789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of phenyllactic acid (PL), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and their mixture on fermentation characteristics and microbial community composition of timothy silage. Timothy silages were treated without (CK) or with PL [10 mg/kg fresh matter (FM) basis], LAB inoculant (IN; a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and L.buchneri, 105 cfu/g FM), and their mixture (PI) and stored at ambient temperature (5°C∼15°C) in a dark room for 60 days. Compared with CK, all treated silages showed lower (P < 0.05) levels of butyric acid and ammonia-N. Treatment with PL enhanced (P < 0.05) the crude protein preservation of silage by favoring the growth of L. curvatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inhibition of lactic acid-assimilating yeast belonging to Issatchenkia during ensiling. In particular, treatment with PL advanced (P < 0.05) the productions of lactic acid and volatile fatty acid in IN-treated silage. Therefore, PL used as a new additive exhibited potential for improving silage fermentation when it is combined with LAB IN during ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxiang Lu
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangyin Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Qiming Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Ferrero F, Tabacco E, Piano S, Casale M, Borreani G. Temperature during conservation in laboratory silos affects fermentation profile and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus hilgardii, and their combination. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1696-1713. [PMID: 33309357 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment temperature and its effect on the temperature of silage is very important for the fermentation and subsequent quality of a silage. Obligate heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inocula, because of their ability to inhibit yeasts, have been developed to prevent the aerobic deterioration of silages. The temperature during silage conservation may also play an important role in the fermentation profile of silages. This study has evaluated the effect of temperature, during the conservation of whole crop corn silage, untreated or treated with different LAB inocula, on the fermentation profile and on the aerobic stability of the silage. Corn was harvested at 42% dry matter and either not treated (control) or treated with Lactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 (LB) at 300,000 cfu/g fresh matter (FM); Lactobacillus hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at 150,000 cfu/g FM (LH150); L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 at 300,000 cfu/g FM (LH300); or LB+LH at 150,000 cfu/g FM each. In an attempt to experimentally simulate temperature fluctuations in the mass or at the periphery of a silage bunker, corn was conserved in laboratory silos at a constant temperature (20 ± 1°C; MASS) or at lower and variable outdoor temperatures (PERIPH; ranging from 0.5 to 19°C), and the silos were opened after 15, 30, and 100 d of conservation. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol contents increased in all the silages over the conservation period. The lactic acid content was higher (+10%) in the silages kept at a constant temperature than those conserved at the lower and variable outdoor temperatures. The acetic acid was higher in the treated silages than in the control ones conserved at a constant temperature for 100 d. Moreover, 1,2-propanediol was only detected in the treated silages after at least 30 d at a constant temperature, whereas only traces were detected in the LB+LH treatment for the other temperature conditions. The yeast count decreased during conservation at a slower rate in PERIPH than in MASS and on average reached 2.96 and 4.71 log cfu/g for MASS and PERIPH, respectively, after 100 d of conservation. The highest aerobic stability values were observed for LH300 (191 h) in the MASS silage after 100 d of conservation, whereas the highest aerobic stability was observed in LB+LH (150 h) in the PERIPH silages. After 7 d of air exposure, a pH higher than 4.5 and a higher yeast than 8.0 log cfu/g were detected in all the silages opened after 15 and 30 d of conservation. A pH value close to that of silo opening was detected in the LB, LH150, and LH300 silages conserved under MASS conditions after 100 d, whereas LB+LH was the most effective under PERIPH conditions. The temperature and its fluctuation during conservation of silage in laboratory silos influenced the fermentation, which in turn had an effect on the quality of silage and on the extent of the effect of LAB inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrero
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ernesto Tabacco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Serenella Piano
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Manuela Casale
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giorgio Borreani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
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